intro to ethics final exam 4

Hume believes that reason can oppose passion

false

Mill thought we could divide pleasure based on the qualities of "higher" and "lower" pleasures based on whatever method we please.

false

"Reason is the slave of the passions" means:

. We act because of feelings, not reasons

According to Nietzsche, noble virtues

Are embodied and exemplified by the ubermensch Show honor and glory

Prescriptive statements, also known as normative statements, are meant to express truth claims about the way things are.

false

Some statements are neither true nor false.

false

The Sophists, as represented by Glaucon, thought that people are 'conventionally just' by nature.

false

Your friend claims that there is only one, absolute, moral rule: seek power at all costs. Who would agree without qualification? (There is only one option):

Thrasymachus

The Euthyphro Dilemma:

B. Implies that if we think the moral law is good (simply) because God wills it, then we have no reason to think the moral law is good in itself - it gains its goodness because God wills it. C. Implies that if we think God gives us a moral law because it is good, then (presumably) we should be able to figure it out without reference to God by figuring out what is good for us.

For Plato:

Virtue is an excellence of function

Moore thinks the task of Ethicists to:

analyze and distinguish moral concepts so that we're clear what we're talking about

According to Ross, we determine our actual duty:

By weighing our prima facie duties against one another through 'considered reflection'

Aristotle says you need a little luck to be happy.

true

Aristotle thinks our best bet for happiness is to cultivate virtue.

true

G. E. Moore thinks "the good" is definable.

true

According to Kant, his ethical theory is a direct response to Mill.

false

Aristippus proposed a method for distinguishing between higher and lower pleasures.

false

Aristotle thinks happiness is a state of being.

false

Aristotle thinks you cannot be happy without being virtuous in your character.

false

Eudaimonia is best translated as "bad demon."

false

Foot disagrees with the idea that motivating reasons can be based on knowledge of what makes for a good human being, not just on desires.

false

Harman thinks people tend to be absolutists because they think Ethics is autonomous.

true

What's the problem with Rule-Consequentialism?

C. If we are trying to maximize the total intrinsic value, it actually collapses into Act-Consequentialism

Which of the following is not one of the parts of the soul described by Plato?

will

Subjectivism

Claims moral judgments are expressions of feelings

According to Foot, non-cognitivism:

Claims subjectivism is true and moral judgments are not true or false

What does Aristotle think eudaimonia is?

Happiness An activity that accords with virtue

A. J. Ayer and G. E. Moore both agree:

If radical subjectivism is true, then there are no moral disagreements

For A.J. Ayer, the sentence: "Stealing is wrong!" expresses a verifiable fact.

false

With which statement would Plato NOT agree?

"The Good" varies according to our individual desires

G. E. Moore thinks 'good' is definable.

false

Instrumental Good

A thing is only good as a means to some other good end

Virtue theories:

A. Claim that morality is primarily about becoming a certain type of person. B. Claim that an action is right if and only if (and because) it is what a virtuous agent (acting in character) would not avoid doing in the circumstances under consideration C. Have the problem of explaining how we know who the virtuous agent is

Deontological moral theories:

A. Claim that morality is primarily about intentionally doing one's duty according to some rational criterion B. Are about intentions, not consequences C. Seem to have problems when one's duty conflicts with the choice that would seem to maximize intrinsic value (as in the case of the crazed axe-murderer)

According to G. E. Moore, what is the 'naturalistic fallacy'?

A. Defining good by "naming those other properties" "belonging to all things which are good" (i.e. defining good as pleasure, or satisfied desire, etc.). B. A fallacy G. E. Moore thinks other philosophers have committed in trying to define 'good'

The Stoic dichotomy of control:

A. Divides the world into things you can and cannot control B. At bottom, says the only thing you can control is your will C. Is meant to be a practical way to get you to do your duty

From Foot: "[T]he grounds of a moral judgment do not reach all the way to it":

A. If it were true, noncognitivism is correct. B. It means that moral judgments have a factual component that is capable of being true/false, and an irrational component that ultimately makes them neither true nor false.

According to Kant, a good will:

A. Is the only thing that can be called 'good' without qualification B. Chooses an action from a sense of duty C. Determines its duty according to reason, i.e. the categorical imperative

Metaethics:

A. Is the study of the nature of morality and its origins B. Has two major groups: those who believe in moral facts (realists), and those who don't (antirealists)

According to Kant, morality:

A. Is universal and necessary B. Is the relation of every action to that legislation through which alone a realm of ends is possible C. Is about duty

In his argument for relativism, Harman claims:

A. Some people who act immorally after proper reflection must not have a sufficient reason to act morally. B. Some people act immorally after proper reflection. C. There are at least some people who have no sufficient reason to follow alleged moral absolutes.

Aristotle thinks the following about moral virtue:

A. Virtue is a mean between two behavioral extremes B. Virtue accords with a rational principle and also has an affective dimension C. Virtue is a state, not an action

Epicurus:

A. Was radically egalitarian B. Believed that although people have lots of different desires, not all things are desirable C. Differentiated between pleasures, thinking that the best pleasure is tranquility

Aristippus:

A. Was the founder of Cyrenaic Hedonism (dude was from Cyrene, after all...) C. Thought pleasure ought to be pursued ("let's get high!")

"Reason is the slave of the passions" means:

A. We act because of feelings, not reasons B. Morality is based on sentiment

According to Kant, the categorical imperative implies:

A. You have a duty to keep your promises C. You have a duty not to commit suicide

G. E. Moore thinks the task of Ethicists to:

A. analyze and distinguish moral concepts so that we're clear what we're talking about B. enquire into what is good C. To define 'the good'

Foot thinks:

Acting morally is always in our interest

Why does Moore think the naturalistic fallacy is a mistake?

All of the above

Relativism

Denies that there are basic universal moral demands that apply to everyone

Which of the following is not a way that the Stoics used to determine their duties:

Do what the categorical imperative says

Autonomous Ethics

Does not take the main question of ethics to be the naturalistic status of values and obligations. Thinks ethics can be analyzed independently of scientific inquiry.

What is Aristotle's reason for thinking the way he does about the 'good' of humankind?

It's what common sense says

According to Baier:

Men typically care about justice, women typically care about the caring relation

Hume thinks we esteem:

Natural moral virtue because of sympathy.

Which of the following is not one of the classes in Plato's state?

Proletariat

The idea that all people seek pleasure in all they do is the doctrine of:

Psychological hedonism

Reductivism

Says that moral claims are supposed to track the reactions of a hypothetical impartial observer

The Greatest Happiness Principle:

Says we ought to act always to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number

Glaucon is a moral antirealist, since he denies we should follow conventional morality.

false

Final good

a thing is only good for its own sake

Psychological egoism

acting upon ones own interests

Naturalism

approach to ethics that is dominated by a concern with the place of values within the natural world. It thinks we must resolve ethical debates through scientific inquiry.

Ethical egoism

every person ought to act upon his or her own interests

Who said "reason is the slave of the passions"?

hume

"All synthetic propositions are empirical hypotheses" is equivalent to saying that moral values, if they are to be true/false, must be verified in experience.

true

A. J. Ayer thinks that all synthetic propositions are empirical hypotheses (i.e. hypotheses about possible a posteriori experience).

true

According to Plato, the spirited part of the soul needs the virtue of courage.

true

According to the Stoics, one reason for doing your duty is because it will help you be happy (you'll never be disappointed!)

true

Hume thinks that if morality were based on the real relations of ideas (reasons), then animal and oak tree activity would be considered moral and/or immoral.

true

Hume thinks we maintain objectivity in moral discussions by taking the perspective of a judicious spectator.

true

In the Allegory of the Cave, a prisoner escapes the cave and ascends to the outside world.

true

Nietzsche thinks 'slave morality' is motivated by and born out of 'ressentiment'

true

One of Baier's critiques of 'male' moral theorizing is that it wrongly assumes that we have absolute freedom in determining our relationships

true

Ross thinks 'the right' is a different concept than 'the good' -- i.e. they sometimes come apart.

true

The practical imperative says to treat others as ends, never solely as means.

true