Intro To Crim Exam review

White-collar crimes include such offenses as _________blank. corporate fraud motor vehicle theft street mugging kidnapping

corporate fraud

The idea that we come to define ourselves by the way we perceive others see us is called the opposite view. social-conflict self. self-conscious view. looking-glass self.

looking-glass self.

Justice Sonia Sotomayor was nominated by President Barack Obama. Who was responsible for confirming her nomination? the Senate the House of Representatives the vice president the Supreme Court

the Senate

What is concluded when a defendant is found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI)? They are generally viewed as needing psychiatric treatment. It is assumed that they committed the crime out of necessity. It is assumed that they committed the crime under duress. They are generally viewed as needing home imprisonment.

They are generally viewed as needing psychiatric treatment.

A person accepts society's cultural goals and decides to continue with his current job to achieve the goals. In the context of Merton's strain theory, the person's response to the strain exemplifies an instance of _________blank. ritualism innovation conformity retreatism

conformity

The derivative evidence rule is also known as the _________blank. good faith exception hands-off doctrine attenuation doctrine fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine

fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine

A _________blank is a generally agreed-upon sentence for a defendant based on the crime and prior record. going rate venire recusal subpoena

going rate

The _________blank is applicable when police reasonably believe that the warrant or law authorizing a search or seizure is legitimate, but it later turns out it is not. good faith exception inevitable discovery exception public safety exception independent source exception

good faith exception

Which of the following is defined as a meeting that occurs between attorneys and a judge in the judge's office rather than in the courtroom? in house in chambers attorney-client privilege prosecutorial discretion

in chambers

The _________blank allows evidence to be admissible if its discovery was not related to any improper search or seizure. good faith exception independent source exception public safety exception inevitable discovery exception

independent source exception

Which of the following is a key focus of police work? conducting community outreach programs serving subpoenas performing service activities reducing and responding to crime

reducing and responding to crime

A _________blank in a criminal case is the money or services a defendant must provide as reparations to the victim for the cost and inconvenience suffered. bail reimbursement forfeiture restitution

restitution

Rewards for good behavior and punishments for bad behavior are _________blank. behavioral adjustments sanctions laws abuse of authority

sanctions

Informing suspects of their rights was seen as the only effective way to safeguard their privilege against self-incrimination. police interrogation. liability. search and seizure.

self-incrimination.

Critical theorists attribute criminal activity to the genetic factors that contribute to the personality of every individual and how they react to stressful situations. social and economic gap between Blacks and Latinos who live close together. social and economic institutions that adversely affect the lower socioeconomic classes. mental state of individuals and how they use rationalizations to overcome feelings of responsibility for a crime.

social and economic institutions that adversely affect the lower socioeconomic classes.

In the case of Furman v. Georgia, the U.S. Supreme Court held that states must have a two-stage trial for death penalty cases. the death penalty was unconstitutional. lethal injection was unconstitutional. the execution of juveniles was unconstitutional.

states must have a two-stage trial for death penalty cases.

Sally is a good student and does not get into trouble. After her father gets killed in a car accident, she gets upset and starts exhibiting patterns of violent behavior. Which of the following theories best explains Sally's shift in behavior? moral reasoning theory social conflict theory social learning theory strain theory

strain theory

Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits compelled confessions? the Third Amendment the Fifth Amendment the Fourth Amendment the Sixth Amendment

the Fifth Amendment

Which constitutional amendment prohibits a defendant from being tried twice for the same crime? the Fifth Amendment the Eighth Amendment the Fourteenth Amendment the Fourth Amendment

the Fifth Amendment

While interrogating a suspect for murder, the police beat and whipped the suspect in the interview room. This is a violation of the Third Amendment. the Sixth Amendment. the Fourth Amendment. the Fifth Amendment.

the Fifth Amendment.

A national survey of American women revealed that 1 in 5 survey participants had been stalked. 1 in 12 survey participants had been stalked. 1 in 100 survey participants had been stalked. 1 in 1,000 survey participants had been stalked.

1 in 12 survey participants had been stalked.

Almost half of all policing agencies in the United States have fewer than _________blank sworn officers. 10 10,000 100 1,000

10

According to a 2021 Gallup poll, what percentage of Americans supported the legalization of marijuana? 23 percent 66 percent 68 percent 92 percent

68 percent

While walking down the street, John is robbed and beaten. He is traumatized by the incident and with the court proceedings that follow. Whom would you recommend as the best and most qualified person for John to speak with about his trauma? a victim advocate a witness counselor a prosecutor a judge

A victim advocate

Which of the following states banned plea bargaining in 1975? Georgia Montana Alaska Texas

Alaska

What affects the solvability of a crime? All of the answers are correct. the availability of witnesses the presence of physical evidence the quality of the preliminary investigation

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements is true of the history of lawmaking? Early societies relied on written social norms. The American judicial system did not adopt the system of common law. American colonists borrowed their laws from the English system. England created common law based on the U.S. Constitution.

American colonists borrowed their laws from the English system.

How does the public's view of racial profiling affect their opinion of the police? Among both Latinos and Blacks, women are more likely than men to believe that racial profiling by police officers is widespread. Arab Americans fear the police because of what they view as increased surveillance and racial profiling of Arab Americans. Blacks' opinions of the police and views on racial profiling are unrelated to their locality and their level of education. Whites' opinions of the police and views on racial profiling vary by class.

Arab Americans fear the police because of what they view as increased surveillance and racial profiling of Arab Americans.

What is true of property crime rates in the United States? Difficult economic times result in lower than normal rates of property crimes. Beginning in the mid-1990s, all categories of property crimes have decreased steadily. About half of all crimes committed in the United States in any given year are property crimes. Property crime rates continued to rise from 2008 through 2020.

Beginning in the mid-1990s, all categories of property crimes have decreased steadily.

_________blank is a component of community policing that increases the number of community residents active in policing by assigning civilians to tasks previously performed by sworn officers. Crime mapping Reactive civil patrol Maximum civil tolerance Civilianization

Civilianization

Which of the following is true of criminals and their victims? Criminals occupy a different social space compared to the victims. Criminals and victims are of the same age range. Criminals and their victims are of different races. Criminals and their victims are of the same sex in sexual assaults.

Criminals and victims are of the same age range.

Which of the following statements is false about the process of preparing for a criminal case? Both sides investigate and work to uncover evidence to support their cases. The prosecutor is forbidden from intentionally hiding or destroying evidence that might clear the defendant of blame. Each attorney may request that opposing counsel provide certain evidence. Defense attorneys usually have the advantage because they have a bigger budget than prosecutors.

Defense attorneys usually have the advantage because they have a bigger budget than prosecutors.

_________blank means there is a lack of coordination among law enforcement agencies in the same geographic region due to the existence of many small departments. Corruption Privatization Discretion Fragmentation

Fragmentation

In which of the following cases did the U.S. Supreme Court hold that the specific laws determining how the death penalty would be administered were unconstitutional? Coker v. Georgia Furman v. Georgia Baze v. Rees​Incorrect Gregg v. Georgia

Furman v. Georgia

Aslan, Kimi, and Giva are writers and are members of the same Writers Guild. Recently, Aslan published a book. Giva claims that the story of Aslan's new book is quite similar to a book they had published earlier and decides to sue Aslan. Kimi agrees with Giva and offers to testify at court. Giva hires Hazel as their lawyer. In this scenario, who is the plaintiff? Giva Hazel Aslan Kimi

Giva

Which of the following is true of grand jury hearings? Defendants and witnesses are prohibited from invoking their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. The prosecutor is not involved in a grand jury hearing. Grand juries determine whether the suspect is guilty. Grand jury hearings are closed to the press.

Grand jury hearings are closed to the press.

Deena, a professor, sees Sam selling drugs to students at the college campus. Deena calls the police and a case is registered against Sam. According to criminal law, what standard of proof is needed to convict Sam of drug peddling? Guilt must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence. Proof of probable cause for committing the crime should be produced. Guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. There must be reasonable suspicion that the defendant was at fault.

Guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.

Which of the following exemplifies an instance of how unobtrusive vulnerabilities increase the likelihood of being victimized? Flora, a cashier at a shop, often comes to work drunk and was one day robbed. Hamid is robbed on the street and they do not try to stop the robber as they were affected by the trauma of being a victim of bullying as a child. Sainel is mugged twice on the streets as they cannot see after losing 90 percent of their eyesight as a child. Kiro, an 80-year-old, becomes the victim of robbery as they lacked the mental awareness to think clearly to avoid a criminal attack.

Hamid is robbed on the street and they do not try to stop the robber as they were affected by the trauma of being a victim of bullying as a child.

Steven Smith, an African American, was convicted of murdering a victim who was a white. Steven received a death sentence and was awaiting his execution in Texas. As a last resort, Steven argued in court that he was being detained illegally and requested the court to either release him or review his case to determine the legality of his confinement. This appeal was successful. As a result of his successful appeal challenging the legality of his confinement, what likely happened to Steven? He received a new trial. He was released from prison. His sentence was converted to life in prison. He was executed.

He received a new trial.

Identify a true statement about the factors that influence criminal justice. Media houses are prohibited from broadcasting shows that cause moral panic in people. In general, U.S. residents believe there is much more crime than there actually is. Most criminal behaviors are crimes against persons and are confrontational. Individuals are less likely to be victimized by someone they know.

In general, U.S. residents believe there is much more crime than there actually is.

Which of the following statements is true about the influences on criminal justice? In general, American residents believe there is less crime than there actually is. Moral panic in the United States is an objective, rational reaction exhibited by individuals when they are subjected to the due process model of crime prevention. In the United States, legislators can decide how much money the country will spend on prisons, policing, the court system, and victim services. Lawmakers in the United States are prohibited from giving states access to federal funds.

In the United States, legislators can decide how much money the country will spend on prisons, policing, the court system, and victim services.

What is police organizational subculture? It is the ability of a police department to control the crime in a neighborhood. It is a set of norms and beliefs embraced by most officers in a given country.Incorrect It is the number of police departments that report to a sheriff's office. It is the norms and beliefs particular to an individual police department.

It is the norms and beliefs particular to an individual police department.

Which of the following is a true statement about juries? Juries were first used after the British colonization of North America. All countries with civil law systems use juries today. Juries have been used for thousands of years in some form. Juries decide matters of law.

Juries have been used for thousands of years in some form.

_________blank is an officers' maintenance of a visible presence in communities to serve as a deterrent to a variety of street-level crimes. Fragmentation Preventive patrol The blue code of silence The dark figure of crime

Preventive patrol

In the context of the use of discretion by police officers, which of the following statements is not accurate about the arrest of suspects? Black suspects are more likely to be arrested than are white suspects. Juvenile suspects are more likely to be arrested than are adults. Sober suspects are more likely to be arrested than are intoxicated suspects. Male suspects are more likely to be arrested than are females.

Sober suspects are more likely to be arrested than are intoxicated suspects.

_________blank emerged in the United States following the turbulent 1960s, a period characterized by a range of social movements that sought to improve the civil rights of various subgroups in American society. Life course theory Social learning theory Differential association theory Social conflict theory

Social conflict theory

_________blank are police department employees entrusted with arrest powers. Vigilantes Civilians Sworn personnel Support personnel

Sworn personnel

In _________blank, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the use of deadly force was not reasonable unless the suspect committed a crime that inflicted serious harm and the suspect's escape posed a significant risk of further serious harm to persons at large. Graham v. Connor Tennessee v. Garner Saucier v. Katz Mapp v. Ohio

Tennessee v. Garner

Which of the following is a difference between the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)? The NCVS includes both reported and nonreported crimes and counts each crime separately, whereas the UCR counts only the most serious crime in an incident. The NCVS is primarily oriented toward criminals and their crimes, whereas the UCR focuses mainly on victims and their victimizations. The NCVS does not include data on secondary victimizations, whereas the UCR includes a deep study of the suffering of crime victims caused by their subsequent treatment by the police, the courts, or personal acquaintances. The NCVS includes data on homicide, kidnapping, and so-called victimless crimes, whereas the UCR does not include these crimes.

The NCVS includes both reported and nonreported crimes and counts each crime separately, whereas the UCR counts only the most serious crime in an incident.

Which of the following is not part of a grand jury hearing? The prosecutor presents evidence against the defendant. The defendant can call his or her own witnesses to contest the evidence of the prosecution. The jury decides if there is sufficient evidence to proceed with prosecution. The defendant may invoke his or her right against self-incrimination.

The defendant can call his or her own witnesses to contest the evidence of the prosecution.

Which of the following statements is true about a defendant waiving his or her right to a jury trial? In federal cases, it is up to the defendant solely to waive his or her right to a jury trial and receive a bench trial. State defendants can waive their right to a jury trial but federal defendants cannot. The defendant must be able to explain that he or she understands what it means to waive the right to a jury trial. The right to a jury trial is fully waivable.

The defendant must be able to explain that he or she understands what it means to waive the right to a jury trial.

Which of the following statements is true about the death penalty for juveniles and individuals with an intellectual disability? The execution of both such juveniles and individuals is constitutional. The execution of such juveniles and individuals is unconstitutional. The execution of such juveniles is constitutional, but the execution of such individuals is unconstitutional. The execution of such juveniles is unconstitutional, but the execution of such individuals is constitutional.

The execution of such juveniles and individuals is unconstitutional.

According to research on elder abuse, which of the following is a false statement? The majority of the victims of elder abuse were males. "Self-neglect" made up approximately one-third of substantiated reports of abuse. The largest category of perpetrators was between 30 and 50 years of age. Most alleged perpetrators were adult children of the victim or other family members.

The majority of the victims of elder abuse were males.

The police are looking for Trevor Brown, a suspect in a murder. Detective Lewis obtains Trevor's cell phone number from an informant and calls him. When Trevor receives the call, the detective immediately begins asking questions about the evening of the murder. Detective Lewis does not have to read Trevor his Miranda rights because Trevor Brown is not in Detective Lewis's custody. detective Lewis was not asking about the murder, just about the evening of the murder. Trevor is wealthy and does not need an attorney provided to him by the state. reading Miranda rights is not required in murder cases.

Trevor Brown is not in Detective Lewis's custody.

_________blank is the requirement that each individual within an organization reports directly to a single individual higher in the chain of command. Unity of command Span of control Spiral command Line activity

Unity of command

A person breaks into an empty house, steals a few household items, and sneaks out of a window undetected. Which of the following did the person commit? arson a burglary a robbery battery

a burglary

Some thieves break into an empty house with an intention to steal a TV. On entering the house, they realize that there is no TV in the house. So, they take the AC instead. Which of the following crimes did the thieves commit? a public order crime a personal crime a property crime a political crime

a property crime

Steven Smith, an African American, was convicted of murdering a victim who was a white. Steven received a death sentence and is awaiting his execution in Texas. In his first appeal, Steven argues that he is being detained illegally and requests the court to either release him or review his case to determine the legality of his confinement. He feels that he has been convicted and sentenced to death unfairly because he had inadequate legal counsel. This appeal is subsequently denied, and he begins work on a second appeal. His second appeal is based on the U.S. Supreme Court decision in McCleskey v. Kemp but ... an amicus curiae brief a writ of certiorari a presentence investigation report a writ of habeas corpus

a writ of habeas corpus

Johnny Smith shot his wife at a theater. Johnny's act is an example of _________blank. double jeopardy mens rea actus reus stare decisis

actus reus

An especially heinous murder would be an example of a(n) extralegal factor. aggravating factor. mitigating factor. sentencing guideline.

aggravating factor.

Marcie works for a private law firm but takes indigent clients on a case-by-case basis and is paid a set fee for representing those clients. Marcie is an assigned counsel. a contracted attorney. a merit appointment attorney. a public defender.

an assigned counsel.

Direct oversight of trial judges is provided by appellate courts. reentry courts. district courts. supreme courts.

appellate courts.

According to Travis Hirschi's social bond theory, _________blank is the development of an emotional connection with and affection for people and institutions that make up society. belief attachment involvement commitment

attachment

According to Travis Hirschi's social bond theory, _________blank is holding society's values and opinions as true for oneself. belief attachment involvement commitment

belief

Which of the following terms is defined as a trial in which guilt is determined by a judge rather than by a jury? summary trial bifurcated trial bench trial panel trial

bench trial

The standard of proof in a criminal case is _________blank. probable cause beyond a reasonable doubt preponderance of the evidence reasonable suspicion

beyond a reasonable doubt

After the Supreme Court ruled in the 1970s that the death penalty was unconstitutional based on the way that most state statutes were written, most states rewrote their death penalty statutes to include a method, where there was one phase of a trial to decide guilt or innocence and one phase of a trial to decide the punishment. Identify this method. incapacitation clause due process clause three-phase trial bifurcated proceeding

bifurcated proceeding

In the language of policing, nonsworn personnel are _________blank. sheriffs peace officers discretionary officers civilians

civilians

Evidence that might exculpate the defendant is evidence that could clear the defendant of blame. invalidate the trial. aid the prosecution. prove the defendant's guilt.

clear the defendant of blame.

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) does not collect information about adult victims. unreported crimes. commercial crimes. secondary victimization.

commercial crimes.

According to Travis Hirschi's social bond theory, _________blank is the act of pledging and promising to people and institutions. commitment attachment belief involvement

commitment

The _________blank of a crime literally means "the body of the offense." actus reus corpus delicti stare decisis mens rea

corpus delicti

Support activities of police include all of the following except follow-up investigations. forensics. communications. providing custody.

follow-up investigations.

Dr. Jones works in the county medical examiner's office. At her workplace, she determines the cause and time of death of murder victims by conducting autopsies. Dr. Jones is a forensic pathologist. forensic psychologist. forensic accountant. forensic entomologist.

forensic pathologist.

Michelle Jones, a suspect in a murder case, hires an attorney and turns herself over to the police, who formally arrest her. While waiting for her attorney at the police station, the detectives handling the case try to talk to Michelle about the murder and she confesses the location of the victim's dead body. At the same time that this conversation is taking place, other officers are digging in an open field in search of the victim's body. If the body is found, it will be allowed as evidence in this case because of the _________blank exception. attenuation inevitable discovery fruit of the poisonous tree good faith

inevitable discovery

A person accepts society's cultural goals but lacks the institutional means to achieve them. Hence, he devises a new way to achieve the goals. In the context of Merton's strain theory, the person's response to the strain exemplifies an instance of _________blank. innovation ritualism conformity retreatism

innovation

The criminal justice process is long and complicated. usually runs for a single day. is swift, severe, and certain. has four subcomponents.

is long and complicated.

Which of the following members of the legal system set precedent for common law? defendants police officers judges senators

judges

Which of the following terms refers to a situation in which judges use the courts to further their own personal or social agendas? judicial review judicial activism judicial nomination judicial retention

judicial activism

In the _________blank, local government leaders selected members of their party to be police officers as a reward for party loyalty. In this patronage system, it was whom the police knew, rather than what they knew, that was important. era of community policing political era of policing professional era of policing English model of policing

political era of policing

The police catch and put Tom in jail under suspicion after he robs a house. When taken to the court for arraignment the next day, they brief Tom about the charges filed against him. After this, Tom's attorney asks the court for bail. Because Tom has a prior criminal record, no job, and no family living in the area, the judge denies bail and rules that Tom must be in jail until sentencing. Before the case goes to trial, Tom is offered a plea bargain by the district attorney assigned to the case. Complying with the terms of the plea bargain, Tom pleads guilty and is sentenced to nine months in jail followed by a twelve-month probation period. According to the wedding cake model, Tom's crime can best be classified under layer 1. layer 2. layer 4. layer 3.

layer 2.

A first-time offender steals a car. According to the wedding cake model, this offense can best be classified under layer 4. layer 1.term-4 layer 3. layer 2.

layer 3

Crimes against morality most likely include offenses related to negligence. victimless crimes. involuntary manslaughter. offenses related to prostitution.

offenses related to prostitution.

Officer Lewis and Officer Thomas both received very little training when they were hired as police officers. Also, they noticed that their colleagues used force excessively and their department practiced "street justice" and physically punished suspects on the spot. Officer Lewis and Officer Thomas were hired during the _________blank. vigilantism era professional policing era community policing era political policing era

political policing era

Frank Smith has been incarcerated in a federal prison for possession of a large amount of cocaine and methamphetamine. He refused a plea bargain and insisted that the case go to trial, where he was convicted by the jury. Prior to sentencing, the judge on his case received relevant information about Frank (such as his employment status, mental health status, substance abuse history, and prior criminal record) from a document filed by a probation officer. This document also included a recommendation of the type and length of sentence that the probation officer thought would be the most appropriate for Frank. Ultimately,... conviction report sentencing document offender investigation report presentence investigation report

presentence investigation report

Federal prosecutors are appointed by the Congress. president. Supreme Court. senate.

president.

Most federal judges in the United States are nominated by the Congress. Supreme Court. president. senate.

president.

The practice of holding a suspect without bail because he or she is believed to pose a potential danger to the community or to be at risk of fleeing the jurisdiction is called _________blank. preventive detention booking arraignment plea bargain

preventive detention

Which of the following is a policing strategy based on conducting specific and detailed research on a community's challenges to discover the underlying dynamics of crime? preventive patrol policing slave patrol policing community-oriented policing problem-oriented policing

problem-oriented policing

The U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) are responsible for all of the following except combating human smuggling. combating importation of agricultural pests. protecting the nation's borders from terrorism. providing security for federal judges.

providing security for federal judges.

In the 1980s, politicians pushed for the criminal justice system to become more focused on drug treatment. therapy. rehabilitation. punitive punishment.

punitive punishment.

Research shows that habitual offender laws are more often applied to violent offenders. racial and ethnic minorities. drug offenders. white males.

racial and ethnic minorities.

Identify the list that follows the chronological order of the development of law from the oldest to the most recent. the development of Hammurabi's Code, the development of Code of King Ur-Nammu, the development of common law, the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and the development of the Mosaic Law the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, the development of common law, the development of Hammurabi's Code, the development of the Code of King Ur-Nammu, and the development of the Mosaic Law the development of common law, the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, the development of the Mosaic Law, the development of Hammurabi's Code, and the development of the Code of King Ur-Nammu the development of the Code of King Ur-Nammu, the development of Hammurabi's Code, the development of the Mosaic Law, the development of common law, and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution

the development of the Code of King Ur-Nammu, the development of Hammurabi's Code, the development of the Mosaic Law, the development of common law, and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution

Which defense is also known as the "lesser of two evils" defense? the intoxication defense the necessity defense the mistake of fact defense the duress defense

the necessity defense

Which of the following is not a phase of rape trauma syndrome? the revenge phase the resolution phase the outward adjustment phase the acute phase

the revenge phase

The due process model is mainly focused on the threat to the procedural rights of offenders. efficient arrest and processing of alleged criminal offenders. general public's right to be free of crime. processes that focus on quick conviction and sentencing.

threat to the procedural rights of offenders.

The greatest influence on the decision to arrest is the readiness of the prosecutor to prosecute. workload of the police department. victim's preference for arrest. severity of the crime.

victim's preference for arrest.

Crimes against public order often are called _________blank. survey victims victimless crimes secondary victimizations property crimes

victimless crimes

A _________blank is a legal document permitting police to conduct a search or seizure or to arrest someone.m warrant writ subpoena doctrine

warrant

If you were sentenced to death and you wished to appeal your situation based on the holding in McCleskey v. Kemp, you would have to show that you were discriminated against because of your race. your opposition is legally strong. your attorney was ineffective. there are racial disparities in the criminal justice system.

you were discriminated against because of your race.