Intro Psych Final Study Guide

Which of the following situations represents acculturation among immigrants living in the United States?

A child from France is learning English at home

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?

Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals

Which of the following is an advantage of group therapy use by psychotherapists?

It allows the therapist to work with several clients at once.

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?

It stands for rational ways of coping with frustration

Which of the following is true of the attraction-similarity hypothesis?

It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction

Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?

Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now

From the behavioral perspective, which of the following statements is true of aggression?

Strong, agile organisms are likely to be reinforced for aggressive behavior

The _____________ is a part of the limbic system involved in discriminating emotions, including fear.

amygdala

Behavior inconsistent with an attitude that may have the effect of modifying an attitude is known as _______________.

attitude-discrepant behavior

In the context of schizophrenia, people with the condition termed _____________ show striking impairment in motor activity.

catatonia

In the elaboration likelihood model, _______________ inspires thoughtful consideration of arguments and evidence.

central route

In the context of specific phobias, _____________ is the fear of tight or enclosed places.

claustrophobia

People are said to _______________ when they change their behavior to adhere to social norms.

conform

Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____________.

conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

The deliberate seeking and attending to information that is consistent with one's attitudes is known as _______________.

selective exposure

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called _____________.

self-actualization

Dissociative identity disorder was formerly termed _____________.

multiple personality disorder

Excessive fear of public speaking is a common _____________.

social anxiety disorder

According to Durlez and Stangor & Crandall, _______________ is a source of prejudice.

social conflict

The group effect called _______________ is likely to lead the group to make more risky shifts in decision making.

social facilitation

A(n) _____________ is a state of deprivation.

need

One of the similarities between views of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson is that both believed that:

social relationships (such as that between a parent and child) are more important determinants of personality than sexual urges

In collective cultures that stress interdependence, such as Asian cultures, people are more likely to attribute another person's behavior to that person's _______________.

social roles and obligations

Which of the following is a characteristic of polygraphs, or lie detectors?

tense muscles will reduce their accuracy

According to the representative heuristic, people make judgments about events according to:

the populations of events that they appear to depict

In the experiment on social influence conducted by Solomon Asch, the discomfort faced by the participants in the study was caused by:

the pressure to conform

Miguel, a teenager, exhibits erratic behavior. He is very happy at times and at other times he shows signs of extreme depression. Miguel's mother thinks he is possessed and takes him to an exorcist. In this scenario, Miguel's mother supports the _____________ of psychological disorders.

demonological model

In the context of group behavior, _______________ is the concern that others are assessing one's behavior.

evaluation apprehension

People with depersonalization-derealization disorder:

experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal

The _____________ is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

formal operational stage

When compared to hypnosis, Sigmund Freud found _____________ to be a more gradual method of breaking through the walls of defense that block a client's insight into unconscious processes.

free association

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive change in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene _____________

has high self-efficacy expectations

In the context of depressive disorders, people who remain depressed:

have lower self-esteem

A(n) _____________ is a single word used by children to express complex meanings.

holophrase

Asylums were intended primarily for:

housing people with psychological disorders

The _____________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

hypothalamus

While conducting experiments to study the effect of humor on stressed students, it was found that exposing students to humorous videotapes raised the level of _____________ in their saliva.

immunoglobulin A

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _______________ involves closeness and caring - championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.

intimacy

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _______________ refers to a couple's closeness, to their mutual concern and sharing of feelings and resources.

intimacy

According to the study conducted by Sprecher and Felmlee in 2009, U.S. Women are more willing than U.S. men to marry someone who:

is not good-looking

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?

it begins to develop during the first year of life

Which of the following is true of social cognitive theory?

it focuses on learning by observation

Evan and Amy are physically attracted to each other and cannot stand being apart. However, they do not have future plans for their relationship. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates _______________.

passion

Cognitive theorists note that:

people represent their worlds mentally

Which of the following is true of cancer?

people whose immune system is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer

Extreme irrational fears of objects and situations, such as hypodermic needles and public speaking are examples of _____________.

phobias

_____________ is an example of psychological need.

power

_____________ allows us to brace ourselves for the inevitable and, in many cases, plan ways of coping with it.

predictability

According to Louis Thurstone, _____________ are the eight specific factors that make up intelligence.

primary mental abilities

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity in the _____________ are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal.

resistance stage

Sanchez, an 8 year old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to this imaginary friends. His mother confesses to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused damage to Sanchez's brain." This statement supports the _____________ on psychological disorders.

medical model

Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of _______________ in the brain.

noradrenaline

Which of the following statements is true of psychiatrist Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy?

Aaron Beck believed that clients may selectively perceive the world as a harmful place and ignore evidence to the contrary

Which of the following statements is true of communication by non-humans?

Although apes do not speak, they have been taught to use American Sign Language

In the context of motor development of children, which of the following statements is true of activities like rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking, and running?

Most infants engage in these activities in the same sequence

The _____________ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration.

autonomic nervous system

Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

overeating

Which of the following is true of people with the Type A behavior pattern?

they attempt to dominate group disussions

Sam is a fifteen-year old boy. He does not have any clue about what he wants to take up as a career. Moreover, in the past two years, he has taken up more than five hobbies. According to Erik Erikson, Sam is _____________.

experiencing role diffusion

_____________ are best described as people who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements in stressful situations as being largely outside themselves.

externals

Identify a true statement about the heritability of intelligence.

Being reared together is related with similarities in intelligence quotient.

Alina thinks that she is overweight. She often indulges in binge eating and later forcibly vomits the food. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?

Bulimia Nervosa

_____________ refer to erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized.

Ideas of persecution

The _____________ groups test questions into a number of separate subtests where each subtest measures a different intellectual task.

Wechsler Scale

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____________.

Western cultural prejudice

In Gestalt psychology, _______________ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution.

insight

Posttraumatic stress disorder:

may occur months or years after a traumatic experience

_____________ is the beginning of menstruation.

menarche

______________ are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems.

Heuristics

Identify a true statement about problem solving.

Heuristics are often based on strategies that worked in the past.

Identify a true statement about behavior therapy.

It helps clients discontinue overeating, smoking, and phobic avoidance of harmless stimuli

Which of the following statements is true of language?

Language makes it possible for one person to communicate knowledge to another.

_____________ is the application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections to irregular verbs and nouns.

Overregulatization

In the context of hunger, which of the following is true of human beings?

Psychological factors play an important role in the human hunger drive

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following statements is true?

Short-term stress can enhance the functioning of the immune system

Which of the following is true of adolescents?

The concept of the imaginary audience may drive the intense adolescent desire for privacy.

In the context of stress and the immune system, which of the following is true of steroids?

Their persistent secretion interferes with the formation of antibodies

In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?

They are developed through experience.

Which of the following statements is true of the hearing capability of newborns?

They can hear well when they are born

Which of the following is true of the learning theorists?

They emphasize the importance of environmental conditions as determinants of behavior

The Electra complex involves:

a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother

Conversion disorder is characterized by:

a major change in, or loss of, physical functioning, although there are no medical findings to explain the loss of functioning

Which of the following statements is true of the biological views that explain the origins of anxiety disorders?

a predisposition toward anxiety, in the form of highly reactive autonomic nervous system, can be inherited

The resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome is also known as the _____________ stage.

adaptation

A(n) ______________ is a systematic procedure for solving a problem that works invariably when it is correctly applied.

algorithm

Type A people

are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive

The immune system combats diseases:

by generating antibodies, which attach themselves to antigens, deactivating them and marking them for destruction

While returning home from office. Luke was robbed by two men in his neighborhood. After the incident, Luke realized that many people had been watching the incident yet no one had tried to help him fight or catch the culprits. This unwillingness of the people to aid Luke is an example of the _______________.

bystander effect

The pre-operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by:

children attributing life and consciousness to physical objects

Modern psychodynamic therapies differ from traditional psychoanalysis in that the:

client and the therapist usually sit face to face

_____________ is defined by the ability to cope with novel situations and generate many possible solutions to problems.

creative intelligence

_____________ is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.

creativity

In _____________, mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, memory, consciousness, even knowledge of one's own identity- the processes that make a person feel whole - may seem to be split off from one another.

dissociative disorders

In _____________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing 'leads' to run a nearly limitless course.

divergent thinking

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through _____________.

extrinsic rewards

A form of group therapy that may be undertaken from the systems approach is called _______________.

family therapy

A researcher places a baby in a room with many different objects. Then, he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at any one stimulus or object. This shows the baby's visual preference. In this scenario, the researcher is most likely measuring the baby's _____________.

fixation time

In the context of factors that affect problem solving, ____________ refers to the tendency to view an object in terms of its name or familiar usage.

functional fixedness

In the context of psychosurgery, in _______________, physicians beam streams of radiation deep into the skull, destroying spots of tissue believed to be overactive in severe obsessive_compulsive disorder.

gamma knife surgery

_____________ is defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety.

obsessive-compulsive disorders

In the context of adolescence, the _____________ underlies showing off and risk taking.

personal fable

According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the _____________.

postconventional level

We tend to live among people who are similar to us in background, and we therefore come into contact with them more often. This reflects _______________.

propinquity

In the context of measurement of personality, which of the following statements is true?

the intellectual functioning of an individual cannot be assessed without relating it to other people in the same age group

The embryo is connected to the placenta by the _____________.

umbilical cord

During the Age of Reason, many health professionals, who supported the medical model, began to:

view psychological disorders as diseases of the mind

Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love involves three components, and _______________ is one of them.

commitment

Dr. Thomas, a psychiatrist works at a facility that treats people with psychological disorders as outpatients rather than sending them to hospitals. He also helps people who have been released from hospitals. Most of the people treated by him have chronic psychological disorders. Dr. Thomas works at a(n) _____________.

community mental health center

Lisa has been invited to a party. Immediately after receiving the invitation, she meets with her friends to decide what to wear for the party. Though she does not like to dress elaborately, she agrees to dress elaborately because her friends have planned to do so. In this scenario, Lisa's behavior demonstrates _______________.

conformity

Kim and her family were involved in a road accident. Kim was the only survivor. Her son and husband were declared spot dead. When Kim returned home, she started having dreams about people dying in tragic accidents. These nightmares left Kim with a rapid heart rate and feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Kim is most likely suffering from:

posttraumatic stress disorder

Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?

Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable

A(n) _____________ rat is characterized by under eating.

aphagic

Jim overhears a classmate explaining to a friend that people are free to do what they choose with their lives and that the meaning of their lives is what they give to it. He further explains that people have unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____________.

Carl Rogers

Amanda does not like being in crowded rooms. She is also scared of elevators and limbs to the sixth floor of her office every day. Which anxiety disorder does Amanda exhibit?

Claustrophobia

Identify a criticism about the linguistic-relativity hypothesis.

Infants display considerable intelligence before they have learned to speak.

Which of the following statements is true of the elaboration likelihood model?

It describes the ways in which people respond to persuasive messages

_____________ is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch.

Rooting

Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to haven taken?

The Thematic Apperception Test

Identify the final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

The genital stage

_____________ is referred to as the coronary-prone behavior pattern.

Type A behavior

A similarity between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is that both:

are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event

Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Ophelia is most likely experiencing the _____________ of middle adulthood.

climacteric phase

_____________ refers to acquiring knowledge by observing others.

cognitive learning

_____________ is a judgement of another person's value on the basis of the acceptability of that person's behaviors.

conditional positive regard

______________ is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place.

displacement

In the context of the origins of dissociative disorders, both psychodynamic and learning theroies suggest that:

dissociative disorders help people keep disturbing memories or ideas out of mind

In the context of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud considered _____________ the "royal road to the unconscious."

dreams

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal

In psycholinguistic theory, the _____________ is a neural 'prewiring' that facilitates a child's learning of grammar.

language acquisition device

Kim has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely diagnose Kim with _____________.

major depressive disorder

Vinvac Inc. was established three years ago. Kevin and Raj, co-owners of Vinvac Inc., had set a five-year goal for the company when they established it. Presently, they are assessing the difference between the company's current situation and the goals they had set so that they can work toward minimizing the difference. In this scenario, Kevin and Raj are using a technique called ______________.

means-end analysis

In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following traits are characteristics of neuroticism?

nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli

Stanley Milgram undertook a series of classic experiments at Yale University in 1963 to study the factors that contribute to _______________.

obedience to authority

A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house might be robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from _____________.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Kyle is possessed by the thought that he might develop a severe disease due to the germs. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kyle demonstrates:

obsessive-compulsive disorder

The height of sexual excitement involving involuntary muscle contractions and release of sexual tensions is termed _____________.

orgasm

_____________ are based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud.

psychodynamic therapies

Which of the following statements best describes psychodynamic therapies?

psychodynamic therapies, based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud, assume that psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts

Why we go clubbing and drink alcohol can be best explained by _____________.

stimulus motives

When Jacob met his supervisor for the first time, he remembered to smile as he answered her questions. On seeing his smile, his supervisor thought Jacob is a friendly person. In terms of social perception, Jacob's impression is an example of _______________.

the primacy effect

Sunny was considered a shy person at school. When Sunny met his classmate, Ronny ten years after school, Ronny was surprised that Sunny has become outspoken and confident. Ronny almost forgot how shy Sunny used to be at school. In terms of social perception, the change in Ronny's perception is due to _______________.

the recency effect

A(n) ______________ is a system of symbols along with rules that are used to manipulate the symbols.

language

Daniel, a six-year old boy, takes an intelligence test. The results of the test show that he is functioning intellectually like the average eight-year old. In this scenario, Daniel has a(n) _____________ of eight.

mental age

In the context of problem solving, ______________ involves dealing simultaneously with two or more elements of the problems.

parallel processing

_____________ is best defined as a cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control.

psychological hardiness

_____________ is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.

Intelligence

Which of the following is true of the evolutionary perspective of motivation?

It states that instinctive behaviors are genetically transmitted

According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues (2015), which of the following is true of human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones?

They are more likely to demonstrate possible changes in gender identity.

_____________ includes problem-solving skills such as encoding information, combining and comparing bits of information, and generating a solution.

analytical intelligence

_____________ are male sex hormones that masculinize the sex organs in the embryonic stage of prenatal development.

androgens

Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education. However, he is finding it difficult to choose between the two. According to Neal E. Miller, this type of conflict is known as a(n):

approach-approach conflict

Many couples who repeatedly break up and reunite recall each other fondly when apart and swear that they could make the relationship work if they got together again. But after they do spend time together, they again wonder, "How could I ever have believed that this so-and-so would change?" This best exemplifies the _____________.

approach-avoidance conflict

_____________ is best described as the process of responding to a new stimulus through existing cognitive structures.

assimilation

_____________ is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives.

conflict

In the context of the theories of intelligence, _____________ can solve problems to which there are no pre-existing solutions and no proven formulas.

creative people

Kyra, a history major, likes to talk with her grandfather often. She calls him her human dictionary because he knows the meaning of almost every word she asks him about. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _____________.

crystallized intelligence

Lena is mother of two. She has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives from the time her first child was born. She believes she must contribute to her family as well as the society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is demonstrating _____________.

generativity

Medical observations and classic research find that humans and non-humans whose stomachs have been removed:

still regulate food intake

A pregnant woman visits her doctor for a scheduled ultrasound. She hears the strong heartbeat of the developing child. She is also able to see its fingers and toes. She tells the doctor that she frequently feels the baby kick. Which stage of prenatal development is depicted in the scenario?

the fetal stage

In the context of the experimental research Neal E. Miller, which of the following types of conflicts is the most complex?

the multiple approach-avoidance conflict