international business learning objectives
More of a way of thinking than a religion, ________ reflects a positive view of human nature and has a strong emphasis on ethical behavior. A. Buddhism B. Confucianism C. Hinduism D. Islam E. Judaism
Confucianism
A company with ________ or fewer employees is defined as an SME. A. 1,500 B. 1,000 C. 2,500 D. 2,000 E. 500
500
________ is an inflexibly held attitude that is generally negative and typically aimed at particular groups of people. A. High culture B. A prejudice C. Power distance D. A custom E. A value
A prejudice
In 2017, which region had the smallest proportion of Internet users? A. The Middle East B. Latin America C. Europe D. Africa E. North America
Africa
Which one of the following is an example of globalizing manufacturing? A. A Mexican software company opens a Research and Development department in China. B. An Indian apparel company sets up a factory in Madagascar. C. A Swiss watch maker signs distribution contracts with retail stores around the world. D. A British bank opens loan offices in the United States, Sri Lanka, and Guatemala. E. A U.S. paper manufacturer opens sales offices in Germany and Kazakhstan.
An Indian apparel company sets up a factory in Madagascar.
Which term refers to unconscious judgments, often not based on logical facts, about what is good, acceptable, important, and normal? A. Acculturation B. Customs C. Socialization D. Values E. Attitudes
Attitudes
Which of the following is a motivation for international expansion? A. Being closer to supply sources B. Gaining distance from competitors C. Being closer to political risk to manage it D. Developing diseconomies of scale E. Lowering profit margins
Being closer to supply sources
Which religion is composed of the Four Noble Truths and encourages harmony, internal happiness, and peaceful interactions with others? A. Confucianism B. Hinduism C. Judaism D. Islam E. Buddhism
Buddhism
In ________, people are primarily concerned with their own self-interest, and ties among individuals are fairly loose. A. individualistic societies B. high-context cultures C. low-context cultures D. collective cultures E. masculine societies
individualistic societies
________ risk represents possible losses or failures as a result of poorly developed or implemented business strategies, tactics, or procedures. A. Political B. Currency C. Commercial D. Country E. Cross-cultural
Commercial
________ represents possible losses or failures as a result of poorly implemented business strategies, maneuvers, or processes. A. Currency risk B. Commercial risk C. Country risk D. Political risk E. Cross-cultural risk
Commercial risk
Which of the following represents the trend of economic disaster spreading from one country to another? A. Contagion B. Country risk C. Pollution D. Globalization E. Internationalization
Contagion
Mohammed lives in Turkey. Juan lives in Mexico. Both men were able to purchase the latest Mac book from their local retailer the day Apple released the new product. The functionality of the computer is the same with exception of the keyboard, which is customized for each language. This is an example of which of the following? A. Growth of global investment and financial flows B. Rise of regional economic integration blocs C. Globalization of production D. Globalization of services E. Convergence of consumer lifestyles and preferences
Convergence of consumer lifestyles and preferences
Consumers' daily lives, partialities toward products, and spending habits all over the world are becoming increasingly similar. Popular brands now have global followings, and materials are becoming more standardized. This represents which dimension of globalization? A. Progression of international ventures and economic movements B. Globalization of production C. Globalization of services D. Integration and interdependence of national economies E. Convergence of customer preferences and standards
Convergence of customer preferences and standards
________ involves possible adverse effects on operations and profitability due to developments in the political, legal, and economic environments of a foreign country. A. Country risk B. Commercial risk C. Currency risk D. Financial risk E. Cross-cultural risk
Country risk
Which of the following terms represents unique traditions that serve as guides for interpreting attitudes, values, and behaviors? A. Self-reference criterion B. Acculturation C. Polycentric D. Cultural metaphor E. Idiom
Cultural metaphor
Which one of the following statements regarding culture is accurate? A. Culture is usually about personal behaviors. B. Culture comes from social settings. C. Culture is not usually affected by contemporary means of communication. D. Culture is something that is hereditary. E. Culture is the same across all nationalities.
Culture comes from social settings.
Which one of the following is a true statement about culture? A. Culture is not relative, but rather is absolute. B. There are no examples of individual exceptions to a collective culture. C. Culture is not derived from the social environment. D. Culture is not inherited. E. Culture is not collective or group-based.
Culture is not inherited.
Which term refers to the risk of adverse fluctuations in exchange rates? A. Political risk B. Commercial risk C. Cross-cultural risk D. Country risk E. Currency risk
Currency risk
Which one of the following motivations for international expansion involves expanding overseas in order to grow the customer base and increase the number of products being manufactured? A. Earning higher margins B. Being closer to supply sources C. Confronting international competitors D. Developing economies of scale E. Gaining new ideas about products
Developing economies of scale
Which cause of globalization BEST explains why some emerging markets have increased their standards of living and become competitive producers and exporters of computers and software? A. Technological advances B. Financial markets integrating on a global scale C. A global decrease in barriers to trade D. The implementation of free markets E. Economic development and industrialization
Economic development and industrialization
What has been the result of making improvements to Nigeria's cell phone infrastructure? A. Facilitating the use of computer-aided design in manufacturing. B. Enhancing economic growth and productivity. C. Changing the transportation infrastructure. D. Reducing corporate expenditures on information technology. E. Reducing corporate social responsibility requirements.
Enhancing economic growth and productivity.
________ are corporations or individuals with expertise in finance, legal advice, customs clearance, or support services that help firms perform international business transactions. A. Freight forwarders B. Distribution channel intermediaries C. Focal firms D. Facilitators E. Governments
Facilitators
Which one of the following best explains the globalization of production? A. Manufacturing firms and governments buy and sell large quantities of global currencies. B. Globally active corporations develop multinational operations through the exchange of goods, financial ventures, and various value-chain activities. C. Consumer shopping habits indicate changing trends and preferences to which manufacturers must respond. D. Firms reduce manufacturing costs and retail prices by moving manufacturing activities to nations with lower costs of labor. E. Regional trade agreements like the North American Free Trade Agreement facilitate reduced trade barriers among member nations.
Firms reduce manufacturing costs and retail prices by moving manufacturing activities to nations with lower costs of labor.
________ initiate international business activities by envisioning, crafting, and creating goods and services for global buyers. A. Distribution channel intermediaries B. Retailers C. Importers D. Government agencies E. Focal firms
Focal firms
Which one of these describes a strategy that involves a firm's establishing a presence overseas by acquiring productive assets such as land, plants, equipment, capital, and technology? A. Exporting B. Globalization of markets C. International portfolio investment D. Foreign direct investment E. Internationalization
Foreign direct investment
Which statement about masculine and feminine cultures is correct? A. In feminine cultures, it is mainly women who play nurturing roles. B. Gender roles typically overlap in feminine cultures. C. The United States is considered a highly feminine culture. D. In masculine cultures, mainly the men make achievement, ambition, and economic growth a high priority. E. In masculine cultures, work is viewed as a way to earn money to get the most out of life.
Gender roles typically overlap in feminine cultures.
________ involves a company paying external suppliers and contractors, who are located in foreign nations, to perform value-adding activities. A. Sovereignty B. Reshoring C. Offshoring D. Global outsourcing E. Foreign direct investment
Global outsourcing
________ inspires corporations to establish their sourcing, producing, and promoting activities on a worldwide scale in order to attain lower costs with higher efficiency. A. Country risk B. Contagion C. Globalization D. Foreign direct investment E. Sovereignty
Globalization
Which term refers to the continuing economic assimilation and interdependency of countries across the globe? A. Internationalization B. Global sourcing C. Globalization of markets D. Country risk E. Importing
Globalization of markets
________ refers to the steady integration and increasing interdependence of economies. A. Industrialization B. Globalization of markets C. Foreign direct investment D. Global sourcing E. Cross-border trade of commodities
Globalization of markets
Which one of the following is considered an important measure of economic development of a country that often characterizes lower levels of globalization? A. Gross domestic product B. Gross national income per person C. The underground economy D. Sovereignty E. Number of supranational institutions
Gross national income per person
Which dimension of market globalization is a result of the North American Free Trade Agreement, as well as other countries' agreements that have facilitated reduced trade barriers among their members? . Merging of customer preferences and standards B. Incorporation and interdependence of global markets C. Globalization of manufacturing D. Growth of regional economic integration blocs E. Progression of international ventures and economic movements
Growth of regional economic integration blocs
________ is a religion that is not associated with one particular prophet. It is an open-hearted faith that fully accepts other faiths and is inspired by central concepts called dharma and karma. A. Judaism B. Islam C. Hinduism D. Buddhism E. Confucianism
Hinduism
Which one of these factors is driving global economic transformation? A. Industrialization in fast-growth developing economies B. Increasing numbers of NGOs C. Nationalization of large companies D. Trade wars among developed and developing economies E. Protectionism of domestic industries
Industrialization in fast-growth developing economies
Which term refers to an expression whose symbolic meaning differs from the literal meaning? A. Cultural metaphor B. Idiom C. Nonverbal communication D. Self-reference criterion E. Polycentric orientation
Idiom
Based on her studies of international business, Yolanda Sanchez decides to buy paper for her office supply store from wood grown in sustainable forests in Canada, even though the sustainable paper costs more than other paper. Considering the reasons to study international business, which of the following best explains Yolanda decision? A. Creating a competitive advantage for her business B. Contributing to national economic well-being C. Facilitating the global economy and interconnectedness D. Establishing a competitive advantage for herself E. Implementing corporate citizenship efforts
Implementing corporate citizenship efforts
Many small enterprises are creating products for international markets using 3-D printers. Product plans and designs can be found simply by searching online. Using the Internet to design products is an example of which area of technological advancement? A. Basic scientific research B. Manufacturing C. Communications D. Transportation E. Information technology
Information technology
Which term describes the knowledge and process of creating and utilizing informational resources? A. Manufacturing infrastructure B. Information technology C. Value chain D. Communications E. Information reshoring
Information technology
Which of the following statements regarding information technology is accurate? A. Given the added investment costs, a result of advances in information technology has been a decrease in early internationalization by small- and medium-sized enterprises. B. Information technology benefits only larger firms due to the design and production of customized products being targeted to more narrow market niches. C. The cost of computer processing has increased by more than 30% in the past 30 years. D. Information technology has created a competitive advantage for firms by allowing them more opportunities to outdo their competitors. E. Technology enables companies to interact with their partners globally in a timelier but less cost-effective manner.
Information technology has created a competitive advantage for firms by allowing them more opportunities to outdo their competitors.
Your roommate is uncertain about a college major. Knowing that she is passionate about social and environmental causes, you suggest that she major in international business. When she graduates and works for a large company, you assert that she will be able to influence the company's actions as they affect society and the environment. Which one of the following reasons for studying international business are you advocating? A. International business creates a competitive advantage for businesses. B. International business creates a competitive advantage for individual workers. C. International business supports sustainability and corporate citizenship. D. International business contributes to national economic strength. E. International business facilitates the global economy and its interconnectedness.
International business supports sustainability and corporate citizenship.
________ involves the allocation of assets to another country or the attainment of assets in that particular country.
International investment
________ is inspiring quicker dispersion of consumer products and brands across the globe. A. Importing B. International trade C. Global sourcing D. Foreign direct investment E. Country risk
International trade
Which term refers to the trend of corporations to methodically expand their worldwide business activities? Global sourcing B. Cross-cultural activity C. Internationalization D. Globalization of markets E. Importing
Internationalization
Dariya's religion is based on a holy book called the Qur'an. She participates in daily ritual prayers, fasts during certain times of the year, and gives to charities. Her religion prohibits the consumption of alcohol or wearing revealing clothing. What religion does Dariya practice? A. Judaism B. Hinduism C. Buddhism D. Islam E. Confucianism
Islam
China, India, and Eastern Europe have become known as cost-effective places for producing goods and services, and they have attracted an increasing amount of foreign capital into their economies. Which driver of globalization best explains this occurrence? A. Financial markets integrating on a global scale B. Technological advances improving efficiency at a global scale C. Market liberalization and implementation of open markets D. A global decrease in barriers of trade E. Industrialization and rebuilding
Market liberalization and implementation of open markets
________ involves companies transferring value-chain activities to more economical sites in foreign countries. A. Offshoring B. Reshoring C. Global sourcing D. Contagion E. Global outsourcing
Offshoring
Which dimension of globalization involves the unrestricted movement of capital and the expanded networks of economies throughout the world? A. Incorporation and interdependence of global markets B. Globalization of production C. Growth of local financial integration alliances D. Progression of international investments and financial activities E. Merging of customer preferences and standards
Progression of international investments and financial activities
A U.S. manufacturer of automatic car wash equipment has seen its U.S. sales decline. The manufacturer decides to expand into Mexico and Canada. This is an example of which one of the following motivations for international expansion? A. Developing economies of scale in sourcing, production, marketing, and R&D. B. Pursuing prospects for growth through market diversification. C. Learning about novel approaches in products and services. D. Meeting the needs of valuable customers who live overseas. E. Taking advantage of better raw material options in pricing and suppliers.
Pursuing prospects for growth through market diversification.
Material productions are ________. A. morals, philosophies, principles, and attitudes of the members of a culture B. observations of space and time C. patterns of social activities within a culture D. letters, statistics, and numbers that support the financial and social infrastructure E. items and technologies that people create to fill some purpose within their environments
items and technologies that people create to fill some purpose within their environments
What should governments do to reduce the harm of globalization while also acquiring the benefits associated with globalization? A. Make it more difficult to enter new markets. B. Nationalize foreign companies. C. Make private property more accessible. D. Regulate financial institutions appropriately. E. Support exchange through political processes.
Regulate financial institutions appropriately.
A person with a(n)________ orientation has a strong orientation to time and is dependent on strict agendas and promptness. A. polychronic B. polycentric orientation C. geocentric D. monochronic E. ethnocentric
monochronic
Which one of the following is an upstream value-chain activity? A. Customer service B. Transportation C. After-sales service D. Marketing E. Research and development
Research and development
ABC Enterprises transferred some of its manufacturing and other value-chain activities to a more cost-effective location in China five years ago. Recently, ABC Enterprises has undergone a change in management, and the new manager has decided to move those value-chain and manufacturing activities back to the home country. In which one of the following is ABC participating? A. Offshoring B. Global outsourcing C. Sovereignty D. Global sourcing E. Reshoring
Reshoring
A(n) ________ is a large corporation with significant resources that executes countless business activities through a system of subsidiaries and affiliates located in various countries. A. multinational enterprise B. born global firm C. NGO D. SME E. exporter
multinational enterprise
Which one of the following statements is most likely true? A Risks can be avoided, but not managed, by taking proactive action. B. Commercial risks can be avoided by constantly conducting research to find out how to prevent them. C. Country risk and cross-cultural risk can be managed and anticipated, but currency risk cannot. D. Political risks can be avoided by having a company presence in the country. E. Risks cannot be avoided, but they can be managed and anticipated.
Risks can be avoided, but not managed, by taking proactive action.
Which phase of globalization is composed of the growth and supremacy of multinational enterprises in the industrial and agricultural industries? A. Third phase B. Second phase C. Fourth phase D. First phase E. Fifth phase
Second phase
________ refers to the degree of competence a country has in overseeing its own matters. It implies that the laws of one country cannot be applied to another country. A. Offshoring B. Sovereignty C. Reshoring D. Contagion E. Global sourcing
Sovereignty
Problems related to ________ relate to difficulties in building and maintaining business relationships due to differences in the cultures, interests, and goals of firms. A. union-management relationships B. negotiations C. teamwork D. technology E. organizational structure
negotiations
When a company transfers its value-chain activities by launching a subsidiary in a foreign country, it is called ________. A. contagion B. reshoring C. relaunching D. offshoring E. exporting
offshoring
Which of the following is NOT a motive for firms to internationalize? A. To supplement unemployment in the domestic market by fostering foreign talent. B. To identify growth prospects by exploring market expansion. C. To take advantage of better raw material options and suppliers. D. To learn about novel approaches in products and services. E. To meet the needs of valuable customers who live overseas.
To supplement unemployment in the domestic market by fostering foreign talent.
A grocer in Niagara Falls, Ontario, regularly bought vegetables from farmers in Rochester, New York. The invention of the telephone during this phase made it much easier for the grocer to call the New York farmers to ask about current prices and adjust her selling prices. In what phase of globalization did this situation occur? A. The third phase—1948 to the 1970s B. The fourth phase—1980s - 2006 C. The first phase—1830 to the late 1800s D. The fifth phase—2007 to the present E. The second phase—1900-1930
The first phase—1830 to the late 1800s
Which one of the following globalization drivers increased monetary connectivity and simplified cross-border transactions? A. Global decreases in barriers to trade B. The implementation of free markets C. Advancements in communication technology D. Industrialization in underdeveloped nations E. The integration of global financial markets
The integration of global financial markets
Which one of the following factors best explains why trade growth has outperformed GDP growth over the years? A. Decline in technologies. B. Low-cost manufacturers sourcing products from developed countries. C. The liberalization of markets. D. The rise of trade barriers. E. The fall of emerging markets in the past 30 years.
The liberalization of markets.
Which phase of globalization was triggered by the rise of electricity and steel production? A. The second phase—1900-1930 B. The fifth phase—2007 to the present C. The third phase—1948 to the 1970s D. The fourth phase—1980 - 2006 E. The first phase—1830 to the late 0800s
The second phase—1900-1930
Which of the following is a motive for international expansion? A. To share technology with other countries. B. To seek opportunities to minimize localization. C. To seek opportunities for growth through market concentration. D. To stay close to supply sources. E. To encourage growth of competition in the home market.
To stay close to supply sources.
In some countries, which of the following would be affected by a lack of status differences between employees and managers? A. Technology usage B. Organizational structure C. Attitudes toward ambiguity D. Supplier-buyer relationships E. Union-management relationships
Union-management relationships
Which of the following terms represents the arrangement of activities conducted by a company in the course of creating, manufacturing, promoting, and servicing a product? A. Value chain B. Global sourcing C. Globalization of markets D. Internationalization E. Contagion
Value chain
Which cultural dimension forms the basis for personal motivations and behaviors? A. Manners and customs B. Education C. Values D. Symbolic productions E. Perceptions of time
Values
What is one of the most significant expressions of a culture that provides cultural insight? A. Verbal language B. Manners C. Morality D. Creativity E. Time perception
Verbal language
The ________ consists of approximately 160 countries worldwide and was created to control and safeguard fairness in international trade and investments. A. APEC B. NAFTA C. GATT D. IMF E. WTO
WTO
The formation of the WTO and the emergence of economic integration blocs led to ________. A. technological advances B. financial markets integrating on a global scale C. a global decrease in barriers to trade D. industrialization and innovation E. market liberalization and implementation of free markets
a global decrease in barriers to trade
The sequence of activities implemented by a company in the course of creating, manufacturing, promoting, and servicing a product is known as ________. A. a value chain B. globalization of markets C. global sourcing D. internationalization E. a contagion
a value chain
When an individual goes through a process of becoming acclimated to a different culture, it is called ________. A. individualism B. culturalism C. socialization D. adaptation E. acculturation
acculturation
One of the most noteworthy influences on globalization has been ________. A. industrial growth, financial expansion, and innovation B. a global decrease in barriers to trade C. financial markets integrating on a global scale D. market liberalization and the implementation of free markets E. advances in technology, including communications, data, and engineering
advances in technology, including communications, data, and engineering
Cross-cultural differences in business can lead to problems with ________, which is when information and instructions can be understood in multiple ways. Question content area bottom A. cultural bias B. negotiations C. teamwork D. ambiguity E. collectivism
ambiguity
For the U.S. economy, international trade is a critical element that generates one of every seven dollars of U.S. sales. This fact supports the idea that studying international business ________. A. supports sustainability efforts in the U.S. B. creates a competitive advantage for firms C. facilitates the interconnectedness of the global economy D. creates a competitive advantage for individual employees E. contributes to the health of the U.S. economy
contributes to the health of the U.S. economy
For some jobs, traveling the world and meeting people from various cultures and backgrounds facilitates career growth. In such cases, studying international business is most likely ________. A. facilitating global interconnectedness B. contributing to a nation's economic health C. creating a competitive advantage for an individual D. supporting sustainability and corporate citizenship E. creating a competitive advantage for a small business
creating a competitive advantage for an individual
A newly established corporation that begins international business activity very early in its development, allowing it to move promptly into overseas markets, is called a ________. Question content area bottom Part 1 A. born global firm B. multinational enterprise C. nongovernment organization D. medium-sized enterprise E. focal firm
born global firm
The values, beliefs, and customs of a group of people are known as ________. A. society B. socialization C. acculturation D. monochromic orientation E. culture
culture
The trend of financial crises spreading from one country to another is known as ________. A. pollution B. globalization C. cross-cultural risk D. contagion E. internationalization
contagion
In international business, ________ primarily relates to whether a firm is centralized, decentralized, bureaucratic, or entrepreneurial. A. technology B. a negotiation method C. teamwork D. organizational structure E. product development
organizational structure
In a(n) ________ culture, people are flexible, and they value multitasking and spending a lot of time with others. Such cultures do not put much emphasis on time and schedules. A. monochronic B. individualistic C. socialized D. polychronic E. symbolic
polychronic
The spread of Starbucks around the world is an example of the ________ of markets. A. technological advancement B. globalization C. modernization D. industrialization E. market liberalization
globalization
A ________ is a professional company that offers logistics and marketing services for focal firms as part of worldwide supply chains. A. distribution channel intermediary B. domestic business C. public sector D. facilitator E. freight forwarder
distribution channel intermediary
Assets such as technology, capital, and managerial talent are known as ________. A. international portfolio investments B. accrued expenses C. factors of production D. distribution channel intermediaries E. foreign direct investments
factors of production
A(n) ________ orientation has a global mindset without regard to country boundaries and is open to diversity among cultures. A. high-context B. home-country C. polycentric D. geocentric E. ethnocentric
geocentric
Cross-cultural differences can impact a firm's activities. A firm that ________ primarily faces language and cross-cultural difficulties due to significant interaction with customers. A. uses a centralized structure B. provides services C. negotiates contracts D. collaborates with domestic partners E. uses translation technology
provides services
Leon's Luxury Clothing, located in Manhattan, designs a line of high end summer apparel for professional men and women. The company is considering opening a location in Brazil. The most likely reason for this international expansion is to __________. A. gain new ideas about products, services, and business methods B. seek opportunities for growth through market diversification C. gain access to lower-cost or better factors of production D. earn higher margins and profits E. serve key customers that have relocated abroad
seek opportunities for growth through market diversification
Joe has just relocated to China for work and is in the process of learning the rules, behaviors, and lifestyles that are considered appropriate in Chinese society. Joe is engaged in ________. A. social mobility B. monochronic orientation C. socialization D. social stratification E. collectivism
socialization
When a domestic firm seeks opportunities in foreign markets, the firm's motive is best described as ________. A. defensive B. strategic C. operational D. tactical E. reactive
strategic
Societies that score low on uncertainly avoidance ________. A. value stable careers B. take their time when making decisions C. create many rules to control worker behavior D. include countries like India, Jamaica, and the United States E. take risks and make decisions quickly
take risks and make decisions quickly
A European clothing retailer postponed acquiring firms located abroad due to a fear of not being able to work well with foreign business partners and being unable to integrate the different cultures. The clothing retailer was primarily concerned about cross-cultural differences affecting ________. A. attitudes toward ambiguity B. contract negotiations C. union-management relationships D. teamwork E. organizational structure
teamwork
The greatest significance of globalization is reflected directly in a company's ________. A. balance sheet B. market share C. offshoring activities D. reshoring efforts E. value chain
value chain
Lifestyles, customs, and religion have a potential for causing which type of international business risk? Currency B. Cross-cultural C. Commercial D. Profit E. Country
Cross-cultural
________ refers to a situation in which a human value is at stake due to a cultural misunderstanding. A. Commercial risk B. Currency risk C. Cross-cultural risk D. Political risk E. Country risk
Cross-cultural risk
India has become a prominent provider of software technologies, and Brazil has become a frontrunner in commercial aircraft development. Which cause of globalization is illustrated by these examples? A. Financial markets integrating globally B. Market liberalization and the implementation of free markets C. Worldwide reduction in trade barriers D. Industrialization, economic growth, and innovation E. Technological advancements in communication networks
Industrialization, economic growth, and innovation
________ is the tendency to view other cultures through the lens of one's own culture. A. Self-reference criterion B. Tolerance for ambiguity C. Critical incident analysis D. Adaptability E. Perceptiveness
Self-reference criterion
A(n) ________ values nonverbal messages and sees communication as a way to encourage harmony in relationships. A. low-context culture B. masculine culture C. collective culture D. high-context culture E. individualistic culture
high-context culture
Tamika believes that business contracts should be very exactly worded. Because of bad experiences, she does not trust agreements based on assumptions, handshakes, or unspoken understandings. Tamika trusts extensive verbal explanations and spoken words more than relationships. She is from a ________ culture. A. high-context B. polychronic C. low-context D. monochronic E. deep
low-context