int ch 10

What are some basic stages of online dating, especially as they apply to intercultural personal relationships?

1. Attention 2. Recognition 3. online Interaction 4. meet-and-greet 5. Resolution

A parent should understand that bicultural childrentend to form one of four types of identity which are:__________

:1. Majority-group identifiers 2. Minority-group identifiers 3. Synthesizers 4. Disaffiliates

four important predictors of interethnic dating and marriage.:

Age, generation, ethnic identity, and racial/intergroup attitude

__________ refers to affective feelings such as experiencing uneasiness, awkwardness, confusion, stress, or apprehensiveness about what might occur in the encounter.

Anxiety

_______________ is the need for personal privacy and regulated "me space" in a relationship

Autonomy

____________ is the number and range of topics we feel comfortable and willing to disclose to reveal our dynamic self

Breadth

_________________, on the other hand, is the need for merging each personalized space into the sense of "we-ness space" between the two intimate individuals

Connection

_________ ___________ include ignoring/dismissing (especially for minor offenses, such as staring or nasty comments), normalizing (thinking of themselves and appealing to others to treat them as "normal" couples with marital ups and downs), and withdrawing (avoiding places and groups of people who are hostile to intercultural couples)

Coping strategies

___________ _____________ (e.g., individualism and collectivism) influence our behavior and our needs when we are in a close relationship

Cultural values

___________ is the amount of information we feel comfortable sharing about intimate layers of our self that reveal our emotional vulnerability and core identity. The _________ ____________ aspects of self-disclosure are the pinnacle of intimacy

Depth,, deep-layered

"___" identity members (e.g., Australians and Danes) tend to emphasize personal and relationship privacy issues, and "____" identity cultural members (e.g., El Salvadorians and Kenyans) tend to emphasize family and ingroup network connection issues

I,, we

_________________-minded partners often view the autonomy-connection struggle as a delicate, high-wire act, constantly balancing the "me-we" dialectical forces

Independent

________________ members or high ____________-self personality types reduce their anxiety and uncertainty by directly approaching the attractive individual interactively

Individualistic,, independent

______________ _________ ______________ is the antagonistic friction or disagreement between two romantic partners caused, in part, by cultural or ethnic group membership differences.

Intercultural-intimate conflict

The __________ ___________ helps clarify the role that disclosure plays in personal relationships

Johari Window

__________ _____________ (high levels of intimacy and sexual attraction) is valued where family ties are weak (e.g., as in the larger U.S. culture, Australia, and Sweden); however, passionate love is diluted where family ties are strong

Passionate love

_____________ ______________ ______________ is central toattraction; however, cultures differ in terms ofwhat is attractive. For example, Americans areattracted to energy and enthusiasm, whileKoreans are attracted to integrity and concernfor others.

Perceived physical appearance

__________ is about biased, inflexible prejudgments and antagonistic feelings about outgroup members

Prejudice

In addition, there may be the "_________ ______ __________" effect at work: The more the respective families are against this intimate relationship, the more the intercultural couple wants to rebel against their parents and "do their own thing," which makes each other even more attractive

Romeo and Juliet

__________ ______________ involves the intentional process of revealing information about ourselves to others that the other individuals do not know. ___________ ______________ is related to social penetration theory

Self-disclosure

_____________ ____________ _____________ states that interpersonal information progresses from superficial, non-intimate self-disclosure to deeper, more layered, intimate self-disclosure. This developmental process also involves both breadth and depth

Social penetration theory

_____________, on the other hand, is a cognitive phenomenon that involves both predictive ___________ and explanatory _______________.

Uncertainty

____________ _______________ strategies are connected to the intercultural-interracial uncertainty reduction, initial attraction phase.

Uncertainty reduction

________ ____________ is an individual's ability to make requests; disagree openly; express personal feelings; and initiate, maintain, and terminate conversations

Verbal assertiveness

___________ ______________ is an individual's desire or intent to continue a relationship based on one's subjective emotional feelings, personal experiences, and individual decisions

Voluntary commitment

Overall, the most common type of intermarriage is between a partner who is ____________ and one who is ___________

White, Latinx

Generation ___ and Gen ____ are more likely to have an intimate intercultural relationship

X,, Z

If you use the____________ strategy, you approach Mila, a third person (e.g., a friend or classmate) to get background information on AJ. You can find out AJ's interests, hobbies and taste in music, or random facts

active

The basic premise of AUM theory is when individuals encounter strangers or culturally dissimilar others, they often experience both ___________ and____________. A stranger can reflect both "near and far" qualities—nearness connotes physical closeness, and remoteness refers to dissimilar values, outlook, or behaviors

anxiety,, uncertainty

The __________ ___________ _____________ theory, developed by Dr. William Gudykunst, explains how strangers from diverse cultures or group memberships can practice communication effectiveness via the mindful management of anxiety and uncertainty levels during interaction

anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM)

In phase one, the ____________ phase, an individual selects an attractive photograph to post, chooses a screen name or avatar, and crafts a skillful profile. If these three methods connect with another individual and attract _____________, phase two occurs.

attention

When developing an intimate relationship between the individualism-collectivism spectrum, friendship pairs or romantic partners often face the juggling act between____________ and _______________ issues and trying not to go haywire crazy

autonomy,, connection

Through risk-taking, you establish an initial trusting cycle in the interpersonal relationship. However, there is a chance that your friend may _________ _________ __________ _____________ you have shared

betray the exclusive information

The ________ panel is defined as information not known to self but known to others.

blind

Despite family and social pressure, there were two clear conclusions on raising children: _________________________________

children are raised with one faith or exposed to both without choice.

Finally, recognize that your children will grow up and _________ _______ ________ ____________; keep the dialogue open, and let your young children or teenagers know that you will always be there for them

choose their own path

A main reason we are drawn to someone is explained by similarity-attraction hypothesis (i.e., humans tend to look for someone like themselves). This is termed _____________ _____________

cognitive consistency

Comparatively, ______________ members or high ______________-self personality types use observations (i.e., passive uncertainty reduction strategy) or use indirect and roundabout ways (i.e., using active uncertainty reduction strategy), such as by gathering information from a third source, to reduce their communication anxiety or apprehension before deciding to approach or avoid the attractive other

collectivistic,, interdependent

However, when it comes to romantic relationships, research indicates _______________ value companionate love (strong friendship intimacy and commitment) more than passionate love.

collectivists

First, take time and make a ________________ to work out a family identity process as early in your relationship as possible; understand the important aspects of your own and your partner's _______________ and ________________ identity.

commitment,, cultural-ethnic,, religious

In the third stage, ____________ ___________ ____________, both partners gain a new sense of relationship clarity and stability in their evolving romantic relationship. They develop a mutual understanding and acceptance of each other's cultural and relational standpoint.

couplehood identity emergence

Third, try to provide your children with plenty of ________ ____________ opportunities that celebrate the diversity of both of your cultures; offer them positive experiences to appreciate and synthesize the differences

cultural enrichment

Furthermore, your _________ ___________ and family upbringing and your own personality style would also shape your readiness to share or not to share.

cultural socialization

_________________—children who distance themselves or claim not to be influenced by their parents' cultural backgrounds, and they often create their own identity labels and rebel against any existing label that is imposed on them as part of a particular racial or cultural group

disaffiliates

A parallel integrative strategy involves adopting different elements from both religions to create a "___________ __________ ____________" or integrating the broad spirit of celebration without honing in on either one of the religious traditions

double holiday celebration

The fourth phase, the ___________________,, refers to the "screening out process" in which partners check each other out for physical chemistry or sexual arousal attraction. They are also checking to see whether the actual person matches their online profile.

face-to-face

Individuals with assimilated, bicultural, or marginal identities have a _________ ___________ to date outside of their own groups than those who view their ethnic identities and traditions as very important aspects of their self-concept

greater tendency

The ___________ panel is defined as information known to self but unknown to others

hidden

Among ________________ cultures, people typically want to "fall in love" (which sometimes involves intense dating rituals) and then either get married or move on to another dating partner. Romantic love, however, poses a major relational paradox. Although intimate partners desire to "lose" themselves in a romantic love, struggles with the desire for ______________ and __________ ____________ loom large

individualistic,, independence,, personal freedom

Finally, by approaching AJ directly to express your interest, you used the ____________ strategy. This is the most straightforward way to reduce uncertainty when you engage in the process of mutual exploration.

interactive

__________________-minded partners see the autonomy and connection as a juggling act, a "me-we-they-they" dance, and are constantly anxious about their family and close friends' reactions to their relationship.

interdependent

Loving someone, from the concept of "romantic-passionate love," connotes high levels of _____________ and __________, especially reflecting the initial dating stages and sexual attraction and desire, but does not necessarily include _______________.

intimacy and passion,, commitment

With ________-context initiative, they ask direct questions, use probing questions to find out more information, and expect direct answers

low

These studies revealed that individuals who felt_______ _________ ______________ during an initial interaction with a stranger practiced both verbal assertiveness and verbal responsiveness to move the relationship forward

low communication apprehension

_______________ ______________ —children identify with the parent from the dominant culture or religion, while they may or may not publicly acknowledge the identity of their other parent (in this case, from a minority-group background);

majority-group identifiers

Interfaith partners indicated two fundamental stages of life when they needed to face their religious differences head on: _____________ and _____________

marriage and children

___________ ________________—children identify with the parent who is a minority, while they may either acknowledge that their other parent is from a different background or deny (or minimize) their dual heritage background;

minority-group identifier

Individuals who have big open panels and small hidden panels are _________ _________ __________ ___________ about themselves compared with individuals with _________ open panels and ________ hidden panels.

more willing to disclose,, small,, big

Phase three is the _________ __________ phase, the shortest phase, which may take place via email, instant messaging, or texting. With the absence of traditional cues of flirting, many emoticons are used to express interest

online interaction

The __________ panel is defined as information known to self and information known to others or a specific person.

open

The label "Johari" takes its name from Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham—the first names of the window's creators (Luft, 1969). The window is conceived with four panels: ____________, ______________, _______________, _____________

open, hidden, blind, and unknown

What invisible challenges do intercultural relationships face? The main challenge is _______________________________________________

partner differences in cultural-ethnic membership values

Suppose you see AJ at a party. AJ's behavior intrigues and interests you. If you use the _____________ strategy, you observe on the side, unobtrusively observing AJ's nonverbal, verbal, and behavioral actions

passive

During initial encounters with acquaintances and strangers, there are three strategy types we use to reduce our uncertainty: ________, _______, and ________________

passive, active, and interactive

Fourth, be truthful when dealing with issues of ___________ and ___________; nurture a secure sense of personal self-esteem and self-worth with your children regardless of how they want to be identified. Parents should model constructive, assertive behaviors in confronting ______________ and ____________ issues

prejudice,, racism

The term _________ __________ refers to parts of the self that are readily available and are easily shared with others; the term __________ ___________ refers to the parts of the self that are potentially communicable but are not usually shared with generalized others

public self,, private self

The major challenge concerning self-disclosure in the intercultural context is how different cultural members consider what topics are "__________," or what topics are "_________."

public, private

Intercultural couples move through the following four stages of "____________ _____________" in their romantic relationship development processes

racial awakening

The first stage, _________ _____________, refers to the gradual awakening stage when the partners become conscious of each other's views and societal views on intimate racial relationship matters.

racial awareness

four stages of "racial awakening":

racial awareness, relational stressors and coping, couplehood identity emergence, and relationship maintenance/repair and revisioning

However, __________ is about a personal/institutional belief in the cultural superiority of one race and the perceived inferiority of other races

racism

In this 2nd ____________ phase, virtual flirting occurs, which is sending a wink, a kiss, or some icon to represent an interest to the other party.

recognition

The second stage, __________ ___________ _________ ____________, refers to the internal and external struggles that romantic partners face in their relationships and the __________ strategies they used to navigate their relationship dynamics

relational stressors and coping,, coping

The fourth stage, ________ ____________ __________ _________ ___________, refers to the continuous hard work the couple must face dealing with new challenges, such as having children, moving to a new neighborhood, dealing with family reactions, and joining new social circles.

relationship maintenance/repair and revisioning

Lastly, the fifth phase, the ____________ phase, refers to the decision-making phase to decide whether to see each other offline again, and/or to continue using the dating app to check out other potential dating partners.

resolution

The blind panel can ___________ in size by paying attention to feedback and comments from others.

shrink

Perceived ______________ also plays a role in attraction

similarity

A main reason we are drawn to someone is explained by _____________ ____________ _____________ (i.e., humans tend to look for someone like themselves)

similarity-attraction hypothesis

People do activate their ______________ process in initial intercultural attraction stages

stereotyping

Second, make time to listen to your children's identity ___________ and _______________; their ambivalence is oftentimes part of a normal, developmental process. Learn not to ____________ or be hurt by their truthful revelation

stories,, experiences,, judge

On the other hand, with ___________ _____________ an individual takes into consideration external social and family reactions to decide whether or not to continue or terminate a relationship

structural commitment

_________________—children who acknowledge the influence of both aspects of their parents' cultural backgrounds and synchronize and synthesize the diverse aspects of their parents' values into a coherent identity; and

synthesizers

The blind area means we are ____________ (or in __________) that such attitudes (e.g., sexist, racist, and homophobic attitudes) or behaviors (e.g., gay bashing) exist in us, but our friends actually observe those attitudes or behaviors.

unaware,, denial

the ___________ panel is defined as information not known to self or to others

unknown

the _____________ panel exists in all of us because there is always something surprising or new to discover about ourselves and others—through new learning, traveling, life experiences, or meditations about the unconscious self

unknown

On the other hand, ___________ _____________ is an individual's ability to be a good listener, engage in comforting communication, and recognize the needs and wants of others.

verbal responsiveness

Furthermore, _________ _________ ____________ follows a trust-risk dilemma. To trust someone, you must be willing to take a risk and share unique information about yourself.

verbal self-disclosure