integumentary system

the five functions of the skin are...

1. protection 2. temperature maintenance 3. synthesis and storage of nutrients 4. sensory reception 5. excretion and secretion

The stratified squamous epithelium consists of several different cell layers, what are they (in order from the basement membrane to the free surface)?

1. stratum basale 2. stratum spinosum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum lucidum 5. stratum corneum

The ____________ layer of the skin contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin and is responsible for mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin?

reticular.

a "rug burn" which scrapes the surface of the skin, is an example of what?

an abrasion.

what are the two sudoriferous sweat glands in the body?

apocrine and merocrine glands.

what gland secrete their products into the hair follicles in the armpits, around the nipples, and in the public area?

apocrine sweat glands.

In other mammals, the _______________ glands function as scent glands, providing an important form of communication.

apocrine.

What is the most common form of skin cancer?

basal cell carcinoma.

through which mechanism does perspiration function in cooling the body?

evaporation.

During skin repair, most of the scab consists of an insoluble network of ________, a protein that forms from blood proteins during the clotting response.

fibrin.

during the regeneration process of the skin after an injury, there is a combination of a blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network. what is this combination known as?

granulation tissue.

What is a function of hair associated with a nerve fiber?

providing an early-warning system that may help to prevent injury. (hair standing up)

which glands discharge an oily lipid secretion into hair follicles and sometimes onto the skin?

sebaceous glands or oil glands.

what lubricates the hair and skin and inhibits the growth of bacteria?

sebum.

what is the function of melanin?

melanin protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.

In albinism, the presence of __________ is lacking.

melanin.

The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of ________ production.

melanin.

the most sever type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from _______________.

melanocytes.

drugs suspended in __________ or __________ can be carried across the plasma membranes of epidermal cells.

oils; lips-soluble solvents.

Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called___________________.

the dermal papillae

Which accessory structure covers the nail bed?

the nail body.

which of the three epidermal layers are known as the intermediate layers?

the stratum spinosum, the stratum granulosum, and the stratum lucidum.

as cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis towards the surface, what happens to them?

they die.

What do merocrine sweat glands do?

they respond primarily to elevated body temperature.

where is thick skin found and how many layers does it have?

thick skin is found on the feet and palms of the hands. it has five layers.

What is the name of the glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, potentially odorous secretion at puberty?

apocrine.

what happens when the arrector pili muscles contract?

"goose bumps" are formed.

where is think skin found and how many layers does it have?

thin skin is found everywhere on the body besides the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. it has four layers.

what is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?

stem cell activity declines in elderly people.

Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle?

Because there are no vital organs in this region therefore nothing can be ruptured.

The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called_____________________.

Keratin.

which type if burn appears inflamed and feels tender but has no blisters?

a first degree burn.

What type of burn injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs?

a third degree burn.

Glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called __________ glands.

ceruminous.

Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in...

controlling blood flow to the dermis and epidermis.

The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the __________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis.

cutaneous.

The fold of the stratum corneum over the base of the nail is called the _______________.

cuticle.

the walls of each hair follicle contain all of the cell layers found in the __________.

epidermis.

the highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow is the __________.

dermis.

Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basal firmly attached to the plasma membrane?

hemidesmosomes.

what is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?

increase sensory reception.

What is a physical property of the hypodermis?

it is quite elastic.

a thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a _______________.

keloid.

exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light can do what?

slowly increase melanocyte activity.

A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it....

stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis.

The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the....

stratum granulosum.

what a person **becomes** "pale", what is the physiologic basis?

the blood supply to the skin decreases.

Perspiration produced by apocrine sweat glands is...

limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin.

which glands are coiled, tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin>

merocrine (otherwise known as eccrine) glands.