Intro to crim exam #3

4. Social control theory suggests that people can only learn techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers. True/False

False

5. While there is a link between criminal offending and family relations, there is no research which supports family dysfunction leading children to have long-term social problems. True/False

False

Empirical evidence fails to support the view that labeling plays a significant role in persistent offending. True/False

False

What separates social learning theory from social control and social reaction theories is that social learning theory fails to recognize that criminal activity can be reversed and criminals can be turned around by proper socialization and interactions. True/False

False

Agnew suggests that criminality is the direct result of __________—the anger, frustration, and adverse emotions associated with destructive social relationships. a. siege mentality b. negative affective states c. relative deprivationd. focal concerns

negative affective states

Akers added to Sutherland's Differential Association theory by introducing behavioral concepts of ___________________. a. Anomie, social disorganization, bureaucratization b. Unemployment, control, incarceration c. Operant conditioning, punishment, and reinforcement d. None of the above

operant conditioning, punishment and reinforcement

hirschi beliefs about conformity

people have the ability to be delinquent but what prevents us from doing so is our bonds to society. variation of strength is bonds explains why crime occurs

sexonday deviance

person fulfills the acts defined by the public as deviant related and is labeled as deviant therefor stigmatized by normal society

According to Lemert, __________ involves norm violations or crimes that have little influence on the actor and, therefore, can be quickly forgotten. a.primary deviance b. secondary deviance c. all criminal behavior d.moral lapse

primary deviance

According to labeling theory, when a person engages in an act of deviance it is an example of ____________. a. Primary deviance b. Secondary deviance c. Adjudication d. Master status

secondary deviance

A situation in which a label placed on a person becomes and adopts the main thing that people refer to them, or their master status, can be a result of ________________. a. Social exclusion b. Conflict subculture c. Stigmatization

stigmatization

When members of the lower class are unable to achieve symbols of success via conventional means they feel anger, frustration, and resentment. These feelings are collectively referred to as ______. a. focal concerns b. aggression c. siege mentality d. strain

strain

The presence of strain is said to lock people into an independent ___________ with unique values and beliefs. a. subculture b. division c. reality d. schism

subculture

The criminologist who developed differential association theory is: a. Shaw b. Sutherland c. Burgess d. Hirschi

sutherland

5. Labels are bestowed in a biased way, which means the poor and minority groups are more likely than others to receive negative levels. True/False

true

7. Programs based on social reaction theory attempt to shield people from criminal labels by diverting them from the system in order to avoid stigma. true/False

true

8. According to labeling theory, the assignment of a label can have an impact on an individual's future. true/false

true

According to labeling theory, stigma helps lock people into deviant careers. True/False

true

According to research, labeling often comes after, rather than before, chronic offending True/False

true

primary deviance

acts which havent been publically defined as deviant or insignificanly rule breaking so they dont see themselves as deviant

Travis Hirschi states that the social bonds a person maintains with society are divided into four main elements. Which of the following is not one of these elements? a.Attachment b. Commitment c. Affection beliefs d.Involvement

affection beliefs

Social process theories share one basic concept. Which is it? a. All people, regardless of their race, class, or gender, are basically good. b. All people, regardless of their race, class, or gender, have the potential to become delinquents or criminals. c. Criminal behavior is genetic, regardless of race, class, or gender. d. Lower-class people, regardless of race or gender, are more prone to commit crime.

all people regardless of their race, class, or gender, have the potential to become delinquents or criminals

According to institutional anomie theorists, the _________ is both a goal and process to accumulate goods and wealth. a. American Dream b.American Hope c. American Ideal d.American Myth

american dream

hirschi four social bonds

attachment, commitment, involvement, belief

Criminals sometimes neutralize wrong doings by "appealing to higher loyalties." Which of the following would be an example of that technique? a. Vandalizing the home of a disliked neighbor b. Attacking someone who is arguing with a friend c. Stealing from a large department store that "has plenty of money" d. Blaming the police for being unfair

attacking someone who is arguing with a friend

Which of the following is not a proposition of differential association theory? a. Deviance is learned in the same fashion as conforming behavior. b. The major sources of learning are the persons with whom one has frequent contact. c. Blocked opportunities lead to delinquency. d. A critical factor is an excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law

blocked opportunities lead to delinquency

Strain theory holds that crime is a function of ______. a. unequal distribution of wealth b. loss of informal institutions of social control c. conflict between people's goals and means d. available methods of achievement

conflict between peoples goals and means

belief

consists of assent to societys value system and respect of its laws

The concept of a "bond to society" is related to which delinquency theory? a. Differential association b. Subcultural c. Strain d. Control

control

_____________ proposed that human beings are basically anti-social, that delinquency is part of the natural order in society, and individuals are attracted to the idea of norm violation and motivated to deviate. a. Edwin Sutherland b. Control theorists c. Anomie d. Routine activity theories

control theorists

The process of becoming stigmatized by crime labels is interactive. Labeling theorists blame the establishment of criminal careers on ______. a. parents b. crime control agencies(criminal justice system) c. teachers d. the criminals themselves

crime control agencies

. Social control/bond theory suggests that ______. a. crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken b. only males have significant potential to become criminals c. crime is a learned behavior d. people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such

crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken

Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory states that ______. a. criminal behavior is a product of impaired social bonds b. criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior c. criminal behavior is a function of educational inequality within the lower class d. criminal behavior is a function of media exposure

criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior

What two elements of culture interact to produce anomie and/or anomic conditions? a. Informal social control and public social control b. Middle-class measuring rods and educational underachievement c. Culturally defined goals and socially approved means for obtaining them d. Community cohesiveness and collective efficacy

culturally defined goals and socially approved means for obtaining them

Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by maintaining that the crime victim "had it coming." This is an example of which technique of neutralization? a. Denial of injury b.Denial of the victim c. Appeal to higher loyalties d. Denial of responsibility

denial of the victim

Operant conditioning is related to which theory? a. Differential association b. Differential identification c. Differential reinforcement d. None of the above

differential association

Which of the following is not a criticism of differential association theory? a. Differential association theory fails to account for the origin of criminal definitions. b. Differential association theory assumes criminal and delinquent acts to be rational and systematic. c. Differential association theory can account for isolated, psychopathic killing. d. Differential association theory ignores spontaneous acts of violence.

differential association theory can account for isolated psychopathic killing

attachment

emotional closeness to parents, teachers, children where htye dont want to disappoint

Secondary deviance focuses on why a person may engage in an act of deviance in the first place true/false

false

Labeling by juvenile justice or criminal justice officials describes _______________. a. Informal labeling b. Formal labeling c. Stigma d. Self-concept

formal labeling

. __________ reflects the view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and responses to criminality. a. General strain theory b. Relative deprivation theory c. Focal concern theory d. Anomie theory

general strain theory

Which of Merton's social adaptations is most closely associated with criminal behavior? a. Conformity b. Innovation c. Ritualism d. Retreatism

innovation

. The major premise of this theory is that material goods pervade all aspects of American life. a. Institutional anomie theory b. General strain theory c. Relative deprivation theory d. Conflict theory

institutional anomie theory

commitment

involves time energy and effort expended in conventional lines of action such as education and saving money

Which of the following statements does not reflect labeling theory? a. Labeling theory identifies the role played by social agents in crime causation. b. Labeling theory recognizes that criminality is a disease or a pathological behavior. c. Labeling theory distinguishes between criminal acts and criminal careers. d. Labeling theory focuses attention on the social interactions and reactions that shape individuals and their behavior.

labeling theory recognizes that criminality is a disease or a pathological behavior

involvement

less likely to be involved in criminal activity when involved in activities like sports, school, homework

General strain theory is not purely a structural theory because it focuses on how _____ influence behavior. a. biological conditions b. rational choices c. life events d. psychological conditions

life events

Strain is limited in affluent areas because educational and vocational opportunities are available. True/False

True

. Social process criminologists focus on socialization rather than the environment when explaining crime True/False

True

13. Differential association theory holds that people learn criminal attitudes and behavior during their adolescence from close, trusted friends or relatives. True/False

True

14. Sutherland's research on crime led him to dispute the notion that crime was a function of the inherent inadequacy of people in the lower classes. True/False

True

15. According to learning theories, even corporate executives may be exposed to procriminal definitions and learn to neutralize moral constraints. True/False

True

16. The stronger a person's commitment to conventional institutions, individuals, and processes, the less likely they are to commit crime. True/False

True

19. Merton's view of anomie has been one of the most enduring and influential theories of criminality. True/False

True

20. General strain theory is not purely a structural theory because it focuses on how life events influence behavior. True/False

True

21. Agnew's focus on negative affective states offers a more general explanation of criminality among all elements of society rather than being restrictive to lower-class crime. True/False

True

30. Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional anomie theory argues that the goal of success at all costs has invaded every aspect of American life. True/False

True

4. Labels amplify deviant behavior rather than deterring people from future criminality. True/False

True

According to Strain theory, because lower-class people fail to achieve success through conventional means, they often feel the need to find alternative means of achieving their life goals, which may include criminality. True/False

True

Anyone can turn to antisocial behavior if their socialization is damaging and/or destructive and is not solely a lower-class phenomenon. True/False

True