Intro to Criminal Justice 1-3

Which of the following did sociologist Ruth D. Peterson's research project reveal about violent crime rates in the neighborhoods of Columbus, Ohio?

Higher levels of disadvantage within neighborhoods were linked to higher violent crime rates, but the ethnic or racial makeup of neighborhoods were not.

Which of the following is not one of the three measurements on which the FBI and local law enforcement agencies base their information in compiling the Uniform Crime Report?

Historical statistical crime data

which of the following is true of victims' rights in the United States?

In 2013, several members of Congress introduced a Victims' Rights Amendment

Why does the informal criminal justice system not always benefit from measured, rational decision making?

Individual judgment can be tainted by personal bias or erroneous or irrational thinking

Which of the following is an example of the "social" function of the law?

. laws against prostitution

Why is it almost always easier to win monetary damages in a civil trial than it is to win a conviction in a criminal trial?

. the burden of proof is much greater in criminal trials

Why is the U.S. Constitution thought of as the supreme law of the land?

it is the basis of all laws in the United States

In general, someone who has low self-control is all but which of the following?

unintelligent

The NCVS is considered a _______ survey, while those surveys taken inside of prisons with prisoners as the participants are considered _______ surveys.

victim; self-reported

Why are court reversals of wrongful convictions becoming more commonplace?

There have been technological advances in DNA testing.

In the process of the scientific method, which of the following is true of theories and hypotheses

There must be a hypothesis before there can be an accepted theory.

According to the social disorganization theory, why do people who experience rapid social change ultimately turn to drug use and abuse?

They become disaffiliated from mainstream society.

Why are public order crimes sometimes referred to as victimless crimes?

They often harm only the offender.

What is the main complaint of victims' right advocates?

Victims should not be so powerless in the judicial process against their assailant

What is the main difference between white-collar crime and organized crime?

While both white-collar crime and organized crime involve illegal activity to obtain a business advantage, only in organized crime are those illegal acts also committed by illegal organizations.

What is the main difference between case law and statutory law?

While case law is judge-made law, statutory law is created by legislatures.

According to the routine activities theory, most criminal acts require all of the following except:

a sensible motive

How does duress cause a person to perform an unlawful act that he or she would otherwise not perform?

by the wrongful threat of another person

The primary legal function of the law is to maintain social order by protecting citizens from criminal harm. Which of the following is not one the generalized harms included in this?

harms to the constitution's provisions

Which of the following is not one of the four contributing factors that James Alan Fox uses to explain the recent trend toward declining violent crime rates?

healthier economy, especially within inner cities

Why is statutory rape a crime even when the underage person is consenting?

in the eyes of the law the underage person is considered incapable of making a rational decision on the matter

Ethics in criminal justice is most closely related to which of the following concepts

justice

Which of the following is not one of the elements essential of any crime

motive

According to the M'Naghten rule, a person is legally insane and therefore not criminally responsible if, at the time of the offense, he or she was _______.

not able to distinguish between right and wrong

Sometimes, local values and federal law will conflict with one another. When this happens, states or localities can and have passed which of the following types of laws that seek to void federal legislation within their borders?

nullification laws

The Uniform Crime Report attempts to measure the overall rate of crime in the United States by organizing ________.

offenses known to law enforcement

Because, as a result of a mental disease or defect, Joanna did not perceive the physical nature or consequences of her conduct, she was able to do which of the following?

plead insanity

According to Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi, what can "low self-control" (a personality trait formed in childhood) usually be attributed to?

poor-parenting

The most commonly used correctional treatment is

probation

A crime is a wrong against society that is

proclaimed by law

What is the "dark figure of crime"?

the amount of crime that goes unreported

The interlocking network of law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections institutions designed to enforce criminal laws and protect society from criminal behavior is

the criminal justice system

Why are self-reported surveys most useful in juvenile facilities or a prison?

the group to be studied is already gathered in an institutional setting

According to the rational choice theory, when is a person likely to commit a crime?

the perceived benefits are greater than the potential costs

Which of the following is not one of the three rights afforded to victims under the Crime Victims' Rights Act of 2004?

the right to be vindicated

Which of the following can best be defined as an explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning?

theory

Which of the following is not one of Megan Kurlychek's four specific goals of our criminal justice system?

to outline which values within society should not be upheld by the system

A victim is

any person against whom a crime has been committed

Which of the following is true regarding the recognition of crime victims' rights?

It is a relatively new phenomenon

Which of the following is not true of justice?

It is not linked to the idea of fairness

Which of the following is not true of the Bill of Rights?

It only offers citizens protection against the federal government and its laws.

Which of the following is true of the crime control model?

It places primary emphasis on the right of society to be protected from crime and violence.

Which of the following is true of the due process model?

It places primary emphasis on the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government.

Why might an aging population be a contributing factor to a declining violent crime rate?

Older Americans are less likely to be violent criminals.

Which of the following best describes one's "duty to retreat"?

One must, given the opportunity, run away to avoid conflict or assault.

Which of the following is a key difference between voluntary and involuntary intoxication as a criminal defense?

Only with involuntary intoxication is a person physically forced or deceived to ingest an intoxicating substance.

Which of the following is not true of the repeat victimization theory?

Past victimization is not a strong predictor of future victimization

The criminal justice system relies on discretion to alleviate the many pressures it faces. What is meant by discretion in this context?

. the authority to choose between and among alternative courses of action, based on individual judgment and conscience

What is the difference between crime and deviance

Deviant acts are not necessarily crimes.

Which two amendments to the U.S. Constitution provide that no person should be deprived of "life, liberty, or property without due process of law"?

Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments

Which of the following is not true of the consensus model?

It holds that criminal law should be determined by those with influence in the community.

Which of the following is true of the conflict model?

It holds that criminal law should be determined by those with influence in the community.

Which of the following is true of critical thinking?

It involves developing analytical skills and reasoning.

Which of the following is not true of drug abuse?

It involves only illicit drugs.

When a suspect has evidence that he or she was elsewhere at the time of a crime, that suspect has which of the following?

an alibi

Along the criminal justice process continuum, which of the following steps comes between "prosecution and pretrial services" and "sentencing and sanctions"?

adjudication

The Uniform Crime Report divides the criminal offenses it measures into two major categories. Part I offenses are those crimes that, due to their seriousness and frequency, are recorded by the FBI to give a general idea of the "crime picture" in the United States. What are Part II offenses

all crimes recorded by the FBI that do not fall into the category of Part I offenses

_______ occurs when one person physically attacks another. A(n) _______ is when someone merely leads another to believe that he or she will be physically harmed.

battery; assualt

Why have community-based corrections increased in popularity?

because jails and prisons have been plagued with problems of funding and overcrowding

Which of the following is true of the insanity plea?

c. States across the country apply different tests to determine insanity

Which of the following is not an example of a strict liability law

child endangerment law

All law can be divided into two categories:

civil law and criminal law

When two variables tend to vary together, there is said to be _______ between them.

correlation

The chief law enforcement officer of most counties is the

county sheriff

Drugs and crime are related in three general ways. Which of the following is not one of the ways drugs and crime are related?

drug-induced victimization

The moral principles that govern a person's perception of right and wrong make up that person's

ethics

Approaches or strategies that have been extensively researched and shown consistently to produce the desired outcomes are known as _

evidence-based practices

According to procedural due process, the law must be carried out by a method that is

fair and orderly

Which of the following concepts means that government powers are shared by the national government and the states?

federalism

When scientists study ancestral or evolutionary developments, they are engaging in a branch of biology that deals with traits that are passed from one generation to another through genes. This is the study of ________.

genetics

Which of the following is not one of the three levels of law enforcement?

regional

Where criminal law is concerned with guilt, civil law is concerned with _______.

responsibility

Which of the following is the principle that the rules of a legal system apply equally to all persons, institutions, and entities—public or private—that make up a society?

rule of law