Integrated Science 1

Acceleration

A change in speed, direction or both.

Elastic Collision

A collision in which colliding objects rebound without lasting deformation or the generation of heat.

Inelastic Collision

A collision in which the colliding objects become distorted, generate heat, and possibly stick together.

Centripetal Force

A force that causes an object to move in a circle.

Mass

A measure of the amount of matter in an object. Also the measure of inertia or sluggishness that an object exhibits in response to any effort to start it, stop it or change it's state of motion in any way.

Weight

A measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object.

Elements

A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions.

Conservation of Energy

A principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be altered from one form to another.

Vector Quantity

A quantity that has both magnitude (how much) and direction (which way).

Equilibrium

A state of no change in motion.

Electron

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge.

Proton

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom.

Newton's First Law

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Motion: A man weighing 800 N stands at rest on two bathroom scales so that his weight is distributed evenly over both scales. The reading on each scale is: A. 400N B. 800N C. 1600N D. 200N E. None of the above

Answer: A. 400N

The Atom: Which is larger: a lithium atom or a fluorine atom? A. A lithium atom B. A fluorine atom C. There is no way to tell without memorizing the periodic table.

Answer: A. A lithium atom

Newton's Laws: Seat belts and air bags in a car are mostly linked to the effects of Newton's...: A. First Law B. Second Law C. Third Law D. Law of Gravity

Answer: A. First Law

Gravity: A satellite in elliptical orbit about Earth travels fastest when it moves: A. close to Earth. B. far from Earth. C. in either direction—the same everywhere. D. between the near and far points from Earth.

Answer: A. close to Earth.

Newton's Laws: A truck is moving at constant velocity. Inside the storage compartment, a rock is dropped from the midpoint of the ceiling and strikes the floor below. The rock hits the floor...: A. exactly below the midpoint of the ceiling. B. behind the midpoint of the ceiling. C. ahead of the midpoint of the ceiling. D. more information needed to solve this problem E. none of the above

Answer: A. exactly below the midpoint of the ceiling.

Momentum and Energy: A moving freight car slams into another identical freight car at rest. The two cars stick together and move along the track. The speed of the coupled cars compared with the initial speed of the first car is: A. half B. one-quarter C. the same D. double

Answer: A. half

The Atom: Where did the atoms that make up a newborn baby originate? A. in the explosions of ancient stars B. in the digestion of the food that the mother C. in the womb of the baby's mother D. in the Earth, through geological processes

Answer: A. in the explosions of ancient stars

Gravity: If the mass of Earth somehow increased with no change in radius, your weight would: A. increase also. B. stay the same C. decrease

Answer: A. increase also.

Gravity: According to Newton, the greater the distance between masses of interacting objects, the: A. less the gravitational force between them. B. more the gravitational force between them.

Answer: A. less the gravitational force between them.

Newton's Laws: When you jump vertically upward, strictly speaking, you cause Earth to: A. move downward. B. also move upward with you. C. remain stationary. D. move sideways a bit.

Answer: A. move downward.

Newton's Laws: A falling object that reaches terminal velocity continues to have: A. speed. B. a nonzero net force. C. acceleration. D. all of the above.

Answer: A. speed.

Newton's Laws: A light woman and a heavy man jump from an airplane at the same time and open their same-size parachutes at the same time. Which person will get to a state of zero acceleration first? A. the light woman B. the heavy man C. both should at the same time D. not enough information

Answer: A. the light woman

Newton's Laws: The net force on any object in equilibrium is: A. zero. B. 10 meters per second squared. C. equal to its weight. D. none of the above.

Answer: A. zero.

Newton's Laws: A karate chop delivers a blow of 3500 N to a board that breaks. The force that acts on the hand during this event is: A. less than 3500 N. B. 3500 N C. greater than 3500 N. D. none of the above.

Answer: B. 3500 N

Motion: An object is pulled northward with a force of 10 N and southward with a force of 15 N. The magnitude of the net force on the object is: A. 15 N B. 5 N C. 0 N D. 10 N E. none of the above

Answer: B. 5 N

Newton's Laws: A 10-N falling object encounters 4 N of air resistance. The magnitude of the net force on the object is...: A. 4 N B. 6 N C. 0 N D. 10 N E. none of the above

Answer: B. 6 N

The Atom: If all the molecules of a body remained part of that body, would the body have any odor? A. No, because it would no longer be what it was. B. No, because there would be no molecules traveling to our nose. C. Yes, because it would still release photons. D. Yes, but only if that body is sweating.

Answer: B. No, because there would be no molecules traveling to our nose.

The Atom: If all the molecules of a body remained part of that body, would the body have any odor?: A. No, because it would no longer be what it was. B. No, because there would be no molecules traveling to our nose. C. Yes, because it would still release photons. D. Yes, but only if that body is sweating.

Answer: B. No, because there would be no molecules traveling to our nose.

Newton's Laws: If gravity between the Sun and Earth suddenly vanished, Earth would move in: A. a curved path. B. a straight-line path. C. an outward spiral path. D. an inward spiral path.

Answer: B. a straight-line path.

Motion: When a loaf of bread rises, its density: A. stays the same B. decreases C. increases

Answer: B. decreases

Momentum and Energy: When a cannonball is shot from a cannon, the cannon recoils. Compared with the momentum given to the cannonball, the momentum of the recoiling cannon is ideally: A. less B. equal and opposite C. greater D. nonexistent

Answer: B. equal and opposite

Gravity: Two objects move toward each other because of gravity. As the objects get closer and closer, the force between them: A. remains constant. B. increases. C. decreases.

Answer: B. increases.

Momentum and Energy: If an object has kinetic energy, it must also have: A. potential energy B. momentum C. power D. impulse

Answer: B. momentum

Momentum and Energy: A piece of clay moving with one unit of kinetic energy strikes and sticks to a heavy bowling ball initially at rest. After the clay sticks, both ideally move with a combined kinetic energy of: A. less than one unit B. one unit C. more than one unit D. no momentum at all

Answer: B. one unit

Gravity: Centripetal force is any force that: A. acts on a rotating object. B. produces circular motion. C. pulls objects outward when they whirl about a central point. D. takes the place of gravity.

Answer: B. produces circular motion.

Momentum and Energy: When you catch a fast-moving baseball with your bare hand, a good idea is to catch it so that your hand stops it: A. quickly B. slowly C. both of the above ways D. neither of the above ways

Answer: B. slowly

Motion: An object weighs 30 N on Earth. A second object weighs 30 N on the Moon. Which has the greater mass? A. the one on Earth B. the one on the Moon C. hey have the same mass D. Not enough information is given

Answer: B. the one on the Moon

Newton's Laws: A soccer ball is kicked to a 30-m/s speed. While being kicked, the amount of force of the player's foot on the ball is: A. less than the amount of force on the foot. B. the same as the amount of force on the foot. C. more than the amount of force on the foot. D. none of the above.

Answer: B. the same as the amount of force on the foot.

Momentum and Energy: Raising a car on a service station rack requires work. Raising it twice as high requires: A. the same work, but twice the power. B. twice the work C. twice the power D. all of the above

Answer: B. twice the work

Gravity: If the Sun were twice as massive, its pull on Earth would be: A. unchanged. B. twice. C. half. D. four times as much.

Answer: B. twice.

The Atom: Why isn't dirt listed in the periodic table? A. Elements like dirt and air are so common that there is no need to list them in the periodic table. B. Dirt IS listed in the periodic table but is not easily recognized because it is listed as one of the rare earths with its old scientific name, dysprosium, symbol Dy. C. The periodic table lists only elements made of one kind of material. Dirt is a mixture of elements and compounds. D. None of the above is true.

Answer: C. The periodic table lists only elements made of one kind of material. Dirt is a mixture of elements and compounds.

The Atom: Which are older, the atoms in the body of an elderly person or those in the body of a baby? A. An elderly person because they have been around much longer. B. It depends upon their diet. C. They are of the same age, which is appreciably older than the solar system. D. A baby because this is surely a trick question.

Answer: C. They are of the same age, which is appreciably older than the solar system.

The Atom: Which are older, the atoms in the body of an elderly person or those in the body of a baby? A. An elderly person because they have been around much longer. B. It depends upon their diet. C. They are of the same age, which is appreciably older than the solar system. D. A baby because this is surely a trick question.

Answer: C. They are of the same age, which is appreciably older than the solar system.

The Atom: In what sense can you truthfully say that you are a part of every person around you? A. We all live on the same planet and share the same resources. B. There are more people alive now than have ever lived. C. We are continually exchanging our atoms. D. We all share the same genetic code.

Answer: C. We are continually exchanging our atoms.

Newton's Laws: Earth pulls on the Moon. Similarly, the Moon pulls on Earth, evidence that: A. Earth and Moon are pulling on each other. B. Earth's and Moon's pulls comprise an action-reaction pair of forces. C. both of the above occur. D. neither of the above occur.

Answer: C. both of the above occur.

Momentum and Energy: When a hybrid car brakes to a stop, much of its kinetic energy is transformed to: A. heat B. work C. electric potential energy D. gravitational potential energy

Answer: C. electric potential energy

Gravity: According to Newton, the greater the masses of interacting objects, the: A. greater the force between them by the square of the masses. B. less the gravitational force between them. C. greater the gravitational force between them.

Answer: C. greater the gravitational force between them.

Momentum and Energy: If both the mass and speed of an object are doubled, its momentum: A. remains unchanged B. is doubled C. is quadrupled D. decreases

Answer: C. is quadrupled

Momentum and Energy: A car and a heavy truck roll down a hill and reach the bottom at the same speed. Compared with the momentum of the car, the momentum of the truck is: A. less B. the same C. more D. none of the above

Answer: C. more

Motion: Your weight is: A. a property of mechanical equilibrium. B. actually your mass. C. the gravitational attraction between you and the Earth. D. all of the above E. none of the above

Answer: C. the gravitational attraction between you and the Earth.

Motion: A 1-kg mass at Earth's surface weighs about: A. 5 N B. 12 N C. 1 N D. 10 E. none of the above

Answer: D. 10

The Atom: Does it make sense to say that a textbook is about 99.9 percent empty space? A. No. Only gases are considered to be 99.9 percent empty space. Liquids and solids are not. B. No. A textbook could only be considered to be 99.9 percent empty space if it were combusted. C. No. A textbook is a solid and thus is quite dense. Therefore it is not 99.9 percent empty space. D. Yes. A textbook like all material things is made up of atoms, which are considered to be 99.9 percent empty space.

Answer: D. Yes. A textbook like all material things is made up of atoms, which are considered to be 99.9 percent empty space.

The Atom: Which of the following statements best describes an element? A. a material that has consistent chemical properties B. a material with more than one type of atom C. a material that is pure D. a material consisting of only one type of atom E. a material that has consistent physical properties

Answer: D. a material consisting of only one type of atom

Momentum and Energy: When you jump from an elevated position to the ground below, the force you experience when landing depends on: A. the jumping height B. the softness or hardness of the ground C. how much you bend your knees D. all of the above

Answer: D. all of the above

Motion: An object in mechanical equilibrium is an object: A. moving with constant velocity. B. at rest. C. having no acceleration. D. all of the above

Answer: D. all of the above

Gravity: Earth's gravitational field extends: A. both inside and outside Earth and throughout the entire universe. B. only above and beyond Earth's surface and cancels inside Earth. C. neither A nor B

Answer: A. both inside and outside Earth and throughout the entire universe.

Motion: Which has the greatest density? A. 10 kg of feathers B. 1 kg of lead C. 1 kg of feathers

Answer: B. 1 kg of lead

Newton's Laws: Consider a cart with a ball resting in its middle. When you quickly jerk the cart forward, the: A. front of the cart hits the ball. B. back of the cart hits the ball. C. ball remains in the middle as the cart moves forward. D. above can all occur depending on how quickly the cart is pulled

Answer: B. back of the cart hits the ball.

Momentum and Energy: If an object has momentum, it must also have: A. potential energy B. kinetic energy C. work D. all of the above

Answer: B. kinetic energy

The Atom: A cat strolls across your backyard. An hour later, a dog with its nose to the ground follows the trail of the cat. Explain what is going on from a molecular point of view: A. The cat is leading the dog into a trap. B. The dog is following the areas of increased density of the Earth. C. The dog is smelling molecules from the cat. D. The dog is smelling atoms from the cat.

Answer: C. The dog is smelling molecules from the cat.

Motion: The hang time of professional basketball players is typically: A. more than 2 s B. more than 1 s C. less than 1 s D. 1 s

Answer: C. less than 1 s

The Atom: Does it make sense to say that a textbook is about 99.9 percent empty space? A. No. Only gases are considered to be 99.9 percent empty space. Liquids and solids are not. B. No. A textbook could only be considered to be 99.9 percent empty space if it were combusted. C. No. A textbook is a solid and thus is quite dense. Therefore it is not 99.9 percent empty space. D. Yes. A textbook like all material things is made up of atoms, which are considered to be 99.9 percent empty space.

Answer: D. Yes. A textbook like all material things is made up of atoms, which are considered to be 99.9 percent empty space.

Gravity: In a future rotating space habitat, centripetal force can provide: A. a steady rotational speed. B. weightlessness. C. a right-angle force for inhabitants. D. a support force sensed as weight or gravity.

Answer: D. a support force sensed as weight or gravity.

Momentum and Energy: When a car is braked to a stop, unless it is a hybrid, its kinetic energy is transformed to: A. stopping energy B. potential energy C. energy of motion D. heat

Answer: D. heat

Motion: If a freely falling object were somehow equipped with an odometer to measure the distance it travels, then the amount of distance it travels each succeeding second would be: A. greater than the second before B. less and less C. constant

Anwer: A. greater than the second before

Gravity: Inside a freely falling elevator, there would be no: A. gravitational force on you. B. apparent weight for you. C. both A and B D. none of the above

Anwer: B. apparent weight for you.

Gravity: You are weightless when you are: A. in free fall. B. without a support force. C. infinitely away from all mass. D. all of the above.

Anwer: D. all of the above.

Machines

Devices that allow you to do work in an easier way. A machine can multiply force, but never energy.

Speed

Distance(covered)/Time(travel).

Newton's Third Law

For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.

Newton's Second Law

Force = mass x acceleration.

Work

Force exerted on an object that causes it to move. Force x Distance. Joules

Impulse

Force x Time

Force

Force ~ (mass 1 x mass 2)/distance 2.

Density

Mass/Volume.

Conservation of Momentum

Momentum of a system remains constant when there are no net external forces acting on it.

Gravitational Potential Energy

Potential energy that depends on the height of an object.

Potential Energy

Stored energy.

Tension

Stress that occurs when forces act to stretch an object.

Energy

The ability to do work or cause change.

Projectile Motion

The curved path an object follows when thrown or propelled near the surface of the Earth. (under the influence of gravity).

Kinetic Energy

The energy an object has due to its motion.

Gravity and Distance

The greater the distance from Earth's center the less the gravitational force on an object.

Impulse-momentum relationship

The greater the impulse exerted on something, the greater will be the change in momentum of that something.

Free Fall

The motion of a falling object when the only force acting on it is gravity. No support force.

Net Force

The overall force on an object when all the individual forces acting on it are added together.

Momentum

The product of an object's mass and velocity.

Impuls

The quantity force(pushing) x time interval.

Power

The rate at which work is done. Work done/Time interval.

Friction

The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.

Velocity

The speed of an object in a particular direction

Support Force

The upward force that balances the weight of an object on a surface.

Tangential Velocity

Velocity that is parallel (tangent) to a curved path.

The Equilibrium Rule

Whenever the net force on an object is zero, the object is said to be in mechanical equilibrium.

Efficiency

Work done/Energy used.

The Universal Gravitational Constant

the constant G in the equation for Newton's law of universal gravitation; measures the strength of gravity.