Intro to CJ; Chapters 5-8

Each year, nearly twice as many people are ____ as are ____.

A.) killed in automobile accidents; murdered.

The vast majority of American law enforcement agencies are:

A.) local.

A court of ____ jurisdiction has the authority to hear a case when it is first brought to court.

A.) original.

Which of the following is currently the most complete DNA database?

B.) CODIS.

Where is the current headquarters of the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center located?

B.) Glenn County, Georgia.

When an entire patrol section is instructed to make numerous traffic stops and field interrogations, the practice is referred to as ____ patrol.

B.) aggressive.

Your textbook names six nontrial duties of judges. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of these nontrial duties?

B.) allowing the jury a fair chance to reach a verdict on the evidence presented.

Nationally known "celebrity" criminal lawyers take clients only if their cases meet one of three conditions, which are listed in your text. Which of the following is NOT one of these three conditions?

B.) cases that involve the oppressed or downtrodden.

With community policing:

B.) citizens share responsibility for their community's safety.

Your textbook describes several ways in which cybercriminals can illegally access, manipulate, or steal computer data. Three of these ways are listed below. Which is NOT one of the ways listed in your textbook?

B.) cybercriminals alter DNA records, thus hampering and sometimes destroying criminal investigations.

When defendants plead nolo contendere, they:

B.) do not admit guilt but are willing to accept punishment.

At various times in American history, local police have acted in several different roles. Three of the roles listed in your textbook are below. Which one does NOT belong?

B.) firefighters.

Most people's definitions of brutality include three of the following, according to your textbook. Which of the following is NOT included in your book's definition of brutality?

B.) full enforcement.

Breaking up a fight, holding back a crowd at a sporting event, or intervening in a domestic dispute before it gets violent are examples of which of the following local police duties?

B.) order maintenance or peacekeeping.

For a long time, police looked at domestic violence calls as ____ when, in fact, they should have been treated as ____.

B.) peacekeeping activities; criminal matters.

Your textbook names some of the characteristics of a police chief's job. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT listed in your textbook?

B.) police chiefs must be long-term (preferably lifetime) local residents in order to fully understand the needs of the community.

Racial profiling often occurs during ____, where police justify stopping a car because of minor equipment or moving traffic violations that might otherwise be ignored.

B.) pretext stops.

According to Peel, the main function of the police was to _____ by _____ of the community.

B.) prevent crime; active investigation.

The professional model of policing, which police followed in the decades before community policing, rested on three foundations. They are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of these three foundations?

B.) proactive patrol.

The practice of relying on the judgment of the police leadership and rank-and-file officers to decide which laws to enforce is referred to as:

B.) selective enforcement.

In highly controversial cases, all of the judges in a circuit may sit together and hear a case in what is known as a(n):

C.) en banc hearing.

Which of the following is a measure of coercion beyond what is necessary to control participants in a conflict?

C.) excessive force.

Police officers cannot make an arrest for every violation of law—that is, they cannot provide:

C.) high discretion.

The most widely used crime-mapping application is probably ______.

C.) resource allocation.

The ____ mandate(s) that a prosecutor provide defense counsel with any exculpatory evidence in the prosecutor's possession.

C.) rules of discovery.

Under the tithing system, groups of 10 families (or a tithing) would follow three of the principles below. Which one does NOT belong?

C.) select one man from each parish as chief peacekeeper.

The idea of ____ remains very popular in the South and the West.

C.) self-protection.

With DNA profiling, a unique genetic profile can be derived from ____ found at the scene of a crime or on a victim.

D.) all of the above.

Criminal investigation has been defined as a lawful search of people and things to achieve three of the following goals. Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of criminal investigation?

D.) conduct preventive patrol to ferret out crime.

The role of defense lawyers is to:

D.) provide the best possible legal counsel and advocacy within the legal and ethical limits of the profession.

Failure to fairly represent all genders and races within police departments has led to several negative consequences. Which of the following is NOT one of the negative consequences listed in your textbook?

D.) sensational publicity.

State-level law enforcement officers include three of the following groups. Which one does NOT belong?

D.) sheriffs.

Which of the following is the largest directorate in the Department of Homeland Security?

A.) Border and Transportation Security.

Which of the 50 United States does not have a state policing agency?

A.) Hawaii.

Your textbook names three basic types of plea bargaining, which are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of these basic types of plea bargaining?

A.) a defendant may revoke a confession and refuse to face trial.

Which of the following is NOT true about the War on Drugs, at least according to its critics?

A.) abuse or misuse of illegal drugs has contributed to more deaths annually than either alcohol or tobacco.

Police have responded to domestic violence in three distinct ways, which are listed in your textbook. Which of the following is NOT one of these three ways?

A.) arrest both the perpetrator and the victim.

Which of the following is usually a monetary guarantee deposited with the court that is supposed to ensure that the suspect or defendant will appear at a later stage in the criminal justice process?

A.) bail.

In ____ patrol, officers are given guidance on how to use their patrol time, which is often based on the results of crime analyses that identify problem areas.

A.) directed.

Three emphasis areas of community policing are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

A.) fighting crime.

Public defenders commonly spend ____ with their clients.

A.) five to ten minutes.

Following are the three I's of police selection. Which one of these does NOT belong?

A.) intuition.

Which of the following is a judicial selection process in which the governor appoints judges from a list of qualified lawyers, which is compiled by a nonpartisan nominating commission composed of both lawyers and other citizens?

A.) merit selection.

Which of the following is unquestionably the most time-consuming and resource-intensive task of any police agency?

A.) patrol.

The ____ is a community's chief law enforcement official and is responsible primarily for the protection of society.

A.) prosecutor.

Which of the following is usually NOT a county law enforcement function?

A.) protecting the governor and the capitol grounds and buildings.

One general grouping in your textbook lists four categories of local duties. Three are listed below. Which is NOT one of the duties discussed in your text?

A.) public education.

Your textbook names three of the characteristics of a typical sheriff. They are listed below. Which of the following is NOT listed in your textbook?

A.) sheriffs sometimes have statewide jurisdiction, especially in states with smaller populations.

In the South, the earliest form of policing was the:

A.) slave patrols.

Which of the following drug enforcement strategies accounts for the greatest number of drug arrests and seizures?

A.) street-level enforcement.

Which of the following types of jurisdiction is the court's power to hear a particular type of case?

A.) subject matter.

Your textbook names three reasons why many victims of cybercrime fail to report these crimes to authorities. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons listed in your textbook?

A.) the fear of being implicated in the crime.

Your textbook describes four characteristics that generally define the role of the police. Three are listed below. Which one is NOT described in your textbook?

A.) the police perform ongoing educational roles in the community.

According to your text, three highly important qualities for police are:

A.) the three I's of police selection, common sense, and compassion.

August Vollmer advocated three principles to professionalize American policing. Which of the following does NOT belong?

B.) he believed that citizens needed training in methods of self-policing.

In cases involving lesser felonies, misdemeanors, and petty offenses, police officers are more likely to:

B.) informally handle the crime.

A number of factors have triggered the growth of private security in the United States. Three are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

B.) lowered citizen contact.

A merit system of police employment is established when an independent civil service commission, in cooperation with the city personnel section and the police department, sets standards for three of the following issues. Which of the following is NOT set by a merit system?

B.) recruitment criteria.

Which of the following is simply a release secured by a suspect's written promise to appear in court?

B.) release on own recognizance.

When the Supreme Court hears a case, it decides upon one of four different courses of action. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of the courses of action listed in your textbook?

B.) revert their powers as a court of last resort to the court of original jurisdiction.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three key actors in the court process, according to your textbook?

B.) the defendant.

Prosecutors are supposed to charge an offender with a crime and prosecute the case if, after full investigation, three conditions are met. Which of the following is NOT one of these three conditions?

B.) the defense has provided a confession, even an informal one.

Approximately ____ women are victims of domestic violence each year.

C.) 1 million.

Approximately how many local, state, and federal public law enforcement agencies operate in the United States?

C.) 15,700

Of the crimes that are recorded by the police, only about ____ are "cleared by arrest."

C.) 20 percent.

The movement to limit the discretion of police officers is the result of:

C.) abuses of that discretion.

After suspects officially become defendants, they are brought before a lower-court judge for:

C.) an initial appearance.

Your textbook lists several methods that have been prescribed to stop racial profiling. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of the methods listed in your textbook?

C.) arresting all perpetrators regardless of race.

What is currently the top priority of the FBI?

C.) being an intelligence and counter-terrorism agency.

Earlier in American history, two forms of police protection began to evolve-- the _____ in the villages, towns, and cities; and the _____ in the rural areas, unincorporated areas, and counties.

C.) constable-watch system; sheriff.

The alternative to the grand jury, in states that do not choose to utilize them, is the filing of a(n):

C.) information.

One of the interesting findings of foot patrol research was that foot patrol officers were better able to deal with:

C.) minor annoyances—rowdy youths, panhandlers, and abandoned cars—that irritate citizens.

The ____ the complainant, the more likely a patrol officer is to use formal procedures to report and investigate a crime.

C.) more affluent.

Patrols that are "systematically unsystematic" and observant in an attempt to both deter and ferret out crime on their beats are known as random or ____ patrol.

C.) preventive.

Which of the following is the attempt to "correct" the personality and behavior of convicted offenders through educational, vocational, or therapeutic treatment and to return them to society as law-abiding citizens?

C.) rehabilitation.

There are three major differences between federal law enforcement and local and state police agencies. They are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

C.) significant function performed by a special category of federal law enforcement officers is university or campus policing.

Which of the following is NOT true about terrorism?

C.) the modern era of terrorism began with the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, according to the FBI.

Police detectives seem to have a number of advantages over patrol officers, and seven of these advantages are listed in your textbook. Three are listed below. Which is NOT one of these advantages?

C.) they often move on to patronage jobs.

Three successful police recruiting practices are listed below. Which of the following does NOT belong?

C.) waiting for ideal job applicants to gravitate toward one's department.

In 2010, 59% of the public had "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in the police, however, among blacks, only________ 35% had "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in the police.

D.) 35%.

The Supreme Court has ruled that anyone arrested without a warrant may be held no longer than ____ before a judge decides whether the arrest was justified.

D.) 48 hours.

Researchers discovered that ____ of citizens wait 5-10 minutes to call the police, which prevents police from catching the criminal at the scene.

D.) 90 percent.

The basic concepts of American law enforcement and criminal justice originated in:

D.) England.

By the 1970s, research began to show three of the following findings. Which one does NOT belong?

D.) Neighborhood-based policing projects had high success rates because of low costs, administrative efficiency, and high citizen interest.

Which was the first American city to create a paid and unified municipal police force?

D.) New York.

Your textbook names three successful police recruitment programs, which are listed below. Which of the programs listed below is NOT one of these programs?

D.) Police Athletic Leagues.

Which of the following reasons accounts for the relative ineffectiveness of marijuana eradication strategies?

D.) all of the above are reasons.

In which of the following ways can community policing contribute to drug enforcement?

D.) all of the above are ways.

Police work is intrinsically satisfying because it is:

D.) all of the above.

Taking people to the hospital, escorting funeral processions, delivering mail for city officials, or chasing bats out of a caller's house are examples of which of the following local police duties?

D.) information gathering.

Which of the following is defined as the harmful physical and emotional outcomes that occur when the requirements of a job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the employee?

D.) job stress.

Trial courts of ____ jurisdiction are sometimes referred to generally as "inferior trial courts" or simply as "lower courts."

D.) limited.

For most people, the only personal experience they have with the criminal justice process is contact with a:

D.) local police officer.

When prosecutors elect not to prosecute, they enter a:

D.) notation of nolle prosequi

Holding suspects or defendants in jail without giving them an opportunity to post bail, because of the threat they pose to society, is called:

D.) preventative detention.

Which of the following has/have always made the police the major respondents to domestic violence calls?

D.) the availability of 24-hour service.

Which of the following is NOT true about civil asset forfeiture as a tool in drug enforcement?

D.) the state must only prove by a preponderance of evidence that the property was used in a crime.

After the Civil War, municipal police officers began to take on the characteristics of today's police. Three of these characteristics are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

D.) they began to form posses.

For most violations of the law, a police officer can usually exercise a number of options. Five are listed in your textbook, and three of these are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of the options listed in your textbook?

D.) using lethal force.

The crime triangle is a view of crime and disorder as an interaction among three variables, which are:

D.) victim, offender, and location.