Integumentary System

In addition to keratimocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ____ cells which help to fight infection.

dendritic

Nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the ___ and ___.

dermis epdermis

In first degree burn, the healing time averages about ___ days, and typically no scarring.

3-5

In what important way does a freckle differ from a nevus?

A freckle is an area of excessive melanocyte activity, a nevus is caused by an increase in melanocyte numbers.

Whitehead

A closed comedo

Blackhead

An open comedo

Mammary

Breasts

____ is a yellow-orange pigment acquired from vegetables like carrots, corn, and squash.

Carotene

The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the ___ of keratinocytes from UV radation.

DNA

Merocrine

Distributed throughout body

Ceruminous

External acoustic meatus

____ are located on the fingers, palms, soles and toes are formed from large folds and valleys on both the dermis and epidermis.

Friction ridges

Merocrine

Function in thermoregulation and excretion

Sebaceous

Lipid material called sebum

______ lubricates the epidermis and hair and helps make the integument water resistant.

Sebum

Nodule

Similar to a pustule, but extending into the deeper skin layers.

The main structural components of the reticular layer is primarily a network of ___ fibers that extend internally from the ___ layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer.

collagen reticular

_____ skin contains the following accessories; nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Thin

All people, of all skin tones, have about the same number of melancytes.

True

The amount of melanin in the skin is determined by both heredity and light exposure.

True

The epidermis and dermis together secrete and absorb materials and play a role in immunity.

True

The reason the cells of the stratum spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to shrinkage of the cytoplasm.

True

All people, of all skin tones, have about the same number of melanocytes.

True (we differ in the amount of melanin produced)

The integument is the body's largest organ and is composed of __ tissue types.

all

The mammary glands of the breasts are modified ___ sweat glands.

apocrine

The net effect of vascocontrisction of the dermal blood vessels is a shunting of blood ________ from the perphery of the body to ______ heat.

away conserve

The net effect of vasostriction of the dermal blood vessels is a shunting of blood ___ form the periphery of the body to ______ heat.

away conserve

In thin and thick skin, the layers that contain living cells are the stratum ___, stratum _____, and stratum ____.

basle, spinosum, granulosm

In the first step of wound healing, cut blood vessels release ____ into the wound.

blood

A hemangloma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ___ that proliferate and form a benign tumor.

blood vessels

Ceruminous glands secrete their waxy substances into the external ear canal. Their secretion is called ___.

cerumen

Keratinocytes in the epidermis produce ____ when exposed to UV radiation.

cholecalciferol

Lines of cleavage (or tension lines) in the skin relate to the predominant orientation of ___ fiber bundles.

collagen

The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is ___.

collagen

The word reticular means "network" and refers to the web like meshwork of ____ fibers

collagen

In the dermis of the skin, ____ fibers impact tensile strength while ___ fibers allow some stretch.

collagen, elastic

The specific orientation of ___ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied __ during routine movements.

collagen, stress

The stratum ____ consists of of about 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells.

corneum

The ___ contains capillaries that supply nutrients to the cells of the epidermis.

dermal papillae

The skin is made up of two distinct layers, the ___ and the ___.

epidermis and dermis

The vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called _____.

granulation

Normal skin color results from a combination of colors of ____, melanin and carotene.

hemoglobin

Sebaceous glands are classified as ____ glands that discharge an oily,waxy secretion called _____.

holocrine sebum

Vasodilation of the dermal blood vessels means that the diameter of the vessels ___, so relatively ___ blood can travel through them.

increases more

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of protein _________.

keratin

The most numerous cells of the epidermis are ____ and the protein they produce is called ____.

keratinocytes keratin

Which organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D.

kidney, skin and liver

The first three strata of the epidermis consists of ___ keratinocytes and the most superfical strata contain ___ keratinocytes.

living dead

When exposed to the sun, the ____ become more active and secrete a protein that gives the skin a tanned look.

melanocytes

The most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body are ____.

merocrine sweat glands

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ____ sweat glands and ______ sweat glands.

merocrine(eccrine) and apocrine

The main structural components of the reticular layer is primarily a network of _______ fibers that extend internally from the ______ layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer.

mesh reticular

During the process of keratinization, the ________ and organelles of the cells disintegrate and the cells start to die.

nucleus

Epidermal dendritic cells accomplish their immune function by their ________ activity, which initiates an immune response against invaders.

phagocytic

To reduce the likeihood of skin cancer, people should use sunscreen regularly and avoid ____.

prolonged exposure to the sun

The apocrine sweat glands become active and produce secretory products during _______.

puberty

Damage tissues are normally repaired in one of two ways: _______ and ______ formation.

regeneration fibrosis

The ___ of the dermis forms the deeper, major portion of the dermis and extends from the papillary layer to the underlying subcutaneous layer.

reticular layer

The substance that make sweat feel gritty are water ___ and __.

salts urea

Because skin can absorb certain chemicals & block others, it is described as _____ permeable.

selectively

Sebaceous glands are activated primarily by ___ during puberty in both sexes.

sex hormones

Aprocine sweat glands are classified as ____ glands.

simple, coiled, tubular

As a result of the aging process, hair follicles can actually ___ production of hairs.

stop

Skin is classified as either thick based on two parameters; the number of epidermal ____. In the epidermis and the relative _______ of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument.

strata thickness

The ___ of the integument has immune cells.

stratum spinosum dermis

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands _____ glands and _____ glands.

sweat and sebaceous

Scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called _____.

tactile cells

Stratum lucidum is found only in

thick skin

There are three main variations in the epidermis. These variations are ____ colorations, and skin markings.

thickness

If the body is too warm, the dermal blood vessels ___ so more blood can travel ____ to the surface and excess can be lost.

vasodilate close

If the body is too warm, the dermal blood vessels _____ so more blood can travel ____ to the surface and excess can be lost.

vasodilate close

Third degree burns involve the ____, dermis, and ___ layer, which are often destroyed.

epidermis, subcutaneous

Potential complications of a wound under repair include ____ loss and _______.

fluid and infection

Cerumen, together with tiny hairs along the ear canal, helps trap ____ or _____ and keeps them from reaching the eardrum.

foreign particles/ small insects

Some integumentary system components are not repaired following damage; these include ______ follicles, ______ glands, ______ cells, and muscle fibers

hair, exocrine, nerve

_________ lubricate the epidermis and hair and helps make the integument water resistant.

sebum

Apocrine

secrete proteins and llipids

On many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, ___ glands, ____ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.

sweat, sebaceous

The major function of merocrine sweat glands is ___.

thermoregulation

Friction ridges assume the shapes of complex arches and whorls in ______ skin,

thick

Among the stimuli detected by the sensory receptors of the skin are _______.

vibration, cold, and pressure

Woman often accumulate subcutaneous fat in the _____, ______, hips, and thighs.

breasts, buttocks

There are two types of hemangolmas, ____ and _______.

capillary cavernous

There are four layers of cells in the epidermis of thin skin. From superficial to deep these layers are stratum ____, stratum _____, stratum ____ and stratum basale.

corneum, granulosum, spinosum

when part of the skin is too severely damaged or its cells lack the capacity to divide, the body fills in the gap with ______ tissue. This process is known as ______

scar fibrosis

The skin is best described as _______.

water resistant

_________ layers of keratinocytes comprise of the stratum granulosum.

3-5

Healing of a second degree burn takes approximately ___ weeks, and slight scarring may occur.

2 - 4

The main function of the subcutaneous layer are which of the following? Acts as an energy reservoir To provide the skin with melanin to protect if from sunlight. Provides thermal insulation Protects the body.

Acts as an energy reservoir, to provide the skin with melanin to protect it from sunlight, and provides thermal insulation.

_____ is an inherited recessive condition where the enzymes needed to produce melanin is nonfunctional.

Albinism

Sebaceous

Associated with hair folllicles over much of the skin

Apocrine

Axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions

Tactile cells are described best by which of the following? Can be stimulated by light touch. Can be stimulated by light pressure. Large epithelial cells. Can be stimulated by heat. Also called Merkel cells. Can be stimulated by deep pressure

Can be stimulated by light touch, can be stimulated by light pressure, large epithelial cells, and also called merkel cells.