International Environmental Politics Final

GDP is useful for measuring which aspect of the economy? a) market economic activity b) social welfare c) market welfare d) a country's overall performance e) all of the above f) none of the above

c) market welfare

3 main policy-related factors that influence the effectiveness of environmental regimes.

-Regime design -Level of Implementation -Compliance

MEA

???

AOSIS

Association of Small Island States

EU

European Union

FAO

Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN

GEF

Global Environment Facility

IMF

International Monetary Fund

UNDP

United Nations Development Program

Over the past 100 years, the speed of most glaciers has: a) increased b) decreased c) stayed the same

a) increased

List 5 implementation obstacles that can impede effective international policy.

-absence of necessary conditions -systemic obstacles -procedural obstacles -regime design difficulties -interconnectedness between enviro issues

List the 3 broad categories of "meta" or major causal factors that significantly shaped the development of the ozone regime and have the capacity to shape the development of global environmental policy in other issue areas.

-Scientific and technical knowledge and consensus -Changing patterns of economic interests amongst the most powerful actors -The set of existing institutions and regime development at a given time

Identify 3 major uncertainties which could negatively impact the continued success of the Stockholm Convention.

-Will parties be able to add very toxic "live" chemicals to the treaty? -Will US ratify the convention? -Will the effectiveness of new additions be compromised by exemptions?

Ecosystem services and short-term costs of investing in green projects translate to long-term benefits, contrary to misperceptions of relative costs and benefits that some states often perceive a) true b)

??

What is an International Regime?

A set of integrated principles, norms, rules, procedures, and institutions that actors create or accept to regulate and coordinate actions in a particular issue. Principles- beliefs of fact, causation, and rectitude Norms- standards of behavior Rules- specific prescriptions for action Procedures- prevailing practices

List 4 main stages of effective international environmental policy and explain what happens in each stage.

Agenda setting- issue definition, fact finding, bargaining Policy creation- negotiations on goals, policies Policy implementation- compliance, international/national levels, leaders/laggards Policy review and strengthening

WHO

World Health Organization

WTO

World Trade Organization

GWP

Global warming Potential

GHG

Green House Gas

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

life-cycle analysis

a technique to assess the environmental impacts associated with all stages of the life of a product- from raw material exraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling (cradle to grave)

An example of forum shopping is when state organizes or joins a "climate club" that they feel advance their own policy goals more easily a) true b) false

a) true

As temperatures warm, we expect some diseases and parasites to move northward from the tropics. a) true b) false

a) true

Carbon footprint labeling would show the quantity of carbon dioxide emissions associated with making and transporting products a) true b) false

a) true

NGO

Nongovernmental Organization

Despite progress, the biodiversity regime remains weak due to its complexity, North-South distributions in biodiversity, and the regime's conflict with economic interests. a) true b) false

a) true

Despite some risks, clubs are generally consistent with UNFCCC core norms, therefore there is a synergistic and cooperative relationship between clubs and UNFCCC a) true b) false

a) true

Fisheries in the US and Japan are more strictly regulated than most other fisheries with regard to quotas on blue-fin tuna a) true b) false

a) true

Humans have increased species extinction rates y as much as 1000x over natural rates of extinctions by inducing climate change and habitat destruction a) true b) false

a) true

Increasing energy efficiency will probably reduce greenhouse gas emissions. a) true b) false

a) true

Joint implementation functions similar to CDM, but encourages cooperation between industrialized countries with economies in transition. a) true b) false

a) true

Marine mammal conservation has had mixed results due both to the challenges of states arriving at agreements on quotas for whaling and to state-level non-compliance a) true b) false

a) true

Most international efforts to protect fish stocks in international waters are undertaken through regional fishery management organizations a) true b) false

a) true

Negative publicity, like boycotts, can sometimes help to deter noncompliance by some states and corporations while positive publicity can sometimes help encourage compliance a) true b) false

a) true

One global warming feedback mechanisms involves and is likely accelerated by the reduction of global snow and ice cover. a) true b) false

a) true

Safe and cost-effective replacements for mercury exist for most health care applications and pharmaceuticals a) true b) false

a) true

Polluter pay principle

__

carbon footprint

__

limits to growth

___

biological corridor

a section of habitat designated to restore or conserve the connection between habitats that have been fragmented by human or natural causes

What are the 3 Cs?

adequate Concern- public/govt concern must be high to prompt states to consider the problem, discuss its adoption, and devote resources to solving the problem hospitable Contractual environment- actors must be able to negotiate, make credible commitment, monitor each others behaviors sufficient Capacity- actors must possess and employ sufficient scientific, political, economic, administrative capacity

exclusionist paradigm

aka frontier economics, a paradigm that human actions are not subject to ecological laws with respect to their use of natural resources and systems for economic purposes

In what year did UNCED, sometimes called the Rio Earth Summit, occur? a) 1970 b) 1972 c) 1980 d) 1982 e) 1990 f) 1992 g) 2000 h) 2002

f)1992

carbon dioxide equivalent

often CO2e, this is the universal unit of measurement used to indicate the global warming potential of different greenhouse gases in comparison to the global warming potential of carbon dioxidde

sustainable development

perspective that attempts to meld the goals of economic development and environmental management that emphasizes the need to reconcile present and future economic needs by incorporating environmental conservation

PIC

prior informed consent

environmental certification and labeling

process of inspecting particular forests, fisheries, or products to see if they are being managed or produced according to an agreed-on set of principles and criteria and then labeling them as such

green taxes

measures that tax/charge practices that pollute or degrade the environment or encourage excessive use or waste of a valuable natural resource or service

joint implementation

mechanism in the original Kyoto Protocol, whereby a country included in Annex I of the UNFCCC may acquire emission reduction units when it helps to finance projects that reduce net emissions in another industrialized country

natural capital

natural assets in their role of providing natural resource inputs and environmental services for economic production, includes land, minerals and fossil fuels, solar energy, water, living organisms, and the services provided by the interactions of all these elements in ecological systems

global commons

natural resources and vital life-support services, such as the earth's climate system, ozone layer, and oceans and seas, that belong to all humankind rather than to any one country or private enterprise

soft law

norms, guidelines, or codes of conduct set out international agreements which set standards and expectations for behavior but do not have the force of binding rules or international law. Although non-binding, when these documents are effective they can help lead to behavior change; help to build support for binding agreements at a later date

Since the Stockholm treaty has been enforced, more than 10 new chemical have been added to the annexes of the convention. The addition of these new chemicals demonstrates a regulatory shift from __ a) naturally-occurring chemical to synthetic chemicals b) "dead chemicals" to "live chemicals c) harmful chemicals to chemicals that are less harmful, but still bad for the environment d) A and C e) all of the above f) none of the above

b) "dead chemicals" to "live chemicals

when was the "environmental decade" of US federal legislation? a) 1960s b) 1970s c) 1980s d) 1990s e) 2000s f) 2010s

b) 1970s

CITES currently protects about __ species against illegal trade a) 3,000 b) 33,000 c) 63,000 d) 93,000 e) 113,000

b) 33,000

Which is an example of an illicit wildlife trade a) deer for meat b) African elephants for ivory c) domesticated animals like house pets, which are uniquely bred d) all of the above e) none of the above

b) African elephants for ivory

The first major global UN conference on the international environment took place in a) Geneva, Switzerland in 1968 b) Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 c) Moscow, Russia in 1974 d) Reykjavik, Iceland in 1986 e) Rio de Janerio, Brazil in 1992

b) Stockholm, Sweden in 1972

These two nations were the main lead states in the fight for a Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention in the 1970s, since they were major recipients of sulfur dioxide from other countries. a) UK, USA b) Sweden, Norway c) Swiss, Cheese d) Romania, Poland e) Czech Republic, Russia f) Ukraine, Serbia

b) Sweden, Norway

What are externalitites? a) external pressures b) unintended consequences or side effects of one's actions that are bourne by others c) issues that are outside the jurisdiction of environmental policy makers d) countries that are not involved in environmental policy agreements

b) Unintended consequences or side effects of one's actions that are bourne by others

Which sentence below best describes aspects of the "tragedy of the commons?" a) Human nature does not allow people to devise solutions and agreements for how to use the Earth's resources b) Unrestricted access and competition for the Earth's common environmental resources logically encourages people to over exploit them until they are depleted c) People are rarely able to identify negative externalities and their causes d) Governments are unable to distribute the Earth's resources more evenly among poorer and wealthier states

b) Unrestricted access and competition for the Earth's common environmental resources logically encourages people to over exploit them until they are depleted

US states that have adopted GPI as an official indicator while also using more traditional economic indicators, include: a) Texas b) Vermont c) Alabama d) Arizona

b) Vermont

According to DeSombre, which has NOT contributed to overfishing? a) improved and increased technology for catching, preserving, and transporting fish b) a decrease in the demand for fish due to changing consumer taste c) fishing subsidies d) policies failing to disincentive exploitation of common pool resources for individual benefit

b) a decrease in the demand for fish due to changing consumer taste

Which of the following best describes the concept of an international regime? a) a multi-party authoritatian government ruling an important state b) a set of principles, norms, rules, procedure, and institutions that governs or coordinates action in a specific issue of international relations c) a method of unifying the study of international relation and national governance d) a type of national government that has policies which emphasize international issues

b) a set of principles, norms, rules, procedure, and institutions that governs or coordinates action in a specific issue of international relations

According to the GEO-5 Executive Summary, the accelerated melting of the Arctic ice-sheet, due to an amplification of global warming is exemplary of what sort of change? a) exciting and reversible b) abrupt and irreversible c) gradual and reversible d) effective and irreversible

b) abrupt and irreversible

Due to the release of greenhouse gases, the oceans are becoming more ___ a) septic b) acidic c) basic d) coral ridden e) chlorinated f) phosphorescent

b) acidic

The absorption of CO2 by ocean waters is causing which chemical process: a) basification b) acidification c) desalination d) carbon oxi-degeration e) all of the above f) none of the above g) B and C

b) acidification

Countries that are parties to the ozone regime have fulfilled a) many of their obligations, while failing to meet several controversial obligations b) almost all of their current obligations as set out by the regime c) only a few of their obligations d) most of their obligations, except for developing countries where implementation have been largely unsuccessful

b) almost all of their current obligations as set out by the regime

What is Friend of the Sea? a) a for-profit organization that sells fish that is eco-labeled b) an NGO whose goal is to conserve marine habitat and resources using market incentives and specific conservation projects c) An American organization that promotes eating swordfish d) a brand name for canned ocean salmon

b) an NGO whose goal is to conserve marine habitat and resources using market incentives and specific conservation projects

What is a certification mark? a) a mark on an eco-label that is approved by the government department responsible b) an eco-label that is from the company that imports part of the product c) a green sticker from a private organization affiliated with the product d) a green sticker from a private organization affiliated with the product d) none of the above

b) an eco-label that is from the company that imports part of the product

When trying to overcome the difficulties of "regime design" it is least helpful to? a) try to get appropriate expertise b) apply lessons of the most recent regime no matter what c) only involve SIDS in staffing the monitoring and enforcement process d) use successful models- but appropriately e) focus on implementation issues

b) apply lessons of the most recent regime no matter what

The GEO-5 Executive Summary observes that many of the most important drivers of environmental change and their impacts __ a) are being systematically monitored by all countries and easily accessible to policy b) are not being systematically monitored c) are being systematically monitored but controlled exclusively by private corporation d) are not being systematically monitored but are also not really important to the future of environmental change or environmental and human health policy

b) are not being systematically monitored

Why is veto power so central to negotiating global environmental politics? a) because it gives the most power to the same small states that normally have little impact on global economic negotiations b) because key states can block an international policy from being effective even if most other states want it to be effective c) reinforces the status quo regarding military power d) it can prevent UN Security Council from meeting, therefore rendering the UN ineffective e) all of the above f) none of the above

b) because key states can block an international policy from being effective even if most other states want it to be effective

Invasive species are considered potentially harmful outside of their natural habitats... a) because all nonnative species are dangerous and harmful to their new habitat b) because they may out compete native species, and alter the food chain and consequently their new environments c) because they are always aesthetically unappealing d) because they have generated a debate about the controversial metaphorical language alluding to human immigration policies

b) because they may out compete native species, and alter the food chain and consequently their new environments

Efforts to slow the rate or extent of changes to the Earth System through enhanced resource efficiency and pollution mitigation measures have: a) failed completely b) been moderately successful in some cases c) been completely successful in most cases d) there is no way to evaluate the success of these efforts

b) been moderately successful in some cases

the 2013 Global Gap Report notes that there is a general, globally agreed upon goal of keeping global temperature rise: a) below .05 degree change b) below 2 degree change c) below 7 degree d) below 10 degree e) below 15 degree

b) below 2 degree change

Which of the following contributes the most GHG emissions to the atmosphere? a) nuclear energy b) burning of fossil fuels c) deforestation linked to agriculture d) methane emissions from animals raised for humans to eat e) all of the above contribute equally

b) burning of fossil fuels

The decomposition of CFCs releases, among other things ___ which then causes the catalytic destruction of ___ a) carbon dioxide ... greenhouse effect b) chlorine ... stratospheric ozone c) climate change ... greenhouse gases d) CFCs ... UV radiation

b) chlorine ... stratospheric ozone

While conflicts dynamics are __, it appears that climatic events __ a) thoroughly understood...could only an insignificant role in their development b) complex and poorly understood...may play a considerable role in their development c) complex and poorly understood... clearly do not have a significant role in their development d) thoroughly understood...have zero to very, very little significance e) not yet understood in great detail...are totally unrelated to causes of conflict

b) complex and poorly understood...may play a considerable role in their development

The GEO-5 Executive Summary acknowledges that areas protected against threats to biodiversity are often isolated from each other and endorses what solution? a) focusing individual locations on protecting just a few species each b) creating biological corridors c) decreasing the total area of land that is protected to make protection in those areas more effective d) decreasing the total number of organisms in individual protected lands protected to make protection in these areas more efficient e) all of the above f) none of the above g) A and B

b) creating biological corridors

Pollution taxes, carbon emissions trading systems, and government subsidies for installing clean energy production are all example of which method for improving implementation of environmental treaties? a) establishing penalties for violating regime terms b) creating market incentives c) improving coordination between regimes d) generating publicity e) all of the above

b) creating market incentives

as the price for its acceptance of an agreement, a swing state would most likely a) demand a concession that would significantly weaken the regime b) demand a concession that would not significantly weaken the regime c) oppose the environmental regime and try to weaken it d) withdraw from the negotiations and swing towards traditional neo-classical economic development

b) demand a concession that would not significantly weaken the regime

In which region will most future human population growth occur? a) developed countries b) developing countries c) rural communities d) small island states e) industrialized countries f) no trend can be found

b) developing countries

According to the article, "Climate clubs and the UNFCCC" what is a potential disadvantage that "climate clubs" have in effectively addressing climate change? a) a small group of countries in a club allows for faster negotiation, higher ambition, innovation due to including diverse stakeholders b) difference clubs may lack legitimacy and may be inconsistent with rules and interests of other clubs c) they can create enabling conditions, and may bring other states to follow efforts that mitigate climate change d) A and B e) B and C

b) difference clubs may lack legitimacy and may be inconsistent with rules and interests of other clubs

The GEF __ a) oversees the implementation of all international environmental treaties b) distributes fund to developing countries for projects that address global environmental concerns, including those associated with implementing certain treaties c) provides key private-sector perspective to international regimes d) consults with regime parties on the technological feasibility of all treaty mandates e) all of the above f) only A and C g) none of the above

b) distributes fund to developing countries for projects that address global environmental concerns, including those associated with implementing certain treaties

The US national system for reducing sulfur dioxide emission and the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) are examples of a) joint implementation b) emissions trading c) CDM d) all of the above e) none of the above f) A and C

b) emissions trading

Which of the following is an example of an article in the Minamata convention related to information provision and, to some extent, awareness raising? a) controls on artisanal and small-scale gold mining b) establishing secretariat, hosted by UNEP c) reporting, required by all parties d) all of the above

b) establishing secretariat, hosted by UNEP

From an economist's perspective, environmental issues are primarily the result of a) under-consumption b) externalitites c) effective markets d) equalized production f) economies of scale

b) externalities

A framework convention usually establishes detailed and binding commitments. a) true b) false

b) false

Because national governments assert an exclusive right to act in global environmental politics, cities, states, and provinces always play insignificant roles in addressing environmental problems. a) true b) false

b) false

Detailed study of the impact of possible rising levels of CO2 concentrations is fairly recent, so there is still no global scientific consensus that global warming is a serious problem. a) true b) false

b) false

Environmental problems are confined to national boundaries. a) true b) false

b) false

Global demographic trends predict a decrease of population in urban areas and an increase of population in rural areas a) true b) false

b) false

Global warming will cause temperatures to increase by roughly the same amount in all countries. a) true b) false

b) false

Illegal wildlife trade has decreased in the past few years a) true b) false

b) false

In emissions trading, typically the party with fewer emissions credits sells credits to parties with extra emission credits. a) true b) false

b) false

In the whaling regimes negotiations, decision making has always been based on scientific fact, rather than emotions, concerns over national sovereignty, or political and economic interests a) true b) false

b) false

Like most global environmental treaties or regimes, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) automatically entered into force immediately after its negotiation a) true b) false

b) false

Military resources usually allow states more leverage in global environmental negotiations than do economic resources. a) true b) false

b) false

Most countries, and especially developing countries and Russia, currently support the use of very strong sanctions (trade restrictions, fines, cutting off financial assistance) for noncompliance with environmental regimes a) true b) false

b) false

Most of the recent global warming (last 25 years) has been caused by increased energy output by the sun. a) true b) false

b) false

Most of the time, countries face equal adjustment costs in a particular regime a) true b) false

b) false

Once a state starts playing a particular role in an international negotiation, they can no longer change that role. a) true b) false

b) false

Projections of global warming effects include higher total precipitation globally, decreased risk of fire, and decreasing temps after 2100 a) true b) false

b) false

Scientists can;t predict the weather more than a few days in advance, so they can't possibly predict the climate of the future. a) true b) false

b) false

The Earth's climate has changed naturally in the past, therefore humans are not the cause of any current global warming. a) true b) false

b) false

The IPCC says that because climate change is a long-term challenge but does not require urgent action now to mitigate its extent a) true b) false

b) false

The decision making structure of the most important world economic organizations, like the World Bank and IMF, now give equal weight (percent of votes) to all countries a) true b) false

b) false

The long-term time structures for environmental systems are well suited to time-horizons of most political and corporate systems a) true b) false

b) false

The precautionary principle is a binding legal instrument. a) true b) false

b) false

The record snowstorms in the winter of 2010-2011 and the large storms in 2013-2014 in the eastern United States proved global warming is not happening. a) true b) false

b) false

corporations have no real influence on global environmental policy a) true b) false

b) false

Which of the following is NOT true, according to the IPCC findings and predictions? a) global temp will most likely rise by another 1.5 to 2 degrees by 2100 b) fewer incidents of extreme climate and weather have been observed since 1950 c) global mean sea-level rose from 1901 to 2010 d) by 2100, glacial volume could decline by as much as 35-85%

b) fewer incidents of extreme climate and weather have been observed since 1950

Key elements of neo-classical economic and the exclusionist paradigm include: a) environmental policies should focus on animals and plants. A focus on humans falls under health policy b) free markets maximize social welfare and natural resources are essentially infinite c) one should exclude concerns for markets when analyzing how to protect the environment d) neoliberalism will lead to the exclusion of poorer states in global environmental policy e) solving problems of insufficient natural resources and waste disposal takes priority over sustaining economic growth

b) free markets maximize social welfare and natural resources are essentially infinite

Diminishing glaciers not only influence sea-level rise, but also threaten the well-being of as much as one-sixth of the world's population due to their impact on the availability of: a) fresh air b) fresh water c) sunlight d) winter sports e) nachos

b) fresh water

Some believe that the principle of ___ is a general principle of international law and it applies particularly to activities carried out in one state that may have adverse effect on the environment of another state a) extra-territoriality b) good neighborliness c) disclosure d) reporting e) all of the above f) none of the above

b) good neighborliness

As a result of the ozone regime the production of most but all ODSs, including CFCs, halon, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform ___ a) have been reduced significantly in the industrialized world while progress elsewhere is difficult to track b) have been almost completely eliminated c) continue to be produced due to the inability of some countries to enfore international law

b) have been almost completely eliminated

Climate change will produce many potentially harmful impacts. These impacts include all except which of the following? a) drought and flood b) higher potential for the oct-immune virus c) sea level rise d) ocean acidification e) higher extinction rates

b) higher potential for the oct-immune virus

When the first systematic measurements of POPs in the environment, people and wildlife was undertaken in northern Canada, where industrial chemicals are neither produced nor widely used, the concentration of POPs were found to be ___ a) lower than anticipated b) higher than anticipated c) higher than anticipated by lower than in the Amazon d) none of the above

b) higher than anticipated

Appendix III of CITES: a) includes all the species in appendix I and II b) includes species that an individual state has protected c) requires an import permit in any state d) lists on plants

b) includes species that an individual state has protected

Which of the following often statistically correlates with increased violence? a) increased rainfall b) increased temperatures c) freezing temperatures d) changes in snowfall patterns e) all of the above f) none of the above

b) increased temperatures

Which countries have the highest resource consumption rates per capita? a) developing countries because the have the largest populations b) industrialized countries such as the US and Europe c) Asian countries, specifically the Asian tiger economies d) the Middle East because it has the most oil resources per capita e) resource consumption rates are essentially equal across most countries

b) industrialized countries such as the US and Europe

How does training domestic policymakers and NGO leaders through seminars in environmental assessment, science education, and use of technology help to improve implementation of environmental treaties? a) it improves financial assistance b) it builds domestic capacity c) it supports secretariat stability and capacity d) it generates publicity

b) it builds domestic capacity

Patterns of erratic weather in the US have had which of the following impacts on public opinion? a) it has led to public opinion to become more skeptical that these events are part of a larger pattern in climate b) it has softened skepticism toward global warming, especially in highly impacted areas c) has had no impact on public opinion- public opinion has remained stable d) the public, by a significant margin, remains convinced that climate change is not occurring e) A and D f) none of the above

b) it has softened skepticism toward global warming, especially in highly impacted areas

Is a state more or less likely to take a lead role if there is little or no domestic opposition? a) more b) less

b) less

In the US, all major appliances must: a) get a blue energy star label b) meet the appliance standards program c) have low annual operating costs d) be able to operate in a way that is not via electronic

b) meet the appliance standards program

Which best describes the modern history of environmental policymaking in the US? a) not much activity until the mid-1980s followed by a period of significant policy-making activity that continues today b) much policy-making activity in the late 1960s through 1970s followed by a long period of gridlock and incremental changes c) period of incremental policy change followed by numerous significant policies enacted in the 1990s d) period of incremental policy change followed by very high level of regulation in the 1980s followed by a long period of gridlock and incremental changes in the 1990s followed by a great deal of regulation after 2008

b) much policy-making activity in the late 1960s through 1970s followed by a long period of gridlock and incremental changes

Described by some as perhaps the most important part of the ozone regime besides the control measures on ODS, the ___ provides financial assistance to developing countries to transition away from ozone-depleting substances a) Global Environmental Facility (GEF) b) Multilateral Fund (for implementation of the Montreal Protocol) c) Adaptation Fund (for implementation of the Montreal Protocol) d) Environmental Success Fund

b) multilateral fund

In the article "environment and globalization: five propositions," according to proposition 5, why are the WTO and UNEP insufficient on their own to create necessary regulations or rules to produce sustainable development? a) they are not effective organizations b) policies that impact markets go beyond the WTO and policies that impact the environment goes beyond the UNEP c) the WTO and UNEP never speak to each other d) all of the above e) none of the above

b) policies that impact markets go beyond the WTO and policies that impact the environment goes beyond the UNEP

A regime that contains key elements that are too complex or too vague is an example of what kind of obstacle to national implementation a) costs of compliance b) poorly designed regime c) little coordination between regimes d) inadequate targeted financial and technical assistance

b) poorly designed regime

Some analysts suggest that a global green or clean tech trade agreement would: a) have little impact on reducing carbon emissions b) promote investment in green tech that would bring about a larger reduction in carbon emissions than the reduction mandated by the Kyoto Protocol c) be impossible to enforce as WTO rules are ignored by many trading antions

b) promote investment in green tech that would bring about a larger reduction in carbon emissions than the reduction mandated by the Kyoto Protocol

One obstacle for effective environmental policy is economic interests. CFCs and HCFCs, which deplete the ozone layer, are/were linked primarily with which area of economic activity? a) farming b) refrigerants and air-conditioning c) transportation d) energy production e) fossil fuel production

b) refrigerants and air conditioning

What are Regional Fishery Management Organizations (RFMOs)? a) organizations of closed membership that few states owning vessels can join b) regional institutions that undertake efforts to protect fish stocks in international water by conduction scientific research and taking political decisions c) organizations that govern Economic Exclusive Zones d) NGOs focused on protection of water ecosystems

b) regional institutions that undertake efforts to protect fish stocks in international water by conduction scientific research and taking political decisions

Which statement characterizes environmental policy-making under the Reagan and Bush administrations? a) the presidents worked with business interests to successfully roll back environmental protections b) repeated efforts to roll back environmental policies and regulations but were largely unsuccessful c) the size and funding of the EPA were reduced and laws weakened significantly d) the presidents supported environmental legislation and strengthened many existing laws

b) repeated efforts to roll back environmental policies and regulations but were largely unsuccessful

The revenue from the EU tax on air fuel and US excise tax on CFCs are examples of ___ a) revenue from regime mechanisms b) revenue from pollution taxes c) revenue from ODA d) revenue from low-efficiency exploitation of fossil fuels

b) revenue from pollution taxes

The GEO-5 Executive Summary states that due to the complexities of the Earth System, if we want policy responses to global environmental problems to be effective over the long term, we must focus on __ a) operationally efficient externalities b) root causes c) symptoms d) A and B e) all of the above

b) root causes

How did the World Bank evolve its mission and projects in the 1980s to today with respect to environmental sustainability? a) shifted its position to support more laissez-faire policies b) shifted its focus to facilitate sustainable development in developing countries c) began focusing most of all on alleviating wealth inequality between countries d) abandoned working on projects that would benefit the private sector and governments in favor of projects that would benefit non-profit actors focused on sustainability initiatives

b) shifted its focus to facilitate sustainable development in developing countries

the primary and most important actors in the creation of a global environmental regime are: a) activist groups b) states c) NGOs d) International institutions e) all of the above f) none of the above

b) states

What is a key part of the hegemonic theory for regime formation and change? a) the US has always and will always determine the final rules on environmental regimes b) stronger states largely determine the content and success of individual regimes c) a hegemonic state is the only actor in regime formation d) strong states are never motivated by self-interested reasons when setting up regimes

b) stronger states largely determine the content and success of individual regimes

In the US and elsewhere, environmental consciousness increased in the 1960s and 1970s as people challenged the dominant paradigm. What alternative paradigm began developing in the 1980s? a) un-common future b) sustainable development c) the frontier paradigm d) exclusionist paradigm e) green globalization

b) sustainable development

Which of the following is not an operational body in CITES? a) the Plants Committee b) the Operational Foci Committee c) the Animal Committee d) the Standing Committee e) none of the above

b) the Operational Foci Committee

What is the difference between the work of the World Bank and IMF? a) the World Bank consists of developing countries only, while the IMF is made up of many more developed countries b) the World Bank aims for development assistance to developing countries while the IMF preserves economic growth and stability c) the IMF works more to encourage environmental sustainability d) The World Bank is a multilateral financial institution while the IMF is an IGO

b) the World Bank aims for development assistance to developing countries while the IMF preserves economic growth and stability

List and define the three 'flexibility mechanisms' included in the Kyoto for reducing costs of emission reduction?

-Clean Development Mechanism: CDM is a procedure under the Kyoto Protocol under which developed countries may finance or invest in projects that avoid GHG emissions in developing countries, and receive credits for doing so that they may apply towards meeting mandatory limits on their own emissions. -Joint Implementation: JI is similar to the CDM, but instead of involving cooperation between developed and developing countries, it involves industrialized countries and countries with economies in transition. -Emissions trading: whereby a party with excess emissions credits sells its credits to another party unable to meet its commitments.

Despite its flaws and slow progress, why is the intergovernmental negotiating process a necessity? a) because all states are willing to surrender environmental decisions to larger supranational bodies b) the process appeals to the existing state-centric system, and acts as a global venue for addressing world environmental issues c) because it eliminates the influence of non-state actors which are not elected by people d) A and C

b) the process appeals to the existing state-centric system, and acts as a global venue for addressing world environmental issues

the framework convention-protocol approach is sometimes criticized because? a) the process is too quick and therefore not thorough or stable b) the process can be very lengthy c) the protocols are often scanty and uninformed, weakening the convention

b) the process can be very lengthy

What mechanism can WTO countries use to resolve disputes when they believe that an environmental trade measure (ETM) unfairly restricts their market access? a) they can bring the dispute to the UN Security Council b) they can file a complaint and bring a case to the GATT/WTO dispute resolution panel c) they can bring it to an impartial, NGO whose judgement is final

b) they can file a complaint and bring a case to the GATT/WTO dispute resolution panel

What is the goal of CITES? a) to ensure that markets for specimens of plants and animals are efficient b) to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival c) to ensure that poachers are arrested in their country of citizenship d) to ensure that states know how to take care of endangered species

b) to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival

What is the function of "soft law"? a) to influence state behavior through binding agreements b) to influence state behavior through codes of conduct, principles, action plans, and norms/expectations c) To punish states for violating "hard law" d) to provide formal mechanisms for resolving disagreements between states regarding global environmental issues via forums for binding mediation

b) to influence state behavior through codes of conduct, principles, action plans, and norms/expectations

current trends of species extinctions are between 100 and 1000 times higher than the naturally expected levels a) false b) true

b) true

The Clean Air Act of 1970, for the first time, developed a) a set of strict regulations focused solely on coal emissions across the US b) uniform air quality standards for the entire US c) market incentives for industry to reduce emissions of CFCs and ozone d) the first restrictions on power plants in Canada owned by US companies e) all of the above f) C and D

b) uniform air quality standards for the entire US

Which statement best describes a policy orientation stemming from the precautionary principle? a) assume that environmental damage is reversible and not necessarily caused by humans b) when in doubt, take preventative action and avoid risking creating environmental problems that may be irreversible and damaging in the first place c) assume that a human action creates no environmental problem unless there is proof of damage d) an overcautious approach to environmental problems will hurt the economy e) none of the above

b) when in doubt, take preventative action and avoid risking creating environmental problems that may be irreversible and damaging in the first place

Recent studies suggest that ongoing departures from 'normal' temperature or rainfall patterns due to climate change __ a) will increase unity and peace b) will likely raise the chance of conflict substantially c) might have consequences but this area of research remains too limited to make preliminary statements d) all of the above e) none of the above

b) will likely raise the chance of conflict substantially

What is a weakness of GPI in determining overall human well-being? a) it changes too rapidly to get a useful measurement b) it does not measure non-economic aspects of welfare c) it does not take into account environmental degradation d) it takes into account too many different variables

b)??

Explain the central argument about how globalization positively impacts global environmental politics and the central argument about how it negatively impacts global environmental politics.

-Globalization is beneficial b/c it is an "engine of wealth creation" that will fund enviro improvements. As societies become richer, the initial process of industrialization results in greater pollution. -Globalization is responsible for rapidly accelerating the over-consumption of natural resources and over-production of waste on a global scale.

What is International Environmental Policy? What forms does it take? When is IEP effective?

-IEP is what two or more countries choose to do, or not do, about a transnational environmental issue -Usually takes the form of officially approved policy goals and steps to achieve them, sometimes in the form of a treaty but often not but can include the goals and actions of international organizations that impact the environment, that work on environmental issues, or whose operations implement environmental policies and programs created by governments -an IEP if effective when it produces measurable, positive change to the environment -the policy likely needs to produce change in the economic, political, social, or other activities that produce or contribute to the environmental problem being addressed

What is the precautionary principle, as stated in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration? a) "...wherein there is a situation that has caused irrevocable environmental harm due to the inactivity of the heads of state, those individuals will be held accountable for the damage to the fullest extent..." b) "When dealing with transnational environmental injury, no state will reject another state's request to proactively set boundaries as to the activity of the visiting state, as to prevent the injury of the visited nation's natural resources." c) "Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation." d) "No environmental agreements will be set forth without the consent of all parties involved to ensure that all will participate."

c) "Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation."

In what year was the first scientific paper published showing how significant increases in atmospheric CO2 could increase temperatures on earth. a) 1776 b) 1866 c) 1896 d) 1946 e) 1974 f) 1992

c) 1896

What year was the first threat to the ozone discovered? a) 1894 b) 1934 c) 1974 d) 1994 e) 2014

c) 1974

According to the article, "Toxic waste 'major global threat,'" the WHO, in conjunction with the World Bank, estimates that about ___ of the deaths in the developing world are attributable to environmental factors, including pollution. a) 2% b) 10% c) 23% d) 50% e) 80% f) 100% g) 200%

c) 23%

In 2007 the New York City Council passed a new law with the goal of reducing citywide GHG emissions by ___ percent below 2005 levels by 2030 a) 0 b) 5 c) 30 d) 50 e) 80

c) 30

The average American consumes about how much energy compared to the average global citizen a) 10 times more b) 8 times more c) 5 times more d) 2 times more e) equal amount f) 50% less g) 75% less h) 90% less

c) 5 times more

How can veto states prevent creation of a very strong international regime? a) refusing to participate b) demanding concessions c) A and B d) none of the above

c) A and B

The GEO-5 Executive Summary expressed particular concern about the environment and human health impacts of troposphere ozone in... a) Antarctica, Africa, and Oceania b) Asia, Latin America, and North America c) Africa, Asia, and Latin America d) Europe, Latin American, and Africa e) North America, Asia, and Oceania f) all of the above

c) Africa, Asia, and Latin America

A major output of UNCED was a nonbinding agreement called ___ which is a global plan of action for more sustainable societies. a) The Sustainable Development Initiative Declaration b) Earth Summit Manifesto c) Agenda 21 d) The Human Opportunity, Environmental Health, and Development Report e) the Kyoto Protocol f) Global Green Governance Guarantee

c) Agenda 21

Which of the following seeks to help protect human health and the environment from hazardous wastes by requiring "prior informed consent" before certain substances can be legally imported into countries which request it. a) UNFCC Convention b) Bengal Convention c) Basel Convention d) Rotterdam Convention e) Stockholm Convention f) UNDP g) GEF h) All of the above i) none of the above

c) Basel Convention

How does the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) work? a) CDM incentives non-governmental organizations to assist developing countries in obtaining clean energy by providing NGOs in developing countries with loans for solar energy projects b) CDM puts in place carbon-trading systems c) CDM allows developed countries to invest in green projects in developing countries while receive extra emission credits for it d) A and C only e) B and C only

c) CDM allows developed countries to invest in green projects in developing countries while receive extra emission credits for it

Which of the following gases is most responsible for the greenhouse effect? a) O2 b) N2 c) CO2 d) O3 e) NH3 f) CFCs

c) CO2

Which country currently emits the most greenhouse gases? a) India b) The United Kingdom c) China d) The US e) Brazil f) Russia

c) China

Which countries are likely the top 5 CO2 emitters in the world. a) Brazil, Mexico, Italy, Australia, and Thailand b) France, Germany, Belgium, UK, and Greece c) China, USA, India, Russia, Japan d) China, USA, Indonesia, France, Japan

c) China, USA, India, Russia, Japan

What important fact or relationship was observed when examining trends in GDP/capita and CPI/capita in many countries, such as Australia, Austria, and China? a) there is no noticeable connection between GDP/capita and GPI/capita b) GDP/capita and GPI/capita always grow and fall together c) GDP/capita and GPI/capita grow together until a certain point when GPI/capita levels off or beings to fall d) GPI/capita always grew with time, while GDP/capita varied e) all of the above

c) GDP/capita and GPI/capita grow together until a certain point when GPI/capita levels off or beings to fall

Which of the following is the main institutional element of the financial mechanism that will support developing countries implement aspects of the Minamata Convention? a) World Bank b) Multilateral Minamata Fund c) Global Environment Facility d) IMF e) WHO f) all of the above g) only B, C, and E h) none of the above

c) Global Environment Facility

Which principal international entity is charged by member states with the task of researching and establishing a common factual basis on climate change? a) UNEP b) NASA c) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) d) World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

c) IPCC

Identify the 4 broad categories of causal factors that impacted the development and the relative success of the ozone regime.

-advancing scientific knowledge -changing economic interests of key actors -characteristics of ozone issue- science can be easily understood -UNEP/WMO/Vienna convention and Montreal Protocol

List at least seven major categories of potential impacts from climate change.

-arctic sea ice declines -increases in extreme weather events -glacier and snow pack melt -Greenland and Antarctic melt -sea level rise, other coastal impacts -water stress -food production declines in certain areas -human health impacts -potential security impacts -potential negative economic impacts

At what point did humans start to add significant amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere? a) ice age b) Great Depression c) Industrial revolution d) Mesozoic era e) 1915 f) 1650 g) Tuesday

c) Industrial Revolution

List 4 of the major principles of international law outlined in Peel's "Environmental Protection in the 21st Century."

-bilateral/multilateral treaties -binding acts of international organization -rules of customary international law -judgments of an international court/tribunal

What is the argument for countries and other actors making policy outside of a treaty regime that is designed to help achieve the goals of a regime?

-cannot get everything done in one regime -overcome impact of veto states -experiment, learn about new issues (policy test) -adjustment costs (low for group)

List 4 of the policy responses which the GEO-5 executive summary recommends to deal with climate change.

-carbon taxes -climate insurance -remove environmentally harmful subsidies -emission trading schemes

List four of the six main categories or types of operational articles/control measures in the Minamata Convention.

-controls on supply of mercury -controls on artisanal and small-scale gold mining -controls on air emissions and releases to water -controls on international trade of mercury

Name 3 major human health impacts associated with mercury absorption or mercury poisoning.

-damage to CNS -coma -death

List 3 main categories of regulatory requirements required by the Stockholm Convention with respect to controlling emissions of POPs listed in Annex A, B, and C.

-eliminate production and use and emissions of certain intentionally produced POPs (Annex A) -limit the production and use and emission of certain intentionally produced POPs so that they are only used for certain limited purposes (Annex B) -take measures to minimize the release of certain unintentionally produced POPs (Annex C)

List 5 everyday items in which mercury can be found.

-food products obtained from fish -batteries -mascara -dental fillings -old thermometers

List 4 major sources of mercury emissions.

-fossil fuel combustion -metal production -artisanal and small-scale gold mining -cement production

List 5 roles that International Organizations can play in IEP.

-help set the agenda -provide independent info -assist implementation- technical assistance and/or money -convene/influence negotiations on global environmental regimes -influence policies of individual states

Which is NOT one of the "flexibility mechanisms" in the Kyoto Protocol? a) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) b) Joint Implementation c) Multilateral Fund d) Emissions Trading

c) Multilateral Fund

How has the ozone regime helped to combat climate change?

-lowers CFCs/HCFCs emitted into atmosphere -can use regime to use it to control GHGs

List 3 key types of procedural obstacles that can make effective international environmental policy difficult.

-lowest common denominator -high transition costs -time lag/slow boat

List 5 ways that advancing scientific and technical knowledge shaped the development of the global ozone policy.

-provided shock -elevated concern -set negotiation limits -influenced public and elite opinion -altered perceived payoff structure

List the four main, broad categories of policy approaches to mitigate climate change.

-reduce current emissions -avoid future emissions -protect current sinks -increase current sinks

Name 3 broad categories of actions to protect human health and the environment from mercury.

-reduce emissions from coal-fired power plants and other large industrial sources -reduce/eliminate use of mercury in artisanal and small-scale gold mining -reduce supply of raw mercury by eliminating mining of mercury

List 5 specific key reasons why the ozone regime can be considered a success.

-reduced production.use ODSs -global membership -atmospheric conc. of Br/Cl dropping -reduced depletion, expected recovery of ozone

List 5 key lessons of the ozone regime's history.

-regime design matters -precaution can matter because of nonlinear aspects of environmental issues and unexpected consequences -beware of unintended consequences and unexpected interconnections -basic science research, regular observations, and curiosity are very important -nature has important dynamic equilibriums that can be upset by humans

List 4 of the general international policy responses to address toxic chemicals that countries have employed since widespread awareness of this problem began in the early 1970s.

-regional treaties -voluntary global guidelines (soft laws) -new international organizations -several legally binding global treaties

List 3 ways that Patterns of Economic Interests and Power helped to structure the ozone issue/negotiations toward effective policy.

-regulation produced innovation -innovation and adoption of new technology by some actors produced support/acceptance for stronger controls -the Multilateral Fund provided resources that allayed some concerns among some actors regarding adjustment costs and relevant gains

List 4 of the methods that a lead state may use for influencing other actors.

-seek to influence public opinion -pledge to commit financial/technical resources to swing states -fund, produce, call attention to research -use diplomacy/resources to dissuade a state from playing a veto role

Key design features of the ozone regime that aids its effectiveness.

-strong/binding control measures -levels of implementation/compliance -operation of key regime institutions

Which institution of the Montreal Protocol likely contributed most to the initial participation of large developing countries? a) the Opportunity and Economic Assessment and Assistance Panel b) the Ozone Equipment Technical Evaluation c) The Multilateral Fund d) GEF e) The Environmental Damage Estimate Panel f) none of the above g) only A and D

c) The Multilateral Fund

There probably cannot be a truly effective treaty on international forest regulation without the support of which group of two countries listed below? a) Canada and Chad b) Chile and Italy c) US and Brazil d) France and Switzerland e) China and UNEP e) US and ISIS

c) US and Brazil

Which is NOT an example of an intergovernmental organization? a) international monetary fund b) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change c) United States Department of State d) United Nations Development Program e) World Bank

c) United States Department of State

"Soft law," in the context of international policy, can include: a) agreement created by a formal treaty b) agreements that require enforcement mechanisms c) a code of conduct and behavioral guidelines d) all of the above e) both A and C f) both B and C g) none of the above

c) a code of conduct and behavioral guidelines

According to the article, "Climate clubs and the UNFCCC" what is a climate change club? a) a specialized UN agency like UNEP b) a school focusing on climate change c) a joint climate initiative created by countries sharing common climate interests that run parallel to the UNFCCC d) a civil society organization that works with environmental issues

c) a joint climate initiative created by countries sharing common climate interests that run parallel to the UNFCCC

List 5 characteristics of international environmental issues that can at times serve as obstacles.

-unequal adjustment costs -environemntal issues are linked to important economic/political interests -time-horizon conflicts -environmental issues involve scientific completxity -states/groups posses different religious/political/cultural beliefs and values relevant to environmental issues

What is an energy label? a) a label that lists whether the product needs electricity, oil, etc. b) labels that go on food to demonstrate how many calories they contained c) a label indicating if a product is energy efficient compared to similar products d) all of the above

c) a label indicating if a product is energy efficient compared to similar products

What is the description for a CITES Appendix II species? a) a species that is threatened with extinction b) a species for which national laws vary significantly c) a species that is not necessarily threatened with extinction, but that regulations exist on trade to ensure they survive d) a species with a low average lifespan

c) a species that is not necessarily threatened with extinction, but that regulations exist on trade to ensure they survive

Which is NOT a necessary condition for effective environmental regimes? a) adequate concern for the environmental issue by the state b) a sufficiently hospitable contractual environment c) a system of world government to alleviate the problem of anarchy d) sufficient scientific, administrative, and economic state capacity

c) a system of world government to alleviate the problem of anarchy

What does anarchy in international relations refer to? a) chaos and destruction b) lack of coordination between international regimes c) absence of hierarchy or world government d) a state of perpetual war and conflict between countries e) the impact of negative externalities

c) absence of hierarchy or world government

What are the most common biofuels currently in use and why might these actually be in conflict with sustainable development? a) biofuel is a mixture of unrecyclable plastics in their molten form. Due to the fact that plastic is a byproduct of the production of oil, biofuel is an unsustainable option because it depends on the initial burning of fossil fuel. b) biofuel is made of genetically modified fossil fuels that are cleaner burning. While the reduced emissions are an improvement, the amounts of harmful chemicals that are released deem biofuel an unrealistic and unsustainable energy provider. c) biofuel is often produced by fermenting such food crops as corn and sugar cane. Increased demand for biofuel leads to a heightened cost of food as well as food scarcity because land that once grew food will go to producing feedstock for biofuel.

c) biofuel is often produced by fermenting such food crops as corn and sugar cane. Increased demand for biofuel leads to a heightened cost of food as well as food scarcity because land that once grew food will go to producing feedstock for biofuel.

The Cartegena Protocol relates most closely to which area of environmental policy? a) biodiversity b) desertification c) biosafety d) genetic resources e) climate change f) all of the above

c) biosafety

greenhouse effect

process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temp above what it would be in the absence of the gases

What are some of the reasons that periodic meetings of the conferences of the parties are mandated by most global environmental conventions? a) to designate an annual regime leader b) to review new scientific and other information concerning the relevant issue c) to review and perhaps seek to improve regime effectiveness d) all of the above e) B and C f) A and C

??

The countries that have historically led the whaling ban include __; while __ generally opposed it more than other countries a) Russia and Norway b) Indonesia and Norway c) US and Australia d) northern countries e) Chile and China f) Japan and the US g) Japan and Norway h) southern countries

???

Methyl bromide use continues, and potentially harms the ozone layer, despite binding targets for its elimination because of ___ a) inability of countries to detect the source of methyl bromide emissions b) the difficulty enforcing mandatory bans of methyl bromide in developed countries c) broad exemptions for critical agricultural uses d) broad exemption for quarantine and pre-shipment applications e) broad exemption for manufacturing uses f) all of the above g) none of the above h) C and D only i) A and D only j) B and C only

c) broad exemptions for critical agricultural uses

Which of the following is the current greatest source of mercury pollution into the environment? a) automobile exhausts b) pharmaceutical c) burning of coal d) natural runoff and leaching into waterways e) paper pulping industry discharges f) lightbulbs g) health care applications

c) burning of coal

A key purpose of the GEO-5 report was to: a) collect and publish hyper accurate GEO maps of the world b) provide a framework under which to negotiate a new global environmental statement to succeed the GEO-4 statement of 2002 c) compare the goals and requirements of international and global environmental agreements to existing data on the state of the environment d) all of the above

c) compare the goals and requirements of international and global environmental agreements to existing data on the state of the environment

Reaching agreement on provisions to adopt new POPs in the future created a division between... a) countries with large populations vs. those with small populations b) industrialized countries vs. developing countries c) countries that preferred delegated rule-making, a strongly precautionary approach and the potential for a quick response vs. those that preferred detailed risk evaluation and sovereign control over decision making d) countries with high conc of POPs vs. countries with low conc of POPs

c) countries that preferred delegated rule-making, a strongly precautionary approach and the potential for a quick response vs. those that preferred detailed risk evaluation and sovereign control over decision making

Which is a characteristic of the international institutions architecture in climate change, as described in the article "climate clubs and the UNFCCC?" a) unified, non-architecture, coordinated by one actor b) clear authority of the different climate change clubs c) diversity in parties, character, constituencies, scope, and subject matter d) none of the above

c) diversity in parties, character, constituencies, scope, and subject matter

The governments of Bangladesh, Canada, Ghana, Mexico, Sweden, and the US, along with UNEP came together to initiate the first effort to reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants, thus creating the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, a unique initiative to support fast action and make a difference on several fronts at once. Which of the following is not one of those fronts? a) enhance public health b) enhance food and energy security c) economic development d) mitigating climate change

c) economic development

Some argue that a more comprehensive indicator than GDP would consolidate ___ into a common framework to evaluate net progress a) political, economic, and social elements b) environmental, political, and economic elements c) economic, environmental, and social elements d) business, welfare, and wealth elements

c) economic, environmental, and social elements

In the early 1970s, while governments of some industrialized countries began to regulate the production and use of pesticides and industrial chemicals, ___. a) legislative action in developing countries was just as prevalent as in the industrialized countries, but was poorly implemented b) no developing country made any response to the emerging concerns about toxic chemicals c) few developing countries took similar measures to address these concerns d) efforts to combat the negative impacts of pesticides and industrial chemicals exceeded those taken by industrialized countries

c) few developing countries took similar measures to address these concerns

Primary forests are defined as; a) forest that are particularly popular for firewood b) forests that have been affected the most by deforestation c) forests largely undisturbed by human activity d) none of the above

c) forests largely undisturbed by human activity

A) What emissions did the Kyoto Protocol require. B) What flexible mechanisms did the Kyoto include to assist parties meet these goals? C) List 5 technologies for producing energy that do not produce/emit CO2

A) 5.2% collective reduction from 1990 levels by industrialized countries B) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI), Emissions trading C) geothermal, wind, ocean, nuclear, solar

A) List four of the top countries with the highest national GHG emission B) List four of the top countries with the highest per-capital GHG emission C) List four of the top largest sources of human-induced GHG emissions

A) China, US, Russia, India B) Australia, US, Canada, Saudi Arabia C) energy supply, industry, agriculture, transport

A) What is the stated objective of the UNFCCC? B) What are the key principles of the climate change regimes set forth by Article 3 of the UNFCCC and intended to guide creation of rules with respect to combating climate changes?

A) Stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogentic interference with the climate system. B) Common but differentiated responsibilities, equity, precautionary principle, cost effective, sustainable development

What is one argument for why globalization can harm prospects for sustainable development and environmental protection? a) globalization decreases the wealth inequality between wealthy and poor nation b) globalization increases the use of green technology in different countries by helping it to spread there c) globalization promotes and accelerates the over consumption of natural resources and overproduction of waste on a global scale d) Globalization fails to raise enough awareness about environmental degradation amongst different countries e) none of the above

c) globalization promotes and accelerates the over consumption of natural resources and overproduction of waste on a global scale

What are environmental goods and services? a) consumer purchase decisions that advocate for sustainable policies and fair trade b) items that boast special labels defining them as "environmental goods and services" c) goods, services, and activities that measure, prevent, limit, and correct environmental damage to the ecosystem d) environmental goods and services are abstract philosophical concepts without actual definitions

c) goods, services, and activities that measure, prevent, limit, and correct environmental damage to the ecosystem

Paraphrase the principle of international environmental law enunciated at Stockholm that captures that contradiction between the central principles of general international law and the general principle of international environmental law.

All states have a right to exploit their own natural resources, but also have responsibility not to pollute other states/territories.

Which of the following is not a reason that states are considered the most powerful actors in the international system, and in global environmental politics? a) states are the unit of policy in the international system and thus have the legal recognized authority to negotiate rules for people, companies, etc. within their borders b) states generally have a monopoly on legitimate use of force c) governments of states have been proven to always care more about the environment than other actors d) states have legal control over economic policy, environmental policy, and related law e) states generally possess the most resources (political, economic, diplomatic)

c) governments of states have been proven to always care more about the environment than other actors

In general, the study discussed in the article, "warmer climate strongly affects human conflict and violence worldwide," found that conflict in response to climate change is/was a) limited to developing nations b) limited to ancient civilizations c) had occurred in all major regions of the globe d) likely to diminish within this century e) all of the above f) A and D

c) had occurred in all major regions of the globe

The Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol, and its amendments are the only global environmental treaties to ___ a) have China as a full and active party b) have the USA as a full and active party c) have been ratified by a majority of developing countries d) have been ratified by the US e) have been ratified by all countries f) none of the above g) A and C

c) have been ratified by a majority of developing countries

according to other National Research Council's report Climate Change, what do the vast majority of climate scientists believe is the main cause of climate change? a) natural temperature rises and decreases b) the sun and increase in its energy c) human activities d) respiration from humans e) increased photosynthesis f) all of the above g) A and B h) none of the above

c) human activites

Which of the following is a prime health risk associated with greater UV radiation through the atmosphere due to depletion of stratospheric ozone? a) damage to digestive system b) increased liver cancer c) increased skin cancer d) increased asthma e) neurological disorder

c) increased skin cancer

Which of the following is not a significant causal factor responsible for the intensifying on land changes and degradation a) a burgeoning global populations b) rapid economic development in some areas c) increases in wild-life populations d) A and B

c) increases in wild-life populations

What is the main function of the Multilateral Fund and in general what does it provide money for?

Assist developing countries meet Montreal Protocol agreement

What 3 treaties are central to global policy to address toxic chemical and wastes and what is the central goal or purpose of each.

Basel Convention- control, limit, or ban transnational shipment of hazardous waste Rotterdam Convention- eliminate secret trade of toxic substances Stockholm Convention- protect people from POPs by eliminating/limiting production

In the article "environment and globalization: five propositions," according to proposition 4, which of the following is true of tech's connection with the environment and the world economy? a) it has caused a shift in the fields that are focuses on by globalization opportunists b) tech is totally independent of the environment c) it drives a lot of economic growth and thus can increase resource depletion, but can also reduce ecological stress d) all of the above e) none of the above

c) it drives a lot of economic growth and thus can increase resource depletion, but can also reduce ecological stress

The GEO-5 Summary cautions against policy that focuses solely on reducing environmental symptoms because ___ a) this approach requires unrealistic political action b) it interferes with the existing order of global markets c) it is important that attention be paid to the underlying drivers that create pressures on the environment d) A and B e) A and C

c) it is important that attention be paid to the underlying drivers that create pressures on the environment

How does anarchy in international politics hamper environmental regimes? a) it makes international cooperation difficult due to state competition b) states might distrust and thus fear that they might defect on their commitments c) it leads to a world government focused on economic issues rather than protection of human health and the environment d) it leads to a situation in which small states have surprising influence e) none of the above f) all of the above g) A and B h) B and C

c) it leads to a world government focused on economic issues rather than protection of human health and the environment

The perceived success of the ozone regime permitted some countries to argue that ___ a) it is possible to reduce CFC emissions further b) the ozone regime should be expanded to control obsolete reserves of ODSs c) it was not necessary to adhere to increase the speed of the phase-out targets set for HCFCs and methyl bromide d) targets for reducing HCFCs and methyl bromide should be made more aggressive e) all of the above f) B and C

c) it was not necessary to adhere to increase the speed of the phase-out targets set for HCFCs and methyl bromide

What is a key problem for consumers when trying to avoid potential cancer causing PFASs, which are controlled in some countries but not in the US? a) research chemists in the US have done no research on the chemicals b) all products are labeled c) many products with PSASs are not labeled as such d) PSASs are found in relatively high amounts in almost all food e) PSASs in clothing or products, even in high amounts, are impossible to detect f) all of the above g) A and E h) B and D i) none of the above

c) many products with PSASs are not labeled as such

Which of the following is NOT a general trend relevant to global environmental politics? a) governments trying to tackle environmental issues at intergovernmental conferences have gotten stuck in debates of treaty implementation b) economics and trade liberalization are undermining global environmental policies in some ways c) most global environmental problems are clearly getting better d) the stakes and costs of environmental degradation are growing

c) most global environmental problems are clearly getting better

Of the following, ___ is considered by Peel as well as others to be the most controversial, less-widely accepted and potentially most radical general principle of international environmental law a) polluter-pays b) common but differentiated responsibility c) precautionary principle d) sustainable development

c) precautionary principle

Which is generally NOT considered an obstacle to effective national implementation of a treaty? a) inability to monitor and report b) costs of compliance c) pressure from other states not to comply after a treaty enters into force d) insufficient capacity to implement, administer, or enforce domestic policy

c) pressure from other states not to comply after a treaty enters into force

The discovery of the "ozone hole" ___ a) led many countries to reject the idea that CFCs could cause environmental harm b) helped to sway public opinion in some countries in support of controlling CFCs c) provided an argument for countries who supported a global ban on CFCs to restart negoriations d) helped to create agreement in 1985 to completely phase-out CFCs by 2015 e) both A and B f) both B and C

c) provided an argument for countries who supported a global ban on CFCs to restart negotiations

___ has often been a major driving force promoting the development of stronger environmental policies in the US a) the success of the endangered species act and the absence of controversy regarding its implementation b) pressure from a broad coalition of business interests c) public opinion d) improved funding for high school level environmental research that produced new scientific findings e) the influence of surprisingly effective environmental policies in developing countries f) all of the above

c) public opinion

Which of the following is the best understanding of biosafety? a) preserving biological diversity b) instructions for safely using and disposing biotechnology c) safe transfer, use, and disposal of living modified organisms (LMOs) from biotechnology d) keeping plants, animals, and their habitats safe from human activity

c) safe transfer, use, and disposal of living modified organisms (LMOs) from biotechnology

Which is NOT a specific policy objective in the Convention on Biological Diversity in the early 1990s? a) Conservation of biological diversity b) sustainable use of biological diversity c) set targets and percentages for conservation land to be set aside in each state d) fair and equitable sharing of benefits of genetic resources

c) set targets and percentages for conservation land to be set aside in each state

The National Research Council's report Climate Change: Lines of Evidence lists several already observed changes and impacts due to climate change. Which is NOT one of these? a) temp increase in the winter and summer b) loss of arctic sea ice c) sharp decrease in agricultural food production d) sea level rise and ocean acidification e) loss of species and biodiversity f) none of the above

c) sharp decrease in agricultural food production

The amount of CO2 emitted per US $1 of GDP has dropped by nearly 25% since 1992, underlining that: a) GDP is becoming less expensive to produce b) CO2 does not vary with oil production except in certain countries c) some decoupling of economic growth from resource use and CO2 production has occurred d) the use of energy is unrelated to GDP e) Newer mobile phones use far more energy despite claims by manufacturers

c) some decoupling of economic growth from resource use and CO2 production has occurred

What were the North-South positional differences in UNCED's negotiations regarding desertification in the early 1990s? a) southern countries had little interest in the science of desertification b) southern countries did not want to include financial issues like trade c) southern countries wanted more funding to address the problem and debt forgiveness d) northern countries wanted to include trade and third world debt in the convention

c) southern countries wanted more funding to address the problem and debt forgiveness

Which foundational principle of international law limits the scope and effectiveness of international environmental policy the most? a) precautionary principle b) bounded-free trade c) sovereignty d) enlightened self-interest

c) sovereignty

Which of the following was not listed in Peel's article as a source of international law? a) bilateral and multilateral treaties b) binding acts of international organizations c) statements from the UN general assembly d) rules of customary international law e) judgement of an international court or tribunal

c) statements from the UN general assembly

According to other National Research Council's report Climate Change, what is the main evidence that climate change is occurring? a) overall evidence does not allow for firm conclusion b) due to natural temp cycles, Earth will start a new, very mild Ice Age in 30 years c) temps since the 1880s have consistently increased, especially in the last 35 years d) all of the above e) A and B only f) none of the above

c) temps since the 1880s have consistently increased, especially in the last 35 years

Under US law, what allows the federal government to engage in debt-for-nature swaps? a) treaties officially overseen by the EPA b) executive orders c) the Tropical Forest Conservation Act d) none of the above

c) the Tropical Forest Conservation Act

Which of the following is not listed in the article "Still No Time for Complacency" as evidence of the ozone's regime success? a) the indirect reduction of certain GHG emissions b) the declining production and consumption of ODS c) the accepted implementation of carbon pricing d) the record levels of ratification of all of the major ozone regime agreements e) the level of country implementation and compliance for Montreal Protocol measures f) A and D g) C and C h) C and E

c) the accepted implementation of carbon pricing

An important global initiative outside the Stockholm Convwention but supportive of its objectives is the SAICM which has as its central objective __ a) the securing of funds for developing countries so they can meet the provisions of the Stockholm Convention b) shifting the global regulatory focus beyond the dirty dozen to more harmful POPs c) the environmentally sound management of chemicals at all stages of their life in all regions of the world d) spreading the use of toxic chemical for managing other environmental problems e) all of the above f) none of the above

c) the environmentally sound management of chemicals at all stages of their life in all regions of the world

What reservation do some conservationists have on seafood eco-labels? a) there are very few reliable eco-labels on any type of food b) eco-labels are only for plant-based food c) the number of seafood related eco-labels can confuse the consumer d) the MSC is a for-profit organization

c) the number of seafood related eco-labels can confuse the consumer

Why does CITES protect many species that are not endangered? a) it wants to protect full ecosystems b) it wants to protect local interests c) the protection ensures that they trade will be sustainable d) none of the above

c) the protection ensures that they trade will be sustainable

Biodiversity is impacted by climate change, deforestation, desertification, trade in endangered species regimes and other issues. Which of the following is not a potential problem produced by this situation a) there may be little coordination between regimes b) many states have finite resources to implement each regime sufficiently c) the related regimes all have the same lead and veto states which produces massive stalemates on all the environmental issues d) the biodiversity convention, as it currently stands, is almost certainly not sufficient to prevent a large decline in global biodiversity over the next 50 years

c) the related regimes all have the same lead and veto states which produces massive stalemates on all the environmental issues

Which best describes corporations' stance on international policies? a) they always opt for less global regulation on their particular industry b) they are among the most supportive actors of environmental regimes c) their stances and interest can vary greatly by industry, country, regime, and corporation d) they behave according to whether they are north or south corporations e) all of the above

c) their stances and interest can vary greatly by industry, country, regime, and corporation

How might debt forgiveness programs, like the IMF's heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) initiative, help poor states to implement environmental regimes? a) they encourage states to generate more revenue by exploiting natural resources b) they incentivize countries to be less cooperative in global regimes c) they allow poor states to focus resources on environmental and developmental projects rather than debt payment d) they make relations between debtor and creditor countries worse, which eventually produces incentives for donor countries to cooperate to eliminate debts owed to them

c) they allow poor states to focus resources on environmental and developmental projects rather than debt payment

CDM

Clean Development Mechanism

In relation to toxic chemical, noted brands Levi's, Benetton, and Victoria's Secret are notable for what reason? a) they refuse to allow their products to be tested by consumers after consumers buy them b) their products have been measure to have comparatively high amounts of PFASs c) they have pledged to avoid PFASs d) they are the subject to internet lead boycotts e) their production processes has been demonstrated as the safest in their category by the ecolabeling arm in the IHFWA f) all of the above g) A and D only

c) they have pledged to avoid PFASs

What type of eco-label conferring entity generally has the most credibility? a) developing country governments b) WTO certified "opportunity boards" c) third party, independent entities d) departments within companies producing the labeled product and focused on 'green markets' e) organizations developed through the Prior Informed Consent Procedure

c) third party, independent entities

What is the goal of eco-labels? a) to make companies more environmentally responsible but only in certain countries b) to make people spend less money on consumer products c) to make it easy to take environmental concerns into account when shopping d) to make consumers eat lower calorie diets e) all of the above

c) to make it easy to take environmental concerns into account when shopping

What are the circumstances under CITES for trading a species listed in Appendix I? a) no regulations exist b) these species can never be traded c) trade of these species allowed in certain exceptional circumstances d) these species can only be traded in certain seasons e) these species can only be traded by countries listed in appendix VI f) D and E

c) trade of these species allowed in certain exceptional circumstances

International environmental policy with respect to migratory species, trade in endangered species, global biodiversity, protection of species, ocean dumping, transnational rivers, hazardous waste, toxic chemicals, straospheric ozone ___ a) is uniformly effective but has varying levels of specificity b) is relatively uniform in its specificity effectiveness and significance c) varies in its specificity, effectiveness, and significance d) is uniformly ineffective but similarly designed

c) varies in its specificity, effectiveness, and significance

ozone layer

common name for ozone present in the stratosphere that helps to shield the earth from UV radiation produced by the sun

According to the short article, "Chemicals in Your Popcorn?" in the last three years the US chemical industry has spent approximately ___ lobbying to delay regulation of PSASs and other chemicals and also following the example of the ___ industries regarding some of the tactics they are employing? a) $70 million ... coal b) $100 million ... lumber and fishing c) $140 million ... solar and wind power d) $190 million ... lead and tobacco e) $300 million ... care bear

d) $190 million ... lead and tobacco

According to the article, "Toxic waste 'major global threat'" about how many people are exposed to toxic waste worldwide? a) 200 b) 200,000 c) 2 million d) 200 million e) 2 billion f) 20 billion

d) 200 million

In 1900 the global human population was about 1.6 billion. What is it now? a) 1.5 billion b) 3 billion c) 5 billion d) 7 billion e) 9 billion f) 11 billion

d) 7 billion

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, what percent of fish stocks are fully exploited, overexploited, or significantly depleted? a) 7% b) 27% c) 57% d) 87% e) 107% f) 127%

d) 87%

in the past decade a) the number of elephants killed illegally in Africa has doubled b) the ivory trade has tripled c) the ivory trade has decreased d) A and B f) C and D g) none of the above

d) A and B

As observed in the GEO-5 Executive Summary, the shift in chemical production from developed to developing countries has had which of the following environmental impacts? a) it has decreased the overall health of the environment b) it has increased the overall health of the environment c) there is a lack of data to determine the impact of this development in chemical production d) A and C

d) A and C

Among developing countries, the strongest greenhouse gas mitigation measures are favored by: a) G-77 b) Brazil and Venezuela c) India and Kenya d) AOSIS

d) AOSIS

What of the following groups of nations with few indigenous fossil-fuel resources ahve learned to maintain high living standards while reducing their use of fossil fuels? a) Italy, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Scotland, and Turkey b) Denmark, the UK, France, Venezuela, Poland, and the Netherlands c) France, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Japan, and the Ukraine d) Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden e) USA, Brazil, Germany, France, and Australia

d) Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden

What is Ecoverified? a) a system of eco-labels in ASEAN b) an eco-label from the office of energy efficiency in Canada c) a major eco-label in Hong Kong d) European eco-label awarded to hotels, restaurants, and other organizations, based in Greece

d) European eco-label awarded to hotels, restaurants, and other organizations, based in Greece

What makes Japan difference from most other countries in relation to GDP/capita and GPI/capita a) GDP/capita is not measured b) GPI/capita is not measured c) both GDP/capita and GPI/capita ahve seen drastic drops d) GPI/capita has generally followed GDP/capita

d) GPI/capita has generally followed GDP/capita

In the context of international environmental policy, what does GMO stand for? a) Generic Modern Organism b) Global Mach Organization c) Globally Movement Opposition d) Genetically Modified Organism e) none of the above

d) Genetically Modified Organism

COP

Convention of the Parties

CBD

Convention on Biological Diversity

CITES

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

which organization is known for providing grants as the "largest international funder of projects that specifically address global environmental issues?" a) UNDP b) UNEP c) International Monetary Fund d) World Bank e) Global Environment Facility f) North American Environment and Development Bank g) Sustainable Development Promotion Organization h) EPA i) Buffet Foundation

d) Global Environment Facility

Which non-governmental organization put pressure on policy makers by publishing a report that exposed 1000s of cases of illegal hazardous waste exportations?a) World Wildlife Foundation b) The Sierra Club c) Arcade Fire d) Greenpeace e) World Resources Institute f) WEO

d) Greenpeace

Can a state impact its international reputation by assuming a lead or veto role on environmental issues? a) No, states can only gain prestige in leadership roles of international security b) No, a state cannot tarnish its image through a veto role against environmental regimes c) No, a state's international prestige depends on its relationship with other states, not its lead or veto role d) Yes, a state can win international prestige by championing environmental causes or tarnishing its image by standing against them e) Yes, but only if the state maintains good relations with and holds similar positions to its allies

d) Yes, a state can win international prestige by championing environmental causes or tarnishing its image by standing against them

According to the Stockholm Environment Institute policy brief, "All Hands on Deck!" ow can other international institutions outside the UNFCCC be effective in mitigating climate change? a) smaller institutions of like-minded countries allow for easier agreement b) other institutions can effectively address parts of climate change in parts through desegregated ways b) other instiutions may be better able than the UN at mobilizing national and local constituencies that have been silent in the climate change debate d) all of the above e) none of the above

d) all of the above

According to the article, "first-ever world wildlife day spotlights far-reaching impact of US $19 billion illicit trade in flora and fauna," which activity is associated with the $19 billion in illegal annual sales of wildlife? a) elephant poaching b) illegal timber transport c) great ape theft d) all of the above e) none of the above

d) all of the above

Actions taken by a lead state in support of creating a strong global environmental regime might include: a) having a strong commitment to effective national action on the specific issue b) moving the negotiations forward by proposing its frameworks for an agreement c) attempting to win the support of other state actors d) all of the above e) none of the above

d) all of the above

An argument made by those critical of broad application of the precautionary principle is that: a) decisions will not be based on sound science by rather on "emotional and irrational" factors b) precautionary action will cost too much, hindering economic development c) different definitions and interpretations of the principle exist in different countries and international regimes d) all of the above

d) all of the above

An increase in __ may often be associated with certain consequences of climate such as rainfall, drought, or temperature a) personal violence and crime b) intergroup violence and political instability c) institutional breakdowns d) all of the above e) B and C f) none of the above

d) all of the above

Compared to other nations, the US federal government a) hold some of the lowest taxes on carbon emission in the industrialized world b) relies primarily on excise carbon emission taxes on the state level c) holds a gas tax to finance highway maintenance d) all of the above

d) all of the above

How can subsidies potentially harm the environment? a) by providing money and resources to industries that deplete natural resources such as fisheries and fossil fuels b) they can reduce the price of practices that harm the environment, such as mining c) they can decrease incentive for companies to switch to sustainable practices d) all of the above e) none of the above f) A and C

d) all of the above

How can the United Nations Development Program (UNEP) support national development? a) by urging member states to finance "sustainable human development" b) by providing money for projects on poverty reduction, democratic governance, and sustainable environment c) through capacity-building to manage environment sustainability projects d) all of the above e) b and c only

d) all of the above

How does the 2013 Global Gap Report propose meeting its target of preventing global temp rise and mitigating climate change? a) continuing or increasing subsidies on carbon-based energy extraction b) tightening GHG emission rules and implementing ambitious pledges with broader scope c) international cooperation in renewable energy initiatives, fossil fuels subsidy reform, and sustainable agriculture practices d) all of the above e) A and C f) B and C

d) all of the above

In order for a "clean tech" trade agreement to prove truly successful, it must a) reduce tariffs and trade barriers on environmental goods b) incentivize key developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil into participating c) steer the global economy away from fossil fuels and instead, towards renewable good ans energy systems d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Population growth is dependent upon fertility trends. Which of the following influence these trends? a) education b) disease c) economic development d) all of the above e) none of the above

d) all of the above

The GEO-5 Executive Summary highlights __ as responsible for failures in interventions intended to protect the ecosystem a) failure to engage adequately with indigenous populations, local communities, and private sector b) an ignorance of local values c) a conflict between taking an integrated approach to development and conservation on the one hand and local land-use laws on the other d) all of the above e) none of the above

d) all of the above

The Oil & Gas Methane Partnership initiative undertaken by the Climate and Clean Air coalition seeks to help participating oil and gas companies better understand and systematically manage their methane emissions- and to help them demonstrate their systematic management to stakeholders. Key technical partners include; a) The environmental defense fund b) natural gas star c) global methane initiative d) all of the above e) B and C

d) all of the above

The US imposes virtually no green taxes at the federal level, Most programs to reduce pollution rely on mandatory standards such as the Clean Air Act's New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for stationary polluters and the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for automobiles. Amogst the few national green taxes are: a)"gas guzzler" tax on new cars that exceed fuel efficiency standards b) a tax on ozone-depleting substances c) miscellaneous taxes on certain fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The international wildlife trade includes what? a) the trade of live animals b) the trade of live plants c) the trade of products derived from animals and plants d) all of the above e) A and C

d) all of the above

The main goal(s) of the Convention on Biological Diversity is/are: a) the conservation of biological diversity b) the sustainable use of its components c) fair and equitable sharing of benefits of the use of genetic resources d) all of the above e) none of the above f) A and B

d) all of the above

The study cited in "warmer climate strongly affects human conflict and violence worldwide," argued that a significant increase in global temperatures over the next 50 years will likely help cause: a) an overall increase in violence globally b) an increased likelihood of civil wars c) possible institutional breakdowns d) all of the above e) none of the above f) A and C

d) all of the above

Until a recent announcement that included other long terms, goals, and requirements, EU climate change policy famously required achieving what goal by 2020? a) 20% share for renewable resources in the EU energy mix b) 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions c) 20% improvement in energy efficiency d) all of the above e) none of the above

d) all of the above

What determines the effectiveness of an environmental regime? a) regime design: provisions addressing the environmental threat, reporting, monitoring, and financial assistance b) level of implementation: extent to which countries adopt legislation to enact the agreement c) compliance: the degree to which countries observe regulations and norms d) all of the above e) B and C

d) all of the above

What does the Global Gap Report 2013 say would be the consequences of failure to achieve the target of limiting temp increases? a) risk of irreversible damage to the environment b) greater "adaption consts" c) damaging sea-level rise d) all of the above e) A and C

d) all of the above

What does the IPCC cite as evidence that human activity contributing to global warming is having dramatic effects? a) changing weather patterns b) increased ocean temp c) melting ice caps d) all of the above e) none of the above

d) all of the above

What impacts the effectiveness of a potential lead or veto state in seeking support for its position? a) the amount of diplomatic clout a state has b) the volume of economic resources a state has c) the negotiating skill in a country's diplomatic team d) all of the above e) none of the above f) A and C

d) all of the above

What is a central finding of the FORES research article, "climate clubs and the UNFCCC?" a) there are overlaps between clubs b) there is general adherence to UNFCCC norms and no major contradiction with the UNFCCC c) clubs fill a necessary sport on climate regime architecture by addressing issues that the UNFCCC cannot afford to d) all of the above e) none of the above

d) all of the above

What methods can a state attempt to use to influence other state actors? a) use diplomatic clout to sway international organization to support its positions b) encourage NGOs worldwide to support its position in other countries c) pledge to commit financial or technical resources to address the problem d) all of the above e) none of the above f) A and C

d) all of the above

Which is an example of an eco-label a) energy star b) fairtrade c) marine stewardship council d) all of the above e) A and B f) A and C g) none of the above

d) all of the above

Which of the following is not a main goal of the CBD a) conservation of biological diversity b) sustainable use of the components of biological diversity c) fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources d) all of the above e) A and B f) A and C

d) all of the above

Which of these forces help to shape global environmental problems? a) inefficient production and consumption patterns b) population growth c) intense economic development d) all of the above e) none of the above

d) all of the above

Which of the following is true of emission trading systems: a) countries or companies that are able to exceed emissions reductions would be allowed to sell excess reductions, or credits, to a country that has trouble meeting targets b) emission trading allows countries or companies with inexpensive options to make more reduction and countries with expensive options to do less c) if emissions trading was successful, it would encourage greater technological advances while simultaneously achieving GHG reductions for a lower cost d) all the above are true e) A and C

d) all of the above are true

Some issues can arise regarding the implementation of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. These issues include all but which of the following? a) developing countries still need to devote resources to lifting millions out of poverty b) fairness is questioned concerning how ethical it is to force developing countries to devote scarce resources to combating global environmental problems c) in the face of hindering development, developing countries should avoid duplicating the unsustainable historical development patterns of the industrialized world d) all the above

d) all the above

The theory behind Kuznets curve suggests: a) some countries will always care about the environment, while others will not b) all countries will eventually take steps to prevent environmental degradation c) as countries become more affluent, concerns about the environment decrease d) as countries become more affluent, concerns about the environment increase e) as countries become more affluent, concerns about the environment remains the same

d) as countries become more affluent, concerns about the environment increase

According to the "engine of wealth creation" theory of globalization, after developing countries attain a certain level of wealth, they pollute less. Why is this? a) citizens develop greater concern for the environment b) Industrialization reduces poverty, and poverty contributes to environmental degradation c) countries achieve the economic and technical abilities to implement environmental goals d) because most economic needs of citizens have been made, they can focus on other goals like sustainability e) all of the above f) none of the above

d) because most economic needs of citizens have been made, they can focus on other goals like sustainability

Which of the following is false of the World Bank a) In the 1970s and 1980s, the world bank supported the colonization of rain forests in Brazil and Indonesia, cattle-ranching projects in Central and South America, and tobacco projects in Africa that contributed to accelerated deforestation b) the World Bank made reforms in the 1980s including mandatory environmental assessment procedures and the public disclosure of these assessments in advance of project approval c) by the 1990s, the World Bank had developed environmental projects d) by 2010, all criticism of the World Bank's impact on the environment had ceased

d) by 2010, all criticism of the World Bank's impact on the environment had ceased

Policies such as the Clean Air Act, Water Pollution Control Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and Toxic Substances Control Act (and others) tended to emphasize which policy tool? a) privatization b) subsidies to business c) market incentives d) command and control regulation

d) command and control regulation

Which of the following is not a remaining challenge to the phase-out of ODS? a) the continued use of methyl bromide via the critical use exemption b) the possible failure to comply with the future, final HCFC phase-out in certain developing countries c) the threat of volcanic eruptions exacerbating ozone depletion d) declining population growth in developing countries reducing demand for CFCs

d) declining population growth in developing countries reducing demand for CFCs

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires that environmental impact statements (EIS) be conducted for proposed development projects. Which statement best defines an EIS? a) detailed study of the financial impact of proposed environmental regulations on a business b) a detailed and systematic study of wetlands impacted by a proposed action c) a detailed and systematic study of whether development projects have been implemented according to EPA guidelines d) detailed and systematic study of all environmental effects of a proposed action e) all of the above f) A and C

d) detailed and systematic study of all environmental effects of a proposed action

List 4 of the key institutional components of the ozone regime and explain what two do.

Multilateral Fund- provides financial assistance to developing countries to aid their transition away from ODSs under rules established by the Montreal Protocol Implementation Committee- Provides a forum for discussing non-compliance issues and offer recommendation to the MOP regarding issues related to non-compliance Conference of Parties Secretariat

What has been the focus of the dominant discourse on globalization? a) Implementing treaties on sustainable development via multilateral conferences b) social issues and benefits as they relate to the environment c) the moral responsibility to safeguard the Earth and its resources d) economic opportunity and trade relations within existing economic frameworks

d) economic opportunity and trade relations within existing economic frameworks

Which agency has primary responsibility for implementing environmental law in the USA? a) department of the interior b) department of natural resources c) council on environmental quality d) environmental protection agency e) presidents environmental council e) department of environment implementation

d) environmental protection agency

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the role of transnational networks of environmental experts, policymakers, and scientific elites in environmental regimes a) structural, hegemonic b) game theory c) liberalism in international relations theory d) epistemic-communities model e) neo-conservatism f) elite theory

d) epistemic-communities model

From where do treaty secretariats get their mandate? a) from the world bank and GEF b) from authorized power delegated specifically by the UN Secretary General c) from treaties calling them into existence d) from NGOs e) none of the above

d) from NGOs

A shared natural resource is a physical or biological system that extends into jurisdictions of two or more states. Which is not an example of shared natural resources? a) animals that migrate from one state to another b) marine animals that move through waters of several coastal states c) nonrenewable and renewable resources located in territories under control of more than one state d) habitats secluded within one state for the use of particular population

d) habitats secluded within one state for the use of particular population

When it come to taxing carbon emissions, among industrialized nations, the US a) leads all industrialized nations b) taxes at a higher rate than most industrialized nations, with the exception of Sweden and few other countries c) taxes carbon emissions at a rate which can be considered average among industrialized countries d) has the equivalent one of the lowest tax rates on carbon emissions e) has no federal taxes on fossil fuels or products made with them

d) has the equivalent one of the lowest tax rates on carbon emissions

The IPCC report confirms that a) it is likely that most of the warming since 1950 has been due to natural causes b) it is extremely likely that most of the warming since 1950 has been due to natural causes c) it is unlikely that most of the warming since 1950 has been due to human influence d) it is extremely likely that most of the warming since 1950 has been due to human influence e) A and C

d) it is extremely likely that most of the warming since 1950 has been due to human influence

One drawback of a higher carbon tax in the US would be __ a) it would require tremendous resources to create and collect, while it remains uncertain if it would have a substantial impact b) it would threaten the livelihood of the entire energy industry c) it would be the most expensive means to combat climate change, according to nearly all experts d) it would be especially felt by the poor unless steps were taken to offset this impact e) all of the above f) B and C

d) it would be especially felt by the poor unless steps were taken to offset this impact

Why would a decrease in the density of the ozone layer create a public health concern? a) the greenhouse effect would not be as efficient and the temperature of Earth would decrease b) the greenhouse effect would be more efficient and the temperature of earth would increase c) plant life would no longer have the ozone it needs for photosynthesis to create chlorophyll d) more ultraviolet radiation from the sun would reach the Earth's surface e) all of the above f) none of the above

d) more ultra violet radiation from the sun would reach the Earth's surface

At the time of the Stockholm Convention was signed, the "dirty dozen" POPs were a) still heavily produced, specifically in the developing world b) still in production, but heavily regulated by national governments c) nearing the peak of their industrial production d) no longer intentionally produced for the most part, except for DDT e) not intentionally or unintentionally produced anymore in any country but still in use via stockpiles f) A and C g) A, B, and C

d) no longer intentionally produced for the most part, except for DDT

Even though the production of new CFCs has been largely curtailed, an enormous source of CFCs can be found in ___ a) new refrigerators currently being used in the US b) currently sold aerosol spray cans c) paint and cleaning solvents d) obsolete refrigeration equipment and other waste, including some foams e) aircraft supply systems f) all of the above g) none of the above

d) obsolete refrigeration equipment and other waste, including some foams

The Antarctic "ozone hole" is projected to a) never recover b) worsen significantly within the next two decades then plateau c) probably remain unchanged for the rest of this century d) probably recover in this century

d) probably recover in this century

The ozone regime has the potential to help a) create less-toxic hazardous waste b) reduce mercury pollution c) reduce emissions of persistent organic pollutants d) reduce emissions of certain high-GWP GHG e) reduce emissions of high-LCD corporations f) all of the above

d) reduce emissions of certain high-GWP GHG

What are adjustment costs in the context of global environmental politics? a) the cost to a state's reputation if the state does not adjust to renewable energy b) the cost of human activity on the environment c) a state's costs of conducting negotiations, research, and monitoring d) the economic, social, and political costs of transitioning to practices that conform to the proposed or agreed upon global environmental policy

d) the economic, social, and political costs of transitioning to practices that conform to the proposed or agreed upon global environmental policy

If you had to choose one, which of the following is most responsible for the increase in the over exploitation of fish? a) consumer taste has evolved so that more people like eating fish b) more people in Africa have higher purchasing power and can afford to buy more fish c) the original Law of the Sea did not provide for adequate protection of fisheries in coastal waters d) there are more fishing vessels and better technologies for capturing fish

d) there are more fishing vessels and better technologies for capturing fish ????

Which of the following economic sectors creates the most demand for mining, buying, and selling mercury? a) dental applications b) thermometers c) artisanal and small-scale gold mining d) vinyl chloride monomer e) none of the above

d) vinyl chloride monomer

World-wide, about how may people lack access to electricity, according to GEO-5? a) 130000 b) 1.3 million c) 13 million d) 130 million e) 1.3 billion f) 13 billion

e) 1.3 billion

How much warmer or cooler, in Celsius, would the average global surface temperature be now without the natural greenhouse effect? a) 5-12 degrees warmer b) 5-12 degrees cooler c) no change d) 30-33 degrees warmer e) 30-33 degrees cooler

e) 30-33 degrees cooler

According to the article, "Toxic waste 'major global threat,'" the WHO, in conjunction with the World Bank, estimates that environmental risk factors contribute to more than ___ of regularly reported illnesses according to the report. a) 2% b) 10% c) 23% d) 50% e) 80% f) 100% g) 200%

e) 80%

The global human population is expected to surpass ___ in 2050 and ___ in 2100. a) 2 billion ... 4 billion b) 3 billion ... 5 billion c) 5 billion ... 7 billion d) 7 billion ... 8 billion e) 9 billion ... 10 billion f) 11 billion ... 12 billion

e) 9 billion ... 10 billion

In seeking to create an extension of the Kyoto Protocol, the Cancun Agreement included which of the following stipulations? a) Agreement that scaled-up mitigation efforts are needed in order to work toward a global goal to substantially reduce global emissions by 2050 b) Formal Affirmation of the IPCC-recommended global target to limit global warming to 2 degrees C above preindustrial levels. c) Confirmation of the $20 billion to give to developing countries to build solar power plants as part of the fast-start pledges under the Copenhagen Accord and the newly established Green Climate Fund. d) A, B, and C e) A and B

e) A and B

Why doe states sometimes fail to translate regime treaties into domestic policy? a) domestic interest groups and politicians may prevent a treaty's ratification b) national or local bureaucratic agencies may lack expertise and capacity to carry out the treaty c) because most states sign environmental treaties without the intention of complying d) all of the above e) A and B f) A and C

e) A and B

Why was tackling the issue of desertification difficult initially? a) countries could not agree on a definition of desertification due to its complexity and vagueness b) desertification had little economic consequences for any African country c) many natural and social factors cause land degradation, making it hard to articulate the nature of the problem and actions needed to address it d) all of the above e) A and C f) B and C

e) A and C

Given the contents of the IPCC report, which of these statements is likely true? a) human influences have likely affected the global water cycle and its patterns since 1960 b) there is very high confidence that glaciers continue to shrink and lose mass world-wide, with very few exceptions c) seawater has become more acidic d) all of the above e) B and C f) none of the above

e) B and C

Why do states form global regimes? a) because international law obligates states to form global regimes b) to facilitate cooperation in an anarchical (absence of global government or hierarchy) world c) because states may have common interests that they can only achieve by working together d) A and B e) B and C

e) B and C

With respect to farming, how can globalization exacerbate inequalities between rich and poor countries, nationally and internationally? a) farming in a globalized world requires material and resources that only developing countries have available b) it can encourage production of cash crops for the international market, the profits of which sometimes are not enough to support farmers due to changing demand, price fluctuations, currency fluctuations, and other factors c) large agribusinesses, not farmers often make the most profits d) A and C only e) B and C only

e) B and C only

Which two countries have the largest total national carbon footprints? a) China and Indonesia b) India and Brazil c) China and Brazil d) USA and France e) China and USA f) USA and Russia

e) China and USA

Peel recognizes that NGO's have played an increasingly important role in international environmental law. which is NOT one of the six types of non-governmental actors involved in the development of international environmental law? a) scientific community b) nonprofit environmental groups and associations c) private companies and business concerns d) legal organizations e) EPA-EU Environmental Agency Working Groups f) academic community

e) EPA-EU Environmental Agency Working Groups

UNEP was created as a result of what global meeting or agreement in 1972? a) The Vienna Convention b) The Basel Declaration c) The Rotterdam Conference d) The Montreal Protocol e) The Stockholm Conference f) UNCED

e) The Stockholm Conference

of the following, what function(s) do most treaty secretariats have? a) serving as "knowledge brokers" by conducting research and preserving institutional memory b) moderating or administering negotiations that expand regimes c) changing existing laws of member states d) all of the above e) a and b only f) none of the above

e) a and b only

A federal tax on energy or carbon emissions has the potential to a) negatively impact lower-income Americans b) aid in balancing the US federal budget c) significantly reduce greenhouse emissions d) increase the installation of solar and wind energy systems, potentially adding jobs in the green energy sector e) all of the above f) none of the above

e) all of the above

A shift towards measures that focuses on human welfare would likely require more attention to a) full employment b) environmental protection c) social equality d) resource use efficiency e) all of the above

e) all of the above

According to an analysis by the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office, a $25-per-ton carbon tax would a) reduce emission of greenhouse gases b) yield benefits for US residents of an uncertain magnitude c) raise over $1 trillion dollars in revenue for the US government d) reduce emissions of GHG at less cost than command and control regulation e) all of the above f) none of the above g) A and C

e) all of the above

Environmental problems can be a) local b) national c) regional d) global e) all of the above

e) all of the above

Environmental trade measures (ETMs) are trade restrictions or rules that support environmental goals. Such measure can include: a) import prohibitions b) product standards c) mandatory labeling requirements d) standards governing production of natural resource exports e) all of the above f) none of the above

e) all of the above

How might certain types of trade liberalization be used to boost sustainable practices? a) by encouraging/facilitating the spread of "green technology" b) by eliminating trade barriers to environmental goods and services c) by reducing the costs for exporting and importing green goods and services d) by helping developing countries obtain the tools they need to address environmental priorities e) all of the above

e) all of the above

Some argue that which of the following are problems associated with using GDP as the sole or prominent measure for economic progress? a) it can interpret expenses and instances of environmental degradation as positive b) it does not distinguish welfare enhancing activities from welfare reducing activities c) it does not account for transactions that enhance welfare but fall outside the market d) it does not account for the distribution of income among individuals e) all of the above f) none of the above g) A and D

e) all of the above

The Minamata Convention places clear, precise numberical limits on the amount of mercury associated with activity? a) mining mercury b) trade of mercury, in some instances c) mercury use in artisanal and small-scale gold mining d) mercury emitted to the air from large facilities e) all of the above f) only C and D

e) all of the above

The Minamata Convention places controls on what activity? a) mining mercury b) the trade of mercury, in some instances c) mercury use in artisanal and small-scale gold mining d) mercury emitted to the air from large industrial facilities e) all of the above f) only C and D

e) all of the above

The Minamata Convention sets controls on which of the following? a) the mining of mercury b) international trade in mercury c) artisanal and small scale gold mining d) air emissions of mercury e) all of the above f) none of the above

e) all of the above

The UNFCCC is likely to continue playing a central role in climate policy because? a) it has unparalleled legal authority and broad mandate to develop and oversee legally blinding national climate actions b) it catalyzes climate action at various levels of governance, building and institutional infrastructure, facilitating learning and enhancing trust among parties, and generally keeping climate change on the international policy agenda c) it enjoys a high level of inclusiveness and legitimacy d) smaller and poorer countries particularly value the UNFCCC e) all of the above f) none of the above

e) all of the above

To influence environmental policy, corporations use a number of different strategies including: a) lobbying delegations to the negotiating conference on an environmental regime b) funding and distributing targeted research and other information supportive of their interests c) lobbying national governments prior to the start of negotiations d) attempting to influence public opinion on certain issues e) all of the above f) none of the above

e) all of the above

Treaty secretariats: a) compile and prepare negotiation reports b) initiate conferences to follow up on treaties c) draft documents and reports as requested by parties d) provide parties with expert guidance and advice e) all of the above f) A, B, and C

e) all of the above

Treaty secretaries have a number of core tasks. These include: a) preparing and transmitting reports based on information received from the COP and subsidiary bodies b) preparing reports on secretariat implementation activities for the COP c) compiling and analyzing scientific, economic, and social data and information d) giving guidance and advice to parties e) all of the above f) A, B, and C only

e) all of the above

Using mercury in artisanal and small-scale gold mining threatens the health of a) the miners b) families of miners c) people who consume fish contaminated with mercury from the ASGM activities d) people who consume water contaminated with mercury from the ASGM activities e) all of the above f) no one

e) all of the above

What are four key, measurable characteristics of POPs? a) toxic b) capable of traveling long-distances c) bioaccumulative d) persists in the environment after released e) all of the above f) only A and D g) none of the above

e) all of the above

What concerns are associated with the production of biofuels, according to GEO-5? a) direct environmental impacts on land b) introduction of potentially invasive species c) overuse of water d) consequences in the global food market e) all of the above

e) all of the above

What impact does the international economic system have on the environment? a) it encourages low-cost production and thus environmental degradation b) it does not factor in externalities and costs to society c) industries sometimes push for environmental policy for economic reasons d) the impact is often case-by-case, depending on the issue and patterns of economic interests e) all of the above f) none fo the above

e) all of the above

What is a shortcoming of RFMOs in ensuring effective protection of fisheries and prevention of fish overexplotation? a) regulations are difficult to pass due to lack of consensus and objections after agreements b) fishing quotas agreed on are higher than levels recommended by scientific committee c) limitations of treating a global problem regionally allow vessels to escape regulation, such as by using "Flags of Convenience" d) state non-compliance due to inaccurate self-reported data of fishing catches e) all of the above

e) all of the above

Which are ways to improve effective implementation and compliance of a regime domestically? a) raising awareness and concern b) building domestic capacity c) improving financial and technical assistance d) improving monitoring and reporting e) all of the above f) none of the above g) A and B

e) all of the above

Which of the following are key constituent elements of a global environmental treaty regime? a) principles b) rules c) norms d) institutions e) all of the above f) only B and D g) none of the above

e) all of the above

Which of the following resources currently face stress from depletion due to unsustainably high human consumption or pollution? a) freshwater b) forests, woods, and trees c) fisheries d) marine environments and wetlands e) all of the above f) none of the above

e) all of the above

Why do some political and economic leaders oppose action that would support sustainability? a) they do not view global warming, biodiversity loss, and other ideas as seriously detrimental to their country's future b) they fear that stronger environmental governance would challenge state sovereignty c) they fear that environmental policies may hinder economic growth d) some countries do not have the political strength and necessary resources to support sustainability e) all of the above

e) all of the above

scientific uncertainty and complexity regarding a problem's ___ can create an obstacle for creating effective environmental policy a) scope b) impact c) severity d) time frame e) all of the above f) none of the above f) A and D

e) all of the above

what do many developing countries generally cite as reason(s) for why developed countries should bear the brunt of the responsibility for climate change solutions? a) developed countries have higher levels of industrialization b) developed countries produce more combustion of fossil fuels c) developed countries produce more toxic chemicals and hazardous waster d) developed countries have higher resource consumption e) all of the above

e) all of the above

what is a way to improve effective domestic implementation of global environmental regime? a) raising awareness and concern b) building domestic capacity c) improving financial and technical assistance d) improving monitoring and reporting e) all of the above

e) all of the above

They type of policy proposals that mandates reductions in carbon emissions but also include provisions that would allow a company to exceed the emission limits if it purchases an equal amount of emission permits from a lower-emitting company is a type of market-incentive policy tool that is sometimes called __ a) greenhouse gas reduction proposal of 2009 b) energy efficiency and reduction (EER) c) clean power generation standards d) CAFE standards e) cap and trade f) environment opportunity bonds

e) cap and trade

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of roles that a state might take in global environmental negotiations, as discussed in Downie and Chasek? a) veto (or blocking) state b) swing state c) lead state d) supporting state e) implicating state

e) implicating state

The ozone regime currently does not include binding rules to eliminate __ a) CFC production and use b) HCFC production and use c) halons production and use d) methyl bromide production and use e) millions of tons of CFCs, HCFCs, and other ODS found in obsolete equipment and materials f) all of the above g) none of the above

e) millions of tons of CFCs, HCFCs, and other ODS found in obsolete equipment and materials

Which of the following is not among the top six major sources of mercury emissions? a) fossil fuel combustion b) metal production c) chlor-alkali industry in China d) waste incineration e) salt water metal cleansing f) artisanal and small-scale gold mining g) cement production

e) salt water metal cleansing

If countries continue to implement their commitments under the amended Montreal Protocol: a) the greenhouse effect should be stabilized this century b) GHG emissions will freeze by 2050 c) They should be able to reach an agreement to reduce GHG emissions and eliminate emissions of ozone-depleting substances d) the ozone layer over most parts of the world should fully recover by 2015 e) the ozone layer over most parts of the world should fully recover by 2050 f) the ozone layer over most parts of the world should fully recover by 2100 and 2150

e) the ozone layer over most parts of the world should fully recover by 2050

The Minamata Convention's administrative articles establish which of the following? a) COP b) secretariat c) settlement of disputes d) amendments to the convention e) all of the above f) A and B

f) A and B

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol required: a) different industrialized countries to reduce GHG emissions by differing percentages b) Industrialized countries to addressed six different GHGs: CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, HFCs, perflourocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride c) large developing countries to freeze CO2 emissions but not methane emissions d) large developing countries to reduce CO2 emissions to 1992 levels, as industrialized countries were previously required to do under the 1992 UNFCCC e) all of the above f) A and B only g) A and C only h) A and D only

f) A and B only

According to the article, "first-ever world wildlife day spotlights far-reaching impact of US $19 billion illicit trade in flora and fauna," illegal logging a) accounts for between 15 and 30% of the overall illegal global trade in flora and fauna b) is not significant issue c) is worth between $30 and $100 billion dollars annually d) all of the above e) none of the above f) A and C

f) A and C

As discussed in the policy brief, "All Hands on Deck!" what are some concerns about ceding authority to organizations other than the UNFCCC to pursue climate change a) other institutions may lack a high amount of legitimacy and accountability b) other institutions are more costly and elitist than the UNFCCC c) other institutions of UNFCCC processes may risk marginalization of weaker states and encourage strategic behavior by powerful states d) all of the above e) A and B f) A and C g) none of the above

f) A and C

Which of the following is a contributing factor driving climate change? a) populations b) sea water scarcity c) fossil fuel use d) biodiversity declines e) A, B, and C f) A and C g) all of the above h) none of the above

f) A and C

The Climate and Clean Air Coalition focuses on programs that reduce emissions of a) black carbon b) methane c) HCFCs d) CO2 e) all of the above f) A, B, and C g) A, B, and D h) A and D

f) A, B, and C

What does biodiversity encompass? a) a variety of ecosystems b) a variety of species c) a variety of human population centers and states d) a variety or diversity of genetic material within and among species e) all of the above f) A, B, and D g) B and C

f) A, B, and D

Arguments for enacting a carbon tax in the US arguably include: a) it would be a relatively inexpensive way to reduce GHG emissions compared to many types of regulations b) it would lead to greater energy efficiency c) it would lead to increased use of wind and solar energy d) it has not proven to have negative impacts in the countries or location that have one e) all of the above f) B and C

f) B and C

In 2010 the EU adopted Europe 2020. The EU set goals for employment, innovation, education, poverty reduction, and climate and energy. those targets included: a) limiting the increase of EU GHG emissions to 20% b) increasing the share of renewables in final energy consumption to 20% c) moving toward a 20% increase in energy efficiency d) eliminate 20% of ocean-fish imports from China e) all of the above f) B and C g) A, B, and C

f) B and C

What implementation shortcoming(s) does the UNCCD present? a) there is still no consensus that desertification is a problem b) the UNCCD lacked enough scientific and technological expertise input c) some consider desertification a development regime due to its emphasis on poverty and land management, rather than an environmental regime d) all of the above e) A and B f) B and C

f) B and C

A major trade agreement on clean tech goods adopted by the WTO would likely a) decrease environmental regulations in member states b) mandate that member countries can only trade technology goods that are environmentally friendly c) phase out tariffs and trade barriers on good central to the promotion of green growth d) compel participating countries to subsidize clean tech e) all of the above f) B, C, and D g) none of the above

f) B, C, and D

Ground level ozone pollution is: a) sometimes called trosospheric ozone b) harmful to people with asthma c) potentially harmful to athletes d) harmful to may animals and plants e) an air pollutant f) all of the above g) none of the above

f) all of the above

Which of the following is not one of the five broad CATEGORIES of operational articles/control measures as outlined in the PowerPoint "Overview of Minamata Convention?" a) controls on supply and on international trade of mercury b) phase-out and phase down for mercury use in products and processes c) controls on use of mercury in artisanal and small-scale gold mining d) controls on emissions of mercury to air and releases to water e) storage, waste, and contaminated sites f) all of the above g) B, C, and D

f) all of the above

Which of the following methods can be used to help overcome the sometimes "High Transaction Costs" associated with negotiating and implementing global environmental policy a) utilize existing international organizations to organize or assist processes b) coordinate secretariat activities c) coordinate regime reporting and implementation activities d) conduct electron pre-negotiation regional coordination meetings to begin discussions e) hold "paperless meetings" f) all of the above g) A, C, and D h) B, C, and E i) B and C j) none of the above

f) all of the above

What term refers to the tremendous diversity of plant and animal species making up the earth's ecosystem? a) ecodivinity b) global commons c) opportunistic evolution d) habitat e) biozonal horizon f) biodiversity

f) biodiversity

An international trade forum that provides an example of a successful, targeted clean technology trade agreement is __ a) NAFTA b) TPP c) ASEP d) all of the above e) A and B f) none of the above

f) none of the above

How can regimes enhance prospects for effective implementation of, and compliance with, global environmental policy? a) include clear binding rules but allow for limited exemptions in order to overcome lowest common denominator problem or address other substantive issues b) provide for monitoring of, and reporting, relevant national actions c) rely exclusively on calls for broad voluntary measures d) all of the above f) none of the above g) A, B, and D h) B, C, and D i) B and D

g) A, B, and D

At its basic, how does human population growth affect the environment? a) by inevitably leading to global war over resources b) by increasing the demand for resources c) by increasing the production of waste, such as emission of pollution d) by reducing demand for technological solutions to current problems e) human population growth has no impact on the environment f) A and B g) B and C

g) B and C

The potential advantages and likely results of a global clean tech trade agreement include: a) dismantling barriers to the trade of goods thereby enhancing prospects for green growth b) promoting better trade relations on green goods among US, China, and EU than currently exist c) likely slowing the expansion of very high GWP or very dirty fossil fuels such as coal seam gas and tar sand oils d) shifting even more market attention to renewable goods and energy systems e) all of the above are potential advantages f) all of the above are potential advantages but NONE are likely results g) B and D

g) B and D

Marine protected area (MPA)

geographically defined marine area that is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specif conservation objectives

Which is an example of a negative externality? a) pesticides and herbicides from a yard pollute an adjacent park b) smoke from a factory increases pollution clean-up costs for residents in nearby towns c) only students recieve an education, but their society as a whole benefits from building a more informed and educated citizenry d) people pay more for gas and the money goes into a fund to address health problems e) toll roads f) all of the above g) none of the above h) A and B i) A and E

h) A and B

Which activities significantly increase a carbon footprint? a) driving a personal vehicle that uses gasoline b) walking and biking c) using electricity generated from burning coal and natural gas d) recycling e) unusual dance moves f) A and B g) B and C h) A and C

h) A and C

Which of the following are developmental measures listing in the article "Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress?" a) GDP b) GPI c) ecological footprint d) biocapacity e) human developmental index f) life satisfaction f) Gini coefficient h) all of the above

h) all of the above

For what global environmental issues does the GEF provide funding for? a) climate change b) whale protection c) international waters d) biological diversity e) global teams that enforce toxic chemical trade bans f) all of the above g) none of the above h) A, C, and D i) A, B, C, and E

i) A, B, C, and E

Which might be considered the most legitimate concern regarding actors engaging in multinational and multi-actor climate change policy outside of the UNFCCC framework? a) the legitimacy and accountability of non-UNFCCC action b) risks of marginalization of the UNFCCC c) powerful states exceeding UNFCCC commitments d) strategic behaviors by powerful states to avoid more stringent emission reduction obligations e) A and B f) A and C g) A, B, and C h) A, B, and D i) all of the above

i) all of the above

Economic factors that positively impacted the development of the ozone regime include: a) CFCs accounted for an increasing small percentage of revenue for their major manufacturers in OECD countries b) the market for air-conditioning proved far smaller in developing countries than anticipated c) Manufacturers of CFCs discovered they could produce substitutes d) CFC substitutes proved approximately 75% less expensive to produce e) countries created large subsidies for manufacturers to produce CFCs f) all of the above g) none of the above h) only A and B i) only A and C j) only A, B, and D k) only B and C

i) only A and C

Although considered necessary during negotiations, some believe that ___ for ___ now pose challenges to the effectiveness of the ozone regime and has allowed for the continued usage of methyl bromide in quarantine and shipment applications, as well in certain agricultural sectors. a) the need for a NGO consensus ... reaching decisions b) funding for developing nations ... starting negotiations c) exemptions ... methyl bromide d) consensus requirements ... holding a COP e) all of the above f) only A and C g) none of the above

idk

globalization

increasing interconnectedness and integration of economies and societies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows, and the transfer of culture and technology

independent and dependent variables

independent- what the experimenter or researcher changes in order to answer a particular question dependent- what changes when the independent variable changes

UNEP

United Nations Environment Program

UNFCCC

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

What is an ecological footprint? a) the sum of land used to produce food and resources, land needed to absorb the waste emitted from using the energy and space used for the infrastructure b) a measurement of the irreversible destruction of ecosystems that humans are causing c) a measurement of the amount of climate change that humans are causing d) a measurement of humanity's demands on the biosphere, comparing human consumption to the Earth's biocapacity e) the sum of CO2, environmentally hazardous chemicals, and POP's produced within certain territorial boundaries f) same as carbon footprint g) the impact that human development and urban sprawl have on wildlife in terms of displacement, animal injury, endangerment, and extinction h) all of the above i) none of the above j) A and G k) A and D l) D and E

k) A and D

The complete phase out of HCFCs is made more difficult by ___ a) new uses being discovered and introduced to the market since the phase-out was announced b) disagreements over the extent to which HCFCs harm the ozone in the scientific community c) a demand by multinational corporations that HCFCs be permitted for use in the farm sector d) some smuggling and illegal use of HCFCs e) the need for inexpensive refrigeration and air-conditioning in developing countries f) all of the above g) none of the above h) only A and E i) only B and C j) only C and E k) only D and E

k) only D and E

energy intensity

ratio of energy consumption to economic or physical output, at the national level, energy intensity is the ratio of total domestic primary energy consumption or final energy consumption to gross domestic product or physical output. lower energy intensity shows greater efficiency in energy use

Emissions trading

a mechanism under which actors with emissions commitments may trade units of their emission allowances with other parties. The aim is to improve the overall flexibility and economic efficiency of making emissions cuts

prior informed consent (PIC) procedure

means of formally obtaining and disseminating importing countries' decisions about whether they wish to receive future shipments of a certain chemical and of ensuring exporting countries' compliance with these decisions. The aim is to promote a shared responsibility between exporting and importing countries in protecting human health and the environment from the harmful effects of such chemicals

precautionary princple

a principle intended to guide policy making that states that where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage to the environment or human health, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason to prevent action

intergenerational equity

a principle intended to help guide policy that calls for giving adequate consideration to the interests of future generations, including the enjoyment of a healthy environment and natural resources

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

a procedure under the Kyoto Protocol by which developed countries may finance greenhouse-gas-emissions-avoiding projects in developing countries and receive credits for doing so, which they may apply toward meeting mandatory limits on their own emissions

Kuznet's curve

relationship between economic development and environmental pollution in which rising levels of income lead eventually to lower levels of pollutions

tragedy of the commons

a widely used metaphor to explain the negative impact that human behavior often has on ecological systems. It suggests that if individuals act out of short-term self-interest when using a natural resource that all may suffer in the long run

Existing Global Forest Principles are considered a a) "code of conduct" b) set of binding goals c) rules countries must legally follow d) dress code for conservative pine trees

a) "code of conduct"

What is the rate at which the proposed Senate bill will test chemical for damaging effects on human health? a) 5 a year b) 55 a year c) 105 a year d) 225 a year e) 365 a year

a) 5 a year

The Kyoto Protocol required industries to collectively reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by __ from 1990 levels. a) 5% b) 10% c) 15% d) 20% e) 25% f) 30%

a) 5%

What is the significance of the number 21 in Agenda 21? a) Agenda 21 refers to the hope-for agenda for the twenty-first century b) the '21' in Agenda 21 refers to the 21 states that signed this agreement c) the '21' is a metaphor for the world becoming an adult, and the agenda is meant to be the first steps towards international responsibility d) all of the above e) none of the above

a) Agenda 21 refers to the hope-for agenda for the twenty-first century

What is one difference between GPI as a measurement of economic development from GDP? a) GPI counts depreciation of community capital as a cost b) GDP includes non-marker activity while GPI does not c) there is no significant difference between the two measurement methods d) none of the above

a) GPI counts depreciation of community capital as a cost

According to "Toxic waste 'major global threat'" the highest toxic threat to humans is in? a) Ghana b) Indonesia c) Russia d) Ukraine e) USA

a) Ghana

Which pair of countries generally defied the whaling moratorium when initially passed? a) Japan and Norway b) Peru and Iceland c) the US and Japan d) Peru and France e) England and Peru

a) Japan and Norway

Which of the following regions account for about half of all global mercury emissions? a) Southern Asia and Eastern Asia b) Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa c) Southern Africa and Eastern Africa d) South America and Eastern Asia e) North America and South America

a) Southern Asia and Eastern Asia

What types of nations can create veto-like coalitions, or prevent the effectiveness, with regard to adding new species to the control measures under CITES? a) producer nations b) consumer nations c) a coalition of consumer and producer nations d) all of the above e) none of the above

a) a coalition of consumer and producer nations

An NGO can be all of the following except a) an environmental organization operated by the state b) affiliated with international NGOs c) a large and domestically focused organization d) a think tank focused on research

a) an environmental organization operated by the state

What is true for both CITES Appendix I and Appendix II? a) an export permit or a re-export permit is required for trade in a listed species b) an import permit is required for trade in a listed species c) the species must be alive for trade in a listed species d) all of the above e) none of the above

a) an export permit or a re-export permit is required for trade in a listed species

The tragedy of the commons a) can result from tension between collective and individual interests and responsibilities b) can only and always be resolved through privatization or socialization of the commons c) occurs at the same rate regardless of the size and carrying capacity of the commons d) occurs at the same rate regardless of the size of the human populations e) all of the above

a) can result from tension between collective and individual interests and responsibilities

A significant threat to the success of the ozone regime is a) complacency by governments given success to date and the controls already agreed to b) the alienation of developed nations from inflexible policies c) strained relationships between world superpowers d) the projected dissolution of the Multilateral Fund after 2018 e) all of the above f) none of the above g) only A and D

a) complacency by governments given success to date and the controls already agreed to

In the article "environment and globalization: five propositions," according to proposition 4, what will define the future of globalization and the global environment? a) consumption b) economic growth c) financial markets d) globalization e) none of the above

a) consumption

___ refers to a policy approach to manage natural resources by looking more broadly at the diversity of wildlife, natural resources, and pollution issues that affect a wider area a) ecosystem management b) point-source pollution control c) environmental impact analysis d) natural conservation act

a) ecosystem management

How have marine protection efforts changed over the years, according to DeSombre, in her chapter on Fisheries and Marine Mammals? a) efforts shifted from promoting sustainable use of mammals as commodities to promoting their preservation as entities having inherent value b) effort discouraged the use of marine mammals for oil in favor of food c) efforts initiated by intergovernmental processes are now deregulated and localized d) none of the above

a) efforts shifted from promoting sustainable use of mammals as commodities to promoting their preservation as entities having inherent value

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) are examples of third party eco-labeling organizations. What are eco-labels intended to do? a) inform and allow consumers to exercise preference when purchasing items b) limit markets for environmentally sustainable products to ensure sufficient profits c) create a product monopoly for companies that ignore environmental standards d) create a monopoly for companies that observe environmental standards e) punish non-US providers of certain products f) all of the above g) A and D

a) inform and allow consumers to exercise preference when purchasing items

Why was the USA in the perfect position to lead a compromise on the issue of fishery depletion? a) it is both a coastal fishing state and a distant fishing state b) its close ties with all types of African nations allowed for compromise c) it is the best country at working with Russia on environmental issues d) all of the above e) none of the above

a) it is both a coastal fishing state and a distant fishing state

In 1984, what happened in New Zealand to trigger a drastic drop in GPI/capita? a) major reforms occurred in the economy and unemployment, greenhouse gas emissions, and the use of non-renewable energy increased b) people lost faith in the government's ability to have a productive economy c) regulation increased and productivity suffered as a result d) all of the above

a) major reforms occurred in the economy and unemployment, greenhouse gas emissions, and the use of non-renewable energy increased

The Clean Air Act (amendments) of 1990 provided for the use of buying and selling of pollution permits to combat acid rain. What type of policy instrument does this describe? a) market mechanisms/incentives b) public education c) privatization d) subsidies

a) market mechanisms/incentives

How did the Doha Ministerial Declaration negotiated under the auspices of the WTO propose to improve the sustainability of fisheries? a) prohibit capacity enhancing or effort-enhancing fisheries subsidies b) convince the WTO to support government fisheries subsidies c) allow developed countries to use fewer subsidies than developing countries d) A and B e) A and C f) B and C

a) prohibit capacity enhancing or effort-enhancing fisheries subsidies

Trade competition in solar panels by the largest global economic powers- US, China, and EU, in the absence of a relevant green tech trade agreement, __ a) resulted in what some experts consider a counterproductive, unofficial trade war in some technologies b) been quite productive, but no signs exist of expansion outside of this network c) been unsteady due to sharply differing attitudes in the marketplace regarding the technology d) all of the above

a) resulted in what some experts consider a counterproductive, unofficial trade war in some technologies

The tragedy of the commons a) results from tension between collective and individual interests and responsibility b) can always be resolved through socialization of the commons c) occurs at the same rate regardless of the size and carrying capacity of the commons d) occurs at the same rate regardless of the size of the human population e) all of the above f) none of the above g) A and C

a) results from tension between collective and individual interests and responsibility

The exclusionist paradigm implies that resource ___ and environmental ___ need not be factored in to economic policy calculations. a) scarcity ... degradation b) abundance ... benefit c) degeneration ... recycling d) trade ... integrity e) happiness ... vulnerability f) documentation ... edification

a) scarcity ... degradation

Which is NOT an example of a subsidy that tends to support environmentally harmful activities? a) subsidies for clean energy research b) subsidies for fossil fuels and mining c) subsidies for agriculture and foresting d) subsidies for drift-net fishing

a) subsidies for clean energy research

___ is sometimes defined as economic growth that is compatible with natural environmental systems and societal goals. a) sustainable development b) CAFE standard c) environmental protection d) Clean Skies Program

a) sustainable development

What is a large difference between the US and the EU with regard to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety? a) the EU uses an approach that generally endorses the precautionary principle b) the US specifically endorses the precautionary principle c) the EU is inhibited from supporting biosafety due to lack of money

a) the EU uses an approach that generally endorses the precautionary principle

What is the official objective of the Minamata convention? a) the protect the human health and environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury b) to promote new markets and facilitate trade of mercury c) to share the resource of mercury more equitably throughout nations d) all of the above e) none of the above

a) the protect the human health and environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury

What is the purpose of CITES? a) to protect endangered species from species loss due to trade and poaching b) tor prevent and stop whaling c) to prevent species loss from all sorts of causes d) to regulate the import and export of living things

a) to protect endangered species from species loss due to trade and poaching

The 1998 Rotterdam Convention, and 2001 Stockholm Convention address what issue area? a) toxic chemicals b) climate change c) solid waste d) ozone

a) toxic chemicals

A state that signs but does not ratify a treaty is, to a great extent, not legally bound by it. a) true b) false

a) true

According to the National Research Council's report Climate Change, a significant increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations began during the Industrial Revolution and is mainly due to human activity. a) true b) false

a) true

According to the article "Toxic waste 'major global threat;" children are at a particularly high risk in regard to toxic exposure. a) true b) false

a) true

CITES obligates member states to pass domestic laws regarding the treaty, establish rules on trade of endangered species, and sanction violators a) true b) false

a) true

Greenpeace's monitoring of and reporting on the toxic waste trade was a factor in encouraging some countries to push for a complete ban on North-South waste trade under the Basel Convention a) true b) false

a) true

If the GHG emissions gap is not closed or significantly narrowed by 2020, the door to many options to limit temp increase to a lower target of 1.5 degrees will be closed. a) true b) false

a) true

In 1987, natives of Sarawek, Malaysia started erecting blockades in response to loggers a) true b) false

a) true

In a "debt-for-nature" agreement, a creditor including potentially a national government, reduces a debt owed to it in favor of a country or other actor promoting conservation efforts a) true b) false

a) true

Mercury concentrations in fish generally reach their highest concentrations in predator fish including swordfish and sharks consumed by humans. a) true b) false

a) true

Protecting or conserving fish and many mammals that live in the ocean is among the most difficult global environmental issues to address effectively a) true b) false

a) true

Resource consumption in developing countries is increasing rapidly due to industrial expansion, infrastructure improvement, and rising incomes. a) true b) false

a) true

Some argue that focusing on GDP and related measures makes it more difficult to achieve a sustainable future because it tends to focus policy on maximizing production and consumption rather than on improving genuine human well-being in ways that fall outside such traditional economic measures a) true b) false

a) true

Some of the chemicals that deplete the ozone layer, and some of the substances developed to replace them, are powerful greenhouse gases. a) true b) false

a) true

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an example of labeling scheme that has succeeded in increasing demand for sustainable managed timber and timber products a) true b) false

a) true

The Kyoto Protocol could only enter into force after ratification by 55 parties to the convention, accounting for at last 55% of the CO2 emissions in 1990. a) true b) false

a) true

The absence of a strong environmental movement makes it more likely that a state will play a lead or supporting state. a) true b) false

a) true

The decade from 2000-2009 was warmer than any other decade since 1850 a) true b) false

a) true

The most common form of direct exposure to mercury for humans in the US is probably through consuming certain fish and seafood species. a) true b) false

a) true

Treaty secretariats sometimes can be more active players in global environmental politics than other players may prefer a) true b) false

a) true

Unlike the Stockholm and Basel Conventions, the USA is a party to the Minamata Convention a) true b) false c) depends on what Canada decides

a) true

While everyone agrees that GDP has increased since 1950, some argue that economic welfare has decreased in recent years a) true b) false

a) true

The lowest common denominator problem is generally created y what type of state? a) veto b) implicating c) neutral d) lead e) all of the above

a) veto

In the negotiation of the Kyoto Protocol, the influence of veto states helped produce: a) weaker compliance system than lead states had wanted b) more favorable terms for using flexibility mechanisms than environment NGOs had wanted c) greater state sovereignty with respect to regime operations d) minimized requirements for providing information on carbon sinks e) all of the above

a) weaker compliance system than the lead states had wanted

Why did India and Malaysia initially oppose the idea that forests are of interest to the international community? a) they do not want forests to be declared "global commons" b) they were afraid of attacks on their reforestation policies c) they did not care about the environment d) they thought Canada would stop buying wood products

a)??

endocrine disruptor

an external substance that interferes with functions of the hormonal system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, or (sub) populations

Conference of the Parties or Meeting of the Parties

annual or otherwise regularly scheduled gathering of all parties to a convention as well as interested observers, where decisions are taken about the implementation of the convention

sustainable forest management (SFM)

stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and potential to fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems

short-lived climate forcers

substances such as methane, black carbon, and many man-made HFCs, which have a significant impact on climate change despite a relatively short lifespan in the atmosphere compared to carbon dioxide and other longer-lived gases

environmental services

the conserving or restorative functions of nature, for example, the ability of plants to convert CO2 to O2

tipping point

the critical point in an evolving situation that leads to a new and sometimes irreversible development

bioaccumulation

the increase in concentration of a chemical in organisms, also used to describe the progressive increase in the amount of a chemical in an organism resulting from rates of absorption of a substance in excess of its metabolism and excretion

carbon sequestration

the process of increasing the carbon content of a reservoir other than the atmosphere

environmental externalities

third party (or spillover) effect arising from the production and/or consumption of goods and services for which no appropriate compensation is paid

persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

toxic chemical substances that persist in the environment, can travel long distances form their emission sources, bioaccumulate through the food web, and causing adverse effects to human health and the environment

bycatch

unintentionally caught fish, seabirds, sea turtles, marine mammals, and other ocean life