INTA 2030 Quiz 6

what is deductive reasoning

"top down" reasoning. a rule-based strategy and is characterized by a highly structured decision-making process, relying heavily on moral theories. begins with core norms and them applies them to issues and problems (example: just war doctrine)

what does global governance look like now?

(post Cold War) resulted in a thick, multilayer web of transnational information and action networks. Despite the increasing number of NGOs and other transnational actors, global governance has not increased its organizational capacity.

what was PEPFAR

(president emergency plan for aids relief) - The goals of the program were to prevent seven million new AIDS infections, treat at least two million people with life-extending drugs, and provide care to children orphaned by AIDS.

what did Sachs say about the war on poverty

Ending poverty is the great opportunity of our time... would not only deliver and spread economic well being, but would also promote the other Enlightenment objectives of democracy, global security, and the advance of science."

what does amstutz say about foreign aid

From a moral perspective, prosperous, well-governed nations should assist societies facing misfortune. They should do so not to ensure greater economic equality among states but to care for people suffering from disasters, war, and absolute poverty. Although humanitarian relief and development aid are both praiseworthy, the former is more morally compelling because it seeks to meet immediate human needs.

how does amstutz analyze the ethics of aids relief

From a tridimensional ethical perspective, the American foreign aid program to combat the AIDS pandemic is wholly just. At the level of intentions—to save lives and care for the medical and humanitarian needs of AIDS victims—the program is morally praiseworthy. At the level of means, the program is also morally legitimate, although the concentration of foreign aid on one disease may have resulted in a neglect of other diseases. Because of the relatively high cost of antiretroviral drugs, some critics have suggested that treating diarrheal and respiratory diseases could have saved more lives at lower cost. But this consequentialist ethical perspective fails to take into account some of the social and economic costs involved in families and communities victimized by AIDS.

Are people morally allowed to leave their home?

From the perspective of international political morality, people have an inherent right to leave their homeland. This right, which has become increasingly accepted as a fundamental human right in the contemporary international system, is defined in categorical and unqualified terms by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 13): Government by consent!!

how was perspective on migration changed over time

From the perspective of political liberalism, theorists have consistently asserted that, just as citizens have the rights of freedom of speech or freedom of assembly, they have a right to freedom of movement within territorial boundaries. However, classical thinkers did not extend this argument to international society

what is the nationality principle of jurisdiction

States have also claimed jurisdiction over nationals outside of their own territorial boundaries

what are institutions

When ideas, norms, and rules coalesce in areas of shared international concern

what is inductive (informal) reasoning

a "bottom-up" methodology that applies morality flexibly to the goals, means, and results of decisions, relying mainly on the ends-based and tridimensional strategies. relies on prudence to integrate morality into foreign policy decision making. Realists favor this strategy

When did the US begin to substantially restrict immigration

after world war II

What is the role of moral norms in foreign policy

the good life (summum bonum) is based on individual and communal justice. A major aim of international ethics is to foster political justice within and among states by illuminating relevant moral norms and structuring moral reasoning.

what is government

the institution that makes, interprets, and enforces binding rules within a community. Because states are sovereign-that is, have ultimate authority over public affairs—their governments have final decision-making authority within their territorial boundaries.

what is the general consensus on what's best for refugees

the most desirable long-term solution for refugees is repatriation back to the home country. Although the Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines the right of return (repatriation), the ability and willingness of people to avail themselves of this right depends largely on local political conditions

What does realism assume is the sole interest of international relations

the quest for power

what are the two characteristic of public goods

their enjoyment is not diluted or compromised as the goods' usage is extended to others. nobody can be excluded from enjoying it

how does amstutz analyze the conflict between admitting people for national interests and admitting refugees

there are no "right" moral answers to such questions because they depend on prudential judgments rooted in a variety of competing and conflicting claims, especially between the claims of nationals and those of migrants. Moreover, admissions policies will involve moral ambiguity because of the inevitable trade-off between the moral claim of compassion and the legitimate responsibility to protect communal rights and interests.

what does it mean to govern

to lead, direct, guide, and organize the affairs of a society.

what is the goal of universal jurisdiction

to transform the world in accordance with a cosmopolitan worldview so that individuals are accorded moral precedence over states.

what is a key difference between public and private goods, according to the tragedy of the commons

unlike public goods, private goods are carefully regulated, and as a result often sustained better

what is the greenhouse effect

vapors and gases allow more of the sun's heat to be absorbed by the earth than is released back into space.

what some collective "bads"

war, international financial instability, air pollution, global warming, and deforestation.

do individuals have a right to go anywhere?

Although individuals have the right to emigrate, they do not necessarily have the right to immigrate to a particular state. This is because governments, not international organizations or migrants themselves, determine admission (sovereignty)

who provides for public goods

Although some arise spontaneously within domestic society through the self-interested behaviors of individuals the government plays an important function in directly providing some and by indirectly fostering them through regulating regulating human behavior to minimize harm

how does Walzer believe nations should treat strangers?

At the same time, political communities, he suggests, have a moral obligation to strangers, especially those who suffer persecution and destitution. Walzer's arguments are significant because they provide moral justification for the contemporary immigration regime

who withdrew the US from the Kyoto Protocol before it went into effect

Bush

has pepfar worked?

By any measure, PEPFAR has been extraordinarily successful. As of the end of 2008, the program had prevented the death of roughly 1.2 million persons, with HIV-related mortality having decreased by 10 percent in the fourteen countries where PEPFAR was operative.

At the time of Amstutz's writing, why was extending the Protocol proving difficult for UN authorities

Canada withdrew from the treaty in 2011, and both Japan and Russia have indicated that they are uninterested in extending Kyoto. Consequently, a major goal has been to develop a new approach to climate change to replace Kyoto altogether—one that is universally binding on all states but that makes provision for significant financial transfers from the rich, developed countries to the poor nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

what case study highlights the challenges of immigration policy

Challenges to US immigration policy

who were significantly omitted from the Kyoto Protocol's binding targets?

China and India

What was the background of Pinochet's detention

Military coup in Chile to stop communist rule, lead to communist witch hunt. Pinochet establishes secret police force to depoliticize society. When democracy is restored, all the bad stuff gets exposed

is power the only thing that drives IR

No. Although security is a core national interest, survival is not the only goal of states. Indeed, most global politics involves the pursuit of many different individual and collective interests through a variety of means other than power. POLITICAL DECISION MAKING IS OF NECESSITY A MORAL ENTERPRISE

what worldview does universal jurisdiction align with

cosmopolitanism

what does amstutz conclude about people's belief on US immigration policy

The moral assessment of U.S. immigration policy will depend in great measure on which ethical traditions and methodologies are utilized. For example, since cosmopolitanism regards state boundaries as morally insignificant, cosmopolitan thinkers are likely to conclude that U.S. immigration statutes are of dubious moral validity because they subordinate refugee claims to the national interest. On the other hand, nationalists (amoral realists) will similarly disapprove of American immigration policies, but for opposite reasons, namely, because citizens' claims are unnecessarily subordinated to those of immigrants and refugees. Only principled realists who seek to reconcile national claims with global needs, power, and morality are likely to endorse the American approach to immigration because it seeks to protect the legitimate interests of domestic society while also providing humanitarian care.

what is the temptation of public goods

The problem arises from the temptation to use freely available public goods without paying for them or helping to maintain them. Thus, the development and maintenance of collective goods is generally easier in smaller, close-knit communities where strong group loyalty exists among members. As the size of a community increases, it becomes easier for individuals and groups to rely on others for the provision of collective goods.

The most recent law governing U.S. immigration policy is the 1990 Immigration Act (IMMACT). What is it?

This law establishes a flexible cap on the total number of immigrants along with admissions criteria (called "preferences" To foster geographic diversity, the U.S. government annually holds a lottery for aliens from underrepresented nations. The lottery allows fifty thousand aliens to become legal residents.

What is the aim of the textbook

This study has sought to defend the Niebuhrian claim by exploring the nature and role of moral values in international relations. The aim has not been to provide "moral" solutions to major international issues. Rather, the goal has been to define concepts, strategies, and ethical traditions that facilitate moral reflection about international relations and to illustrate the role of political morality in global politics with case studies in five major problem areas: human rights, force, intervention, economic sanctions, and global issues.

how did the perception of aids change and lead to foreign aid in Africa in particular

To a significant degree the change in attitudes, especially among American Christians, was led by individuals who witnessed the human devastation resulting from the AIDS pandemic in Africa, where the explosive transmission of the HIV virus spread through promiscuous heterosexual relations. Bush makes ending the scourge of AIDS in Africa key to his foreign policy

what is the passive personality principle of jurisdiction

allow state courts to pursue justice against persons who, either as individuals or as public officials, carried out heinous crimes against its people

what is the universal jurisdiction principle of jurisdiction

allow states to pursue legal accountability because the crime, such as genocide or slavery, is regarded as universally reprehensible. Based solely on nature of crime (Macedo)

Why is international ethics concerned with the intersection of morality, policy, ethics, and international politics?

applied ethics, by definition, seeks to develop moral reasoning in specific areas of public and private life.

what is humanitarian/emergency foreign aid

assistance to meet humanitarian needs arising from droughts, earthquakes, tribal wars, and other disasters. This type of aid was illustrated in the aftermath of the deadly December 2005 Asian tsunami

What is procedural justice?

associates political justice with the rightness and fairness of the rules, procedures, and institutions of political communities and the consistent and impartial application of such norms. processes rather than outcomes. In effect, justice is realized not by pursuing particular ends but by ensuring the fairness of the system. Such an approach is illustrated by the American judicial system, which pursues justice through impartial courts.

what is the main obstacle to vigorous application of ethics

behavior

what are some challenges of migration control

border control and refugee care

what is the most important ethical question about global warming

conflict between economic development and environmental sustainability

what was the ideological conversion of Phinochet's detention

cosmopolitan vs communitarian

What did the Kyoto Protocol entail

creation of a framework accord that delineated specific cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. The Kyoto Protocol-essentially an addendum to the 1992 Climate Treaty—required that industrialized countries reduce their greenhouse emissions by about 5 percent below their 1990 level no later than the year 2012. To achieve this goal, the protocol established significant cuts in pollution-8 percent for the European Union, 7 percent for the United States, and 6 percent for Japan.

foreign aid usually occurs in what two ways

humanitarian/emergency aid and development aid

what are public goods

deas, values, practices, resources, and conditions that benefit everyone in a society or community. (global- extend beyond borders)

what is an example of how the lack of consensus affects international ethics

debates over the appropriateness of sanctions post-apartheid

what are the two extreme methods of moral reasoning

deductive and inductive reasoning

what is distributive justice

defines political justice in terms of the rightness and fairness of outcomes. Justice is that which promotes good or right ends. associates morality with outcome. although its increasingly influential in contemporary political ethics, it is significant that traditional international morality was defined mainly in terms of procedural norms and in particular "the laws of nations."

what is the great challenge of developing a more just global society

develop both moral knowledge and personal character that leads to the fulfillment of foundational moral obligations.

what is the practice of international criminal tribunals

developed to increase accountability for wartime HR abuses. prosecute leaders for atrocities and other crimes against humanity

what is the claim of universal jurisdiction

developed to increase accountability for wartime HR abuses. the belief that some crimes, such as genocide and torture, are so offensive that any state may prosecute them.

what does amstutz say about the morality of environmental policy

devising a morally appropriate policy is inherently subjective and difficult because public policy making is probabilistic. The lack of consensus over which strategies are most conducive to achieving desired outcomes frequently derives from conflicting interpretations of scientific knowledge as well as uncertainty over the effects and results of different public policies

how does amstutz say thinkers should analyze the relationship between the two realms

distinguish between the empirical and normative realms and then to identify and apply political morality to particular foreign policy issues or global concerns.

how does lack of consensus influence international ethics

does NOT mean there is no objective morality or that moral analysis is subjective. Often disagreement is not chiefly about morals: what appears to be a dispute over political ethics might be, in reality, a conflict over different interpretations of facts or different assessments of political strategies.

how has the Westphalian order approached migration historically

emigration as an individual right and immigration as a sovereign right of states.

How does communitarianism view international justice

emphasizes the pursuit of justice through the contemporary global system of sovereign states (international justice)

what are the two realms scholars believe should not be mixed

empirical (policy) and normative (moral) realms

what was the challenge of the Kyoto Protocol

epresented a significant challenge to the energy consumption patterns of developed nations, especially the United States, a country that accounts for nearly one-fourth of the world's greenhouse emissions. the specific compliance mechanisms had to be worked out in subsequent meetings. This proved to be far more difficult than was anticipated, in great part because the contemplated pollution reductions imposed significant economic burdens on the major industrial states

how does cultural pluralism affect foreign policy

especially daunting because global society is comprised of many states, each with its own cultural norms and conceptions of morality. However, does not invalidate either the quest for international justice or the legitimacy of political morality. Rather, the reality of competing cultures and moral traditions provides an environment for encouraging a deeper, more reflective political morality and a more self-critical application of such morality to international affairs

what did the 1992 Climate Treaty entail

established a framework for reducing the growth of greenhouse gas emissions. IPCC's latest assessment says that human activity is believed to be the main cause of global warming. However, Because the 1992 Climate Treaty did not establish binding targets for states, signatory states implemented few policy reforms to reduce greenhouse gases

how does cosmopolitanism view international justice

focuses on the pursuit of justice among people while disregarding the anarchic, decentralized international community. (world justice)

why does ethical reasoning rarely result in simple moral verdicts?

global issues are insanely complicated and people don't usually agree.

what dilemma illustrates the challenge distinguishing between the two realms

global warming

according to William Foster Lloyd, what is the tragedy of the commons?

helpful in assessing collective-agency issues because it illuminates the dilemma of protecting resources owned or used in common. Because the village commons can sustain only a limited number of animals (this is defined as the commons' "carrying capacity"), the challenge for village farmers is to maximize their individual well-being without destroying the shared land. (Key takeaway: people are hard to convince to choose collective good over individual interests)

how do communitarians approach refugee care

holding to an intermediary position, assume that states have a moral obligation to provide humanitarian assistance but not necessarily an obligation to accept refugee

What are some other questions over global warming policy

how do you decide who bears the brunt of reduction? How do you trade emissions rights? What are the safety problems abandoning fossil fuels?

What were the circumstances of Phinochet's arrest

in London for back surgery. Spain wants to prosecute. The warrant was based on evidence alleging that Pinochet was responsible for the deaths of Spanish citizens in Chile following the 1973 coup. When the Spanish judge was informed that the warrant did not comply with British extradition law, a second warrant was issued charging Pinochet with torture

what are the primary immigration concerns in europe

integrating non-European peoples more effectively into the fabric of national culture and the need for more effective control of borders, especially maritime borders

what is development aid

involves long-term assistance to help reduce poverty by fostering economic growth. Although developmental aid typically focuses on the absence of economic resources,

why is defining international justice difficult

lack of agreement in defining such a norm (lack of human authority), the fact that global society is comprised of a plurality of cultures and moralities (international community has no legal institutions), and that political justice can be defined in several different ways

what case study illustrates the challenge of public goods

managing global climate change

How does Amstutz address universal jurisdiction

may contribute to a just world order, but such a system needs important constraints if it is to succeed. If the integrity and impartiality of the law are to be protected, it is important to distinguish between the two realms and to avoid the overuse of law in global society.

why was it important for the plan to include abstinence and fidelity

moral expectations were important not only for the long-term success of containing the HIV pandemic but also for garnering political support from religious conservatives. Clearly, religious conservatives would not have supported the program without inclusion of a call for abstinence and faithfulness as part of a comprehensive anti-AIDS initiative.

why is politics so important in the international community

no sovereign authority over sovereign states to make overreaching decisions

what is global governance

not based upon authority to make and impose rules. Rather, states comply with the norms, rules, network initiatives, and IGO decisions of it on a voluntary basis

what is the protective principle of jurisdiction

over harmful activities (e.g., currency counterfeiting) that threaten a nation's welfare

what are examples of public goods

peace, financial stability, poverty reduction, clean air, environmental protection, and conservation of species

what are the primary impediments to economic growth

political (war), social (fragmentation and distrust), and cultural (corruption) -- loans and grants from several wealthier countries

Why does Amstutz argue that ethics matters

political communities bear moral responsibilities domestically and internationally. Domestically, states are just and legitimate to the extent that they fulfill widely accepted international moral obligations, such as the protection of human rights and the promotion of the social and economic well-being of persons. Internationally, states are morally legitimate to the extent that they fulfill their legal and ethical responsibilities as members of global society.

what ways can political justice be defined

procedural justice and distributive justice

how do cosmopolitans approach refugees

refugee resettlement should be greatly increased,41 whereas nationalists would prefer to limit such practices in the belief that significant refugee flows undermine national well-being

why is refugee care a difficult issue to approach

refugees fall, as Louis Henkin notes, "in the interstices of state boundaries," they suffer from a lack of protection from international authorities. determining which persons are entitled to refugee status is difficult. because the number of persons desiring asylum greatly exceeds the supply of authorized visas, governments establish strict criteria for selection, giving preferential treatment to some groups

How does Walzer describe the right to migration etc

regulating membership through admission and exclusion is essential in preserving "communities of character". illustrates the nature and importance of membership by comparing political communities with neighborhoods, clubs, and families. Just as neighborhood unity is rooted in shared values and customs, national cohesion similarly derives from common cultural and political norms and widely shared communal aspiration

What are IGO's

represent states and more particularly the policies and wants of governments.

what is the role of human-made emissions in the greenhouse effect

responsible for only a small part of the greenhouse effect, they nonetheless play an important role in influencing the earth's climate because carbon dioxide and other gases linger for long periods of time in the atmosphere before dissipating.

how does amstutz say international ethics should be approached

rooted in procedural and substantive norms. Procedural norms are important because they emphasize the impartial application of authoritative rules and principles of global society; substantive norms, however, are also important because their perception of justice is partly rooted in the perception of just outcomes. To be sure, the application of distributive justice among member states presents significant challenges. However, the increased moral sensitivity to egregious inequalities within and among nations has fostered a more robust moral assessment of international relations.

how do you protect public goods?

securing dependable behavioral commitments to develop and maintain global public goods is important. One way of achieving compliance is through treaties and conventions (it's important to find alternatives to things that are harmful as well which doesn't always happen)

who is responsible for ensuring human rights

sovereign governments/states

what is the territorial principle of jurisdiction

state sovereignty within a specified territory allowed a government to exercise authority over all persons within that land.

what treaty was established to address the growth of greenhouse gases in the world

the 1992 Climate Treaty

what was established to address the policy deficiencies of the Climate Treat?

the 1997 Kyoto Protocol

what case study illustrates foreign aid

the US assistance to AIDS victims

what case study illustrates the problems of transnational prosecution

the detention of Augusto Pinochet (President of Chile, detained in London)

what factors impede governance

the fragile ties between decision makers and citizens. lack of democratic legitimacy limitation of centralized decision making and