InQuizitive Chapter 16

Identify the statements that describe the economic changes that occurred between 1870 and 1920.

606 Between 1870 and 1920, the percentage of people employed in agriculture decreased significantly. The GNP per capita between 1870 and 1920 more than doubled. Between 1870 and 1920, the percentage of people employed in industry grew significantly.

Match the states in the industrial West to their primary industries.

619 gold, silver, and copper- Colorado timber- Washington oil and cattle- Texas

Identify the statements that describe the Haymarket Affair.

644-646 Four strikers were killed by police on May 3, 1886, when they clashed with strikebreakers. Eight men were charged with carrying out the bombing.

Identify the statements that describe examples of Christian moral reform and its successful attempts to stamp out sin.

643-644 Women's Christian Temperance Union Gambling, prostitution, polygamy, and birth control were all targets of the legislation attempts to control or eliminate by Evangelical Christians in the Gilded Age. Mann Act of 1910

Identify the statements that describe the economy of the United States during the Gilded Age.

605-606 Over half of all American industrial workers worked in factories with more than 250 employees. In 1913, the United States' industrial output was the largest of any single industrialized nation in the world.

Between 1860 and 1880, the number of railroad track miles tripled in the United States and tripled again by 1920. By the 1890s, five transcontinental lines transported products from coast to coast.

606-607 True

Match each term to the correct description.

609-611 The process of controlling all aspects of the business from procuring raw materials to manufacturing, transporting, and distributing the final product- vertical integration business leaders who wielded power without any accountability in an unregulated marketplace- robber barons The practice of buying out competing firms in an industry to monopolize an industry- horizontal expansions

Identify the statements that describe "robber barons."

610-611 Ironically, many of the "robber barons" rose from modest backgrounds and seemed examples of how creative genius and business sense enabled Americans to seize success. John D. Rockefeller was considered by many to be the worst of the robber barons.

Identify the statements that describe working conditions and policies during the Gilded Age in America.

611-612 "The miner's freedom" consisted of work rules that left skilled miners free of managerial supervision on the job. Many industrial workers labored with no pensions, compensation for injuries, or protections against unemployment.

Identify the statements that describe American westward expansion.

614 In the twentieth century, the American West became the focus of many federally funded public works projects. Western states used land donated by the federal government to establish public universities.

Despite promises in promotional pamphlets, farming on the Great Plains was not an easy task. Identify the statements that describe farming on the Great Plains.

615-616 The Homestead Act led to thousands of families moving westward to farm. Wheat and corn were primary crops grown on the Great Plains for the national and international markets.

Most of the farms on the Great Plains were bonanza farms that covered thousands of acres and employed large numbers of agricultural wage workers.

616 False While there were a few bonanza farms, most of the farms west of the Mississippi were still small, family farms. Even these farms had become more commercially oriented as they were connected to the wider world and its markets by the railroads.

The Battle of the Little Bighorn was an example of how the Indians occasionally managed to defeat army units as they sought to defend their tribal lands.

624 False General George Custer and his entire command of 250 men perished in a battle against Sioux and Cheyenne warriors led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, who were defending tribal lands in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory.

The conquest of the American West was a unique phenomenon in global history, whereby settlers moved boldly into the interior of regions of a great continent with a temperate climate, bringing their families, crops, and livestock, and establishing mining and other industries.

627-628 False Argentina, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Africa all experienced some form of the white settler experience. India and most of Africa were the only places the indigenous populations were able to resist and turn back colonial expansion.

Gilded Age national politics did not entirely lack accomplishments. Some reform legislation were passed. Match the legislation that was passed during the Gilded Age with the correct description.

632-633 banned all combinations and practices that restrained free trade- Sherman Antitrust Act established to ensure that railroads charged farmers and merchants reasonable rates and did not offer better treatment to some shippers- Interstate Commerce Commission created a merit-based system for federal employees, with appointment via competitive testing rather than political appointment- Civil Service Act of 1883

The task of social science according to iron manufacturer Abram Hewitt was to devise ways to redistribute wealth "... in a fair and humane manner to the benefit of the health of the nation."

635 False Hewitt believed the task of social science was to devise ways of making "men who are equal in liberty" content with the "inequality in ... distribution" inevitable in modern society.

Identify the statements that describe liberal reformers during the Gilded Age.

635 Liberal reformers feared that as lower classes looked to use government to further their own interests, democracy was becoming a threat to individual liberty and the rights to property. Some liberal reformers urged a return to property qualifications for voting.

As the United States matured into an industrial economy, Americans struggled to make sense of a new social order that included "better classes," "respectable classes," and "dangerous classes." Identify the statements that describe the nation's social problems during the Gilded Age.

635 There was a growing permanent factory population living on the edge of poverty alongside a growing class of millionaires, which posed a sharp challenge to traditional definitions of freedom. Throughout the United States, state and local governments set up investigative committees to inquire into the relations between labor and capital in the face of increasing unrest.

In a video, Eric Foner discusses court decisions held against labor on the grounds of individual freedom, specifically liberty of contract. What were the most important decisions made by the Court?

638-639 The Supreme Court ruled that state laws regulating corporate behavior, limiting the number of hours a person could work, were unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court overturned laws that made it illegal for companies to pay their employees in scrip that could only be used at certain stores on the grounds it violated the right of property of these corporations.

The Knights of Labor were the first group to try to organize unskilled and skilled labor, both men and women, and black and white, though they gave into West Coast racism and excluded the despised immigrants from Asia on the West Coast.

640-641 True The group reached a peak membership of nearly 800,000 in 1886 (making it the largest labor organization of the nineteenth century) and involved millions of workers in strikes, boycotts, political action, and educational and social activities.

The Social Gospel movement originated as an effort to reform Protestant churches by expanding their appeal in poor urban neighborhoods and making them more attentive to the era's social ills.

644 True

In 1893, the historian Frederick Jackson Turner gave a celebrated lecture, "The Insignificance of the Frontier in American History," in which he argued the West had acted as a destabilizing and chaotic force in American history.

613 False Turner argued that the West defined many of the qualities we value as Americans: individual freedom, political democracy, and economic mobility. He argued the frontier had acted as a safety valve, drawing off those dissatisfied with their situation and allowing for them to change their circumstances.

Identify the statements that describe the relationship between Native Americans and white America.

624-625 In 1871, Congress eliminated the treaty system that dated back to the revolutionary era, by which the federal government negotiated agreements with Indians as if they were foreign nations. The Bureau of Indian Affairs established boarding schools where Indian children were sent to become "more American."

The era from 1870 to 1890 was called the Gilded Age because it suggested that outward appearances were misleading, and one needed to look under the surface to understand what was happening.

629 True Gilded" means covered with a layer of gold, but it also suggests that the glittering surface masks a core of little real value and is therefore rather deceptive. Twain and Warner were referring to the explosive economic growth, rampant corruption, and the oppressive treatment of those left behind by the scramble for excessive wealth.

In 1879, the United States went off the gold standard to help debt-ridden farmers.

632 False In 1879 the United States returned to the gold standard by which currency was exchangeable with gold at a fixed rate.

Identify the statements that describe the political scene in the United States during the Gilded Age.

630 Americans during the Gilded Age saw the country as an island of democracy in a world dominated by undemocratic governments. Powerful new corporations raised disturbing questions about the American understanding of political freedom and self-government.

Every Republican candidate for president from 1868 to 1900 except for James G. Blaine had fought in the Confederate army in the Civil War.

631 False Every Republican candidate for president from 1868 to 1900 except for James G. Blaine had fought in the Union army in the Civil War.

Identify the statements that describe the Knights of Labor.

640-641 The Knights of Labor included women in its membership.

What are Chief Joseph's complaints about the treatment of his people?

622 Despite his view that all men are brothers, the white men do not treat Indians as equals. The white men do not keep their word to his men.