Intro to Art 100 Exam 4

cubism name

took its name from an insult delivered by the critic Louis Vauxcelles, who commented that one of Braque's paintings looked as if it were "full of little cubes"

Pablo Picasso

· (1881-1973) -**Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, born in Malaga, Spain -**Moved to Paris in 1904, never left France -**Worked in many styles, organized into "periods" -**Blue period, Rose period, Cubist period, Neoclassical period -**Academically trained, considered early master

quote by Henri matisse

My choice of colors does not rest on any scientific theory; it is based on observation, on feeling, on the very nature of each experience

example of post impressionism

Paul Gauguin, TeAa No Areois (the Seed of Areoi), 1892 o/burlap

bauhaus name

The German term meaning "building house"—was understood as meaning "School of Building"

surrealism

The most important aspect of the unconscious was desire, which they felt was central to humanity—the authentic voice of the inner self and the key to understanding human beings. Dreams, childhood, madness, non-Western art, and chance situations became central to discovering the irrational in Surrealist art.

who founded bauhaus

Walter Gropius

African period

-**1906-1909 -**Inspired by African masks and primitivism

Modern Art

a rejection of history and conservative values (such as realistic depiction of subjects)

Example of neoclassicism

** Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Grande Odalisque, c.1814

Example of neoclassicism

** Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Jupiter and Thetis, 1811 o/c

conceptual art

**"The idea becomes a machine that generates the art"

example of impressionism

**Berthe Morisot, Summer's Day, 1879

Example of romanticism

**Eugene Delacroix, The Women of Algiers, 1834 o/c

when and who invented cubism

**Invented and pursued by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in Paris between 1907 and 1914

example of conceptual art

**Joseph Kosuth, One and Three Chairs, 1965 (folding wooden chair, photograph, blown-up dictionary definition

Example of Fantasy

**Paul Klee, Twittering Machine, 1922, watercolor, pen and ink

example of impressionism

**Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876 o/c

mixture of cultures and visual culture

**Takashi Murakami- Father of Superflat, Japan

Dada name

**The name was supposedly chosen at random from a dictionary + describes nonsense art—art that is meaningless, absurd, unpredictable.

post impressionism

**The work or style of varied group of late 19th-century and early 20th-century artists including Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Cezanne. They reacted against the naturalism of the impressionists to explore color, line, and form, and the emotional response of the artist, a concern that led to the development of expressionism

Example of romanticism

**Theodore Gericault, Raft of the Medusa, 1818-1819 o/c

Picasso's periods

**blue period, rose period, African period, cubist period

illusionistic surrealism

**exemplified by artists such as Salvador Dalí and Yves Tanguy, rendered the irrational content, absurd juxtapositions, and metamorphoses of the dream state

Modern art time frame

**extending roughly from 1860s-1970s

hybridity

**it is the mixing of the traditions of different cultures/ ideas to create new connections

**impressionism meaning of name

**the name of the style derives from the title of a Monet - Impression, Sunrise

automatism surrealism

**was a direct outgrowth of automatic writing and was used to divulge mysteries of the unconscious through abstraction. The Automatist phase is typified by Joan Mirò

impressionism

- **19th century -**Characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition -**New way of seeing -**Focused on light and passage of time -**Originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose had independent shows that 1870s and 1880s

De Stiji

-**"the style" -**Started in Holland -**Artists like Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian, reduced visual composition to form and color

19th century America

-**A general category for artworks made in the United States between 1800 and 1900 -**The Hudson River School develops a distinctive style of painting that highlighted the American landscape -**Landscapes and content portrayed American values and ideals -**Winslow Homer sought to convey democratic values with subtly heroic images of American life -**Albert Pinkham Ryder and Henry Ossawa Tanner focused on Biblical subject matter

Neoclassicism

-**Born in Rome in the mid-18th century, at the time of the rediscovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum -**The style spread to Europe—Grand Tour -**The main neoclassical movement coincided with the Age of Enlightenment -**Continued into the early 19th century. (same time as romanticism)

other expressionistic movements in 20th century

-**Die Brücke (The Bridge), -**Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), -**Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity).

expressionism

-**Expressionism is the distortion of nature, as opposed to the imitation of nature, to achieve a desired emotional effect or representation of inner feelings -**Reactions against impressionism and realism. They also sought to communicate the inner feelings of the artist

globalization

-**Globalization is the process of interaction and integration between people, companies and governments worldwide -**globalization has grown due to advances in transportation and communication technology

Dada

-**In 1916, during World War I, an international movement arose that declared itself against art. Responding to the absurdity of war and the insanity of a world that gave rise to it, the Dadaists declared that art—a reflection of this sorry state of affairs—was stupid and must be destroyed. -**Despite centers in Paris, Berlin, Cologne, Zurich, and New York City, Dada ended with a whimper in 1922.

Fauvism

-**Like these Postimpressionists, the Fauvists also rejected the subdued palette and delicate -**brushwork of Impressionism -**They chose their color and brushwork on the basis on their emotive qualities -**Their subject matter centered on traditional nudes, still life's; bold linear patterning; and a distorted form of perspective -**They saw color as autonomous, a subject in and of itself -**Also inspired by the discovery of ethnographic works of art from Africa, Polynesia, and other ancient cultures

romanticism

-**Peaked in the approximate period from 1800-1850 in Europe -**Reaction to industrial revolution (1760-1830) -**Characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism -**Glorification of all the past and nature

cubism

-**Realized that our visual comprehension of objects consists of many views that we perceive almost at once. They tried to render this visual "information gathering" in their compositions. In their dissection and reconstruction of imagery, they reassessed the notion that painting should reproduce the appearance of reality -**Rejected the 500-year-old idea that a painting was like a window and ruled by perspective -**can trace its heritage to Neoclassicism and the analytical and intellectual work of Cezanne -**It is an offspring of Cezanne's geometrization of nature and his abandonment of scientific perspective, his rendering of multiple views -**was the most important movement of the 20th century and marked the birth of abstract art

constructivism

-**Started in Russia -**Challenged the traditional sculptural techniques of carving and casting that emphasized mass rather than space

museums

-**The British Museum 1753 -The Louvre 1793 -Inside the White Cube (the ideology of the gallery space) by Brian O'Doherty 1986

Early 20th century abstraction in Europe

-**The second decade of the twentieth century 2 school in Europe=Constructivism and DeStiji -**Dedicated pur abstraction, or nonobjective art—does not use nature or visual reality as a point of departure; it has no subject other than that the forms, colors and lines that compose it

realism

-**attempt to represent subject matter truthfully—avoid stylizing -**Avoid artistic conventions, supernatural elements -**reaction to Romanticisim (especially in France) -** "I have never seen angels. Show me an angel and I will paint one."

blue period

-1901-1904 -Blue tonality -Distortion of the human body through elongation reminiscent of El Greco -Melancholy subjects consisting -Poor and downtrodden individuals engaged in menial tasks or isolated in their loneliness

rose period

-1904-1906 -Represents more pleasant themes of clowns, harlequins -Cheerful vivid hues or red, orange -Based largely on intuition rather than direct observation -Marks the beginning of the artist's stylistic experiments with primitivism

Analytic cubism

-1909-1912 -A style of painting Picasso developed with Braque -Uses monochrome brownish and neutral colors -"analyzed" objects in terms of shape

synthetic cubism

-1912-1919 -A further development of the genre of cubism, in which cut paper fragments- often wallpaper or portions of newspaper pages- were pasted into compositions, marking the first use of collage in fine art

Harlem Renaissance

-A cultural movement was taking root in a section of New York City known as Harlem. -A concentration of African American writers, artists, intellectuals, and musicians produced such a conspicuous body of specifically African American work that the movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance.

the New York school

-Abstract Expressionists -Action Painting -Color Field Painting

Georges Pierre Seurat (1859-1891)

-Admired the impact of light and color at the 4th impressionist exhibition in 1879 -Influenced by the romantic painter Eugene Delacroix and Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

· Early 20th century abstraction in USA

-American photographer Alfred Stieglitz propounded and supported the development of abstract art in the United States -Exhibited the modern European works, along with those of American artists who were influenced by the Parisian avant-garde- Picasso, Matisse and others

new objectivity

-As WWI drew to a close and WWII loomed on the horizon, different factions of German Expressionism could be observed -Max Beckmann (1884-1950) and others reacted to the horrors and senselessness of wartime suffering with an art that commented bitterly on the bureaucracy and military with ghastly visions of human torture

its of the 60s and 70s

-Assemblage and color field -Pop art

Fantasy

-Before the twentieth century, only isolated examples of what we call fantastic art could be found -The early 1900s, however, saw many artists exploring fanciful imagery and working in styles as varied as their imaginations -Fantasy is further defined as "unreal, odd, seemingly impossible, and strange in appearance" -At times the images are joyful reminisces, horrific nightmares

The bridge

-Bridging several disparate styles -The aim was to symbolize the artist's desire to connect "all the revolutionary and fermenting elements" that rejected academic and other "fashionable" (socially or culturally acceptable) art forms -Reflects the mayhem of World War I and the years leading up to it -Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938) was one of the founding members of Die Brucke -Kirchner's Street, Dresden features themes of isolation and alienation -Agitated brushwork and unnatural color schemes suggest turbulence and uncertainty -The inhabitants of Kirchner's crowded street do not interact, but rather seem lost in their own thoughts as they rush to and for- together but alone

Georgia O'Keefe

-Captured the essence of her subjects by simplifying their forms -In 1924, the year O'Keefe married Stieglitz, she began to paint enlarged flowers -In these paintings, she magnified and abstracted the details of her botanical subjects, so that often a large canvas was filled with but a fragment of the intersection of petals

Artists Asia

-Chinese Artist: Pan Yuliang -Korean Artist: Lee Jung Seob (1916-1956) -First Female Korean Artist that used Western Style: Na Hye Seok (1896-1948)

post modern art themes

-Generally defined by an attitude of: **Skepticism, **Irony, **Rejection toward meta-narratives, enlightenment, absolutist thoughts

post-impressionism

-Georges Seurat participated in the 8th and last impressionist exhibition in 1886 with Paul Signac and Camille Pissarro -More scientific pursuit of impressionist techniques -Pointillism (with dots instead of painting with a brush)

· 20th Century: the Avant-Garde

-German Expressionism -Primitivism

Art in the 19th century

-Industrialization in France -Life of working class -Realism, impressionism, post-impressionism, and expressionism

what occurred during modern art era

-Innovation and experimentation with form with a tendency to abstraction -An emphasis on materials, techniques and processes, -Driven by various social and political agendas -Associated with ideal visions of human life and society and a belief in progress

The Modern World

-Legacy of: Industrial Revolution (1740s- onward), American Revolution (1776), French Revolution (1789) - Number of "-isms" increased by the year: different viewpoints of what art can be, what subjects it can treat, how it can look -Photography emerged to revolutionize image-making -Industrialized middle-class culture: mass production, advertising, consumption, leisure activities

Bauhaus

-Operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicized and taught. -The German architect Walter Gropius (1883-1969) and his followers brought several principles to modern architecture, amplifying the concepts that "form follows function" and that "less is more." -Later became one of the most influential currents in modern design, Modernist architecture and art, design and architectural education.

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

-Primarily pink in tone -Depict five women from Barcelona's red-light district -They line up for selection by a possible suitor who stands, as it were, in the position of the spectator. The faces of three of the women are primitive masks -The facial features of the other two have been radically simplified by combing frontal and profile -The bodies of the women are fractured into geometric forms and set before a background of similarly splinted drapery -Treating the background and the foreground imagery in the same manner, Picasso collapses the space between the planes and asserts the 2D of the canvas surface in the manner of Cezanne

Examples of Expressionism

-The Outbreak, Kathe Kollwitz -The Scream, Edward Munich

age of enlightenment

-The ideas of the enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries -Started around the time of the French Revolution (1789)

3 different architect directors

-Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928, -Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930 -Kudwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933,

3 German cities the Bauhaus school existed

-Weimar from 1919 to 1925, -Dessau from 1925 to 1932 and -Berlin from 1932 to 1933

Figurative art in USA

-While most of the groundbreaking artists in the United States and Europe were creating abstract art, some artists chose to continue to work with figurative art. -The term figurative does not refer only to human or animal figures, but to any art that contains strong references to people and objects in the real world

pointillism

-how to get the colors you need with visual blending on the retina without mixing paints on a palette or canvas -When viewed from a distance, they appear to be united -Visually green when arranged in small dots of blue and yellow

what was the emphasis for bauhaus

An emphasis on simplicity and on the economical use of space and time, materials, and money

Example of dada

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917

fantasy name

Fantastic=Greek phantastikos, meaning "the ability to represent something to the mind" or "to create a mental image"

example of dada

Francis Picabia, The Child Carburetor, 1919

what did Louis Vauxcelles call the painter fauves

French for "wild beasts"

example of realism

Gustave Courbet, A Burial at Omans, 1849-1850 o/c

example of WWI Surrealism

Meret Oppenheim, Object (Luncheon in Fur), 1936

example of WWI Surrealism

Joan Miro, Carnival of the Harlequin, 1924-25

when was the first Fauvist exhibition

at the Salon d'Automne in 1905

Derain and fauvists

evoked light in their canvases solely with color contrasts. Fauvists tended to negate shadow

fauvism in 1908 in france

had been eclipsed by Cubism as the most powerful influence on avant-garde artists

why was the school closed

it was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the Nazi regime, having been painted as a center of communist intellectualism.