Intro to Ethics Final Exam Review

Locke describes his theory's state of nature as a. already under natural law b. an ongoing "time of war" c. having some government already in place d. having no moral values or obligations

a. already under natural law

which is a moral judgement? a. i should not lie to my friend today b. never treat persons as mere means c. people should not steal d. it is dangerous to speed

a. i should not lie to my friend today

A virtue theorist would say that the impartiality of principle-based theories a. ignores the importance of our feelings and inclinations b. is important for every ethical theory c. is something that virtue theory itself aims to achieve d. makes them subjective

a. ignores the importance of our feelings and inclinations

Even a seven year old probably can sometimes fulfill the ____________ condition for autonomy a. independence b. competency c. authentic d. none of the above

a. independence

our most mundane or habitual choices are usually considered ______________ choices a. independent b. competent c. authentic d. all of the above

a. independent

Pleasure, happiness, life, and love are often cited as examples of _________ values a. intrinsic b. instrumental c. moral d. cultural

a. instrinsic

Clifford considers it morally wrong to believe some remarkable claim on the basis of a. insufficient evidence b. sufficient evidence c. scientific evidence d. expert knowledge

a. insufficient evidence

relational autonomy a. is a version of substantive autonomy b. strongly aligns with American individualism c. is a version of value-neutral autonomy d. emphasizes reflection to develop self-identity

a. is a version of substantive autonomy

Conceiving of God as the greatest being possible a. is compatible with several religions b. is evidence for God's existence c. applies a concept entirely unique to Christianity d. implies nothing about God's nature

a. is compatible with several religions

the autonomy thesis a. is not consistent with God being the greatest being possible b. appears to allow anything to be considered morally right c. allows for God to command some horrendous evil d. seems to make moral right and wrong trivial

a. is not consistent with God being the greatest being possible

which of the following is unacceptable according to the doctrine of double effect's means-end condition? a. a good effect is the means to a bad effect b. a bad effect is the means to a good effect c. good and bad effects are independent of each other d. none of the above

b. a bad effect is the means to a good effect

Which of the following appear(s) to be a particularly pervasive focal point of structural violence? a. racism b. class and economic inequities c. sexism d. a society's history

b. class and economic inequities

When we make a choice that only refers to our personal values to guide us, we make a(n) ____________ choice a. independent b. competent c. authentic d. none of the above

b. competent

the fact that in many modern societies, a single person can belong to several different subcultures at once creates a problem regarding a. social groups b. moral progress c. reformers d. making anything right

a. social groups

the inconsistency objection arises against rule utilitarianism because a. some of rule utilitarianism's prescriptions would not generate as much utility as what act utilitarianism would prescribe b. some of rule utilitarianism's prescriptions are too flexible c. rule utilitarianism yields results that are inconsistent with our moral intuitions d. rule utilitarianism creates moral dilemmas

a. some of rule utilitarianism's prescriptions would not generate as much utility as what act utilitarianism would prescribe.

A good relationship between a married couple will normally be a. symmetric and close b. symmetric but not close c. asymmetric and close asymmetric but not close

a. symmetric and close

rule utilitarianism largely avoids which act utilitarianism problem? a. the calculation problem b. extensions to animals c. worries about defining utility d. the inconsistency objection

a. the calculation problem

Sometimes the family wants to postpone the patient's death via futile treatment. In this case, a. the family's interests are morally relevant. b. the family's interests are not morally relevant. c. the patient's interests trump all others, regardless of their condition. d. if the patient cannot say or do anything, then the only important moral interests are those of the family.

a. the family's interests are morally relevant

The problem of virtue's attainability is raised by a. the need for people to have all correct moral beliefs to be virtuous. b. types of moral questions that do not normally apply to individuals. c. virtue theory's inability to address all moral situations that may apply to individuals. d. limiting virtues

a. the need for people to have all correct moral beliefs to be virtuous.

Complaints about society overemphasizing rights include that a. they encourage an exaggerated individualism b. they do not provide adequate protection of individuals with power and authority c. people never appeal to rights out of personal interest d. it is not within society's scope to emphasize rights at all

a. they encourage an exaggerated individualism

altruism pertains to how a. willing people are to sacrifice their interests for others b. good people are at determining which of their beliefs are all true c. extroverted a person is d. often people are to accepting new truths

a. willing people are to sacrifice their interests for others

Someone tries to hijack your car while you are waiting for a light. Who is an innocent in this scenario? a. you b. the hijacker c. the car d. both you and the car

a. you

Psychological egoism argues that a. I should only choose what I believe is in my own interest. b. I can only choose to do what I believe is in my own interest. c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above

b. I can only choose to do what I believe is in my own interest.

which of the following describes the relationship between Systems 1 and 2 a. System 1 receives the outputs of System 2 b. System 2 receives the outputs of System 1 c. The two systems are constantly sending signals back and forth between each other d. the two systems do not interact

b. System 2 receives the outputs of System 1

On which of the following do feminists tend to disagree? a. Society needs to become more aware of women's experiences. b. The binary gender distinction should be replaced by a multiplicity of gender concepts. c. Society has numerous biases built around gender. d. All feminists agree on each of these concepts.

b. The binary gender distinction should be replaced by a multiplicity of gender concepts.

if many people don't believe in God's existence, then the alternate dependency account a. cannot be correct b. could still be correct c. must still be correct d. is irrelevant

b. could still be correct

which is most likely to be a foundational moral principle? a. i should not lie to my friend today b. never treat persons as mere means c. people should not steal d. it is dangerous to speed

b. never treat persons as mere means

given that we usually desire pleasure, does it follow that we ought to promote pleasure? a. yes, it follows directly b. no, it does not follow c. in certain cases, depending on the circumstances d. there is no way to be sure

b. no, it does not follow

When an entire moral standard is established by a social contract, that contract is a. morally-based b. not morally-based c. necessarily true d. necessarily false

b. not morally-based

Kant insists that we can have _______ toward animals. a. only direct duties b. only indirect duties c. both direct and indirect duties d. Kant does not believe we can have any duties toward nonhumans

b. only indirect duties

Ethical egoism defines morally right acts as those that will produce the greatest benefits for a. those with whom one has the closest relationships. b. only oneself c. only others. d. both oneself and others.

b. only oneself

Everyday experience and common sense suggest that a. psychological egoism is true, since people act very selfishly b. people sometimes act unselfishly c. selfishness is actually a virtue d. genuine altruism is possible

b. people sometimes act unselfishly

Mill proposed that we assign weights to different kinds of experiences based on what _____________ prefer a. all members of society b. people who could appreciate both higher and lower pleasures c. people only able to appreciate lower pleasures d. people only able to appreciate higher pleasures

b. people who could appreciate both higher and lower pleasures

_______ suggests that a virtuous person will normally find it easier to act virtuously. a. Eudaemonia b. principle-based ethics c. character motivation d. character development

b. principle-based ethics

_______ might say that someone who usually obeys moral principles is virtuous. a. virtue theory b. principle-based theories c. character theories d. none of the above

b. principle-based theories

_____________ has nothing to do with the likelihood of a particular effect resulting from an action a. duration b. probability c. quality d. scope

b. probability

we can make the calculations of act utilitarianism easier by switching from actual to expected utility, which a. reflects what really happens b. reflects what one believed is likely to happen as a result of their action c. always reflect different outcomes d. takes the burden of calculations off of us completely

b. reflects what one believes is likely to happen as a result of their action

Trust—understood as an important positive moral value—can be meaningfully applied to a. individuals b. relationships c. both individuals and relationships d. neither individuals nor relationships

b. relationships

Morality a. is an entirely individual matter b. requires that we cooperate and value the interests of others as well as our own c. requires that we always act self-sacrificially for the sake of others d. requires that we love others, but also demands that we must not

b. requires that we cooperate and value the interests of others as well as our own

according to rule utilitarianism, one should always choose the act that a. would obtain the greatest overall utility in that situation b. satisfies a utility-promoting rule or practice c. will yield the most optimal consequences d. best serves one's self-interests

b. satisfies a utility-promoting rule or practice

Ross's duty of gratitude requires that individuals a. pay back what they owe b. show appreciation to those who do something for them c. keep their promises to those who also keep their promises d. are not obligated to one another in any way

b. show appreciation to those who do something for them

the autonomy thesis a. completely rules out God's existence b. suggests that there can be a moral standard without God's existing c. entails that there cannot be a moral standard, regardless of whether God exists d. holds that any autonomous person can set their own moral standard

b. suggests that there can be a moral standard without God's existing

psychological situationism a. supports the idea that people behave consistently over time regardless of the situations b. supports the idea that people will often behave differently depending on the situation c. shows that what one ought to do is based on unique situations d. shows that one's values cannot withstand pressure

b. supports the idea that people will often behave differently depending on the situation

act and rule utilitarianism, as well as Kant's ethics, agree with a. the dependency thesis b. the autonomy thesis c. divine command theory d. the alternate dependency account

b. the autonomy thesis

which ethical theory can encounter a moral dilemma? a. act utilitarianism b. rule utilitarianism c. both act and rule utilitarianism d. neither act nor rule utilitarianism

rule utilitarianism

"it will snow tomorrow morning" is a(n) ________________ claim a. descriptive b. normative c. value d. invalid

A, descriptive

a moral standard includes a. both moral values and moral prescriptive claims b. only moral values c. only moral prescriptive claims d. claims for every normative realm

A. both moral values and moral prescriptive claims

Describing someone as generous or honest makes a ______________________ claim a. normative value b. moral descriptive c. normative descriptive d. moral value

A. normative value

Glaucon relates the Gyges story to a. show that there can sometimes be advantages to violating moral requirements b. portray how we ought not to act c. illustrate the personal costs of doing something wrong d. demonstrate the evils of magic

A. show that there can sometimes be advantages to violating moral requirements

A descriptive claim tells us how a. things are, will be, or have been b. things ought to be or not be c. we should act d. to judge things or individuals

A. things are, will be, or have been

Which of the following statements is incorrect a. it is possible for a legal claim to be immoral b. all laws directly reflect moral claims c. it is possible for a moral and legal claim to agree d. even where the law normally does not hold, moral values still do

B. all laws directly reflect moral claims

Which of the following amounts to a completely expressed prudential claim? a. you ought to check your home's gutters regularly b. if you want to keep your basement dry, you should regularly check your home's gutters. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b

B. if you want to keep your basement dry, you should regularly check your home's gutters.

a major objection to subjectivism is that a. every person in a group is bound by the same moral standard of that group b. it makes morality largely meaningless, unable to fulfill its function c. it relies heavily on religious concepts d. it values certain moral standards more highly than others

B. it makes morality largely meaningless, unable to fulfill its function

Which of the following is a legal claim? a. nurses should work to promote fairer national health policies b. no one should run a red light c. I think asparagus is good d. Fish and chocolate should never be mixed

B. no one should run a red light

Which is the most accurate claim? a. relativism cannot support intolerance b. relativism can support both tolerance and intolerance c. neither tolerance nor intolerance gets any support from relativism d. relativism and tolerance are mutually exclusive

B. relativism can support both tolerance and intolerance

When a moral principle holds for someone a. they must be acting upon that principle at that time b. they are bound by that principle even if they have no occasion to act on it c. it necessarily applies to them d. it must be objective

B. they are bound by that principle even if they have no occasion to act on it

the moral realm divides into two main parts, one of which, good and bad, has to do with a. beliefs b. values c. law d. social norms

B. values

A value or value claim can support all of the following except a. another value b. a related prescriptive claim c. a foundational value d. a normative claim

C. a foundational value

the moral realm divides into two main parts, one of which, right or wrong, has to do with properties of- a. laws b. social norms c. actions d. beliefs

C. actions

Things with instrumental value can obtain their value by their dependence on one or more a. instrumental values b. intrinsic values c. both a and b d. neither a and b

C. both a and b

The claim "you ought to go to your doctor at least once a year for a checkup" is best considered a ____________ claim a. legal b. moral c. prudential d. value

C. prudential

The claim "George is stingy, he is not generous at all" is a ________________ claim a. moral value b. normative c. neither a nor b d. both a and b

D. both a and b

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true? a. every normative claim is a moral claim b. every moral claim is a normative claim c. some (but not all) normative claims are moral claims d. both b and c

D. both b and c

Things with intrinsic value acquire their value by their dependence on one or more a. different instrumental values b. other intrinsic values c. both a and b d. neither a nor b

D. neither a nor b

"Morals" and "morally" sometimes refer to a(n) ___________________ standard of good or right that is independent of any one person's beliefs a. subjective b. changing c. legal d. objective

D. objective

the notion of autonomy that focuses solely on freeing ourselves from every influence, limitation, and control is called _____________ autonomy a. value-neutral b. substantive c. relational d. genuine

a value-neutral

Which of the following would be the best result of fine-tuning the principle: "Stealing a loaf of bread is wrong?" a. "Stealing a loaf of bread is wrong unless your family is starving." b. "Stealing a loaf of bread is sometimes morally okay." c. "stealing is wrong" d. none of the above

a. "Stealing a loaf of bread is wrong unless your family is starving."

Classic divine command theory claims that morally wrong acts are acts that a. God has commanded against b. conflict with God's nature c. do not conform to God's nature d. are not mentioned in the Bible

a. God has commanded against

it is consistent with the autonomy thesis to maintain that a. God is under the same moral standard as humans b. God sets the moral standard for all humans c. without God, there is not moral standard d. the moral right is based indirectly upon God as natural law theory claims

a. God is under the same moral standard as humans

Plato provided an argument for which of the following claims a. God's essential nature cannot change b. God never wills or acts in ways that conflict with his essential nature c. the moral standard consists of all that fully conforms to God's essential nature or character d. the means by which we initially gain knowledge of the moral standard need not appeal directly to either God or religion

a. God's essential nature cannot change

_______ social contract theory does not appear to be morally-based. a. Hobbes's b. Locke's c. Rawl's d. all three men's social contract theories are morally-based

a. Hobbes's

Hobbes maintains that in placing themselves under the social contract and its resulting state, people must yield up _______ in return. a. a great deal of liberty b. a few small rights for the sake of the greater good c. all of their property d. nothing, since that would not be in their rational self-interest

a. a great deal of liberty

Objectivism entails that a. a moral standard exists that holds for all persons, regardless of their beliefs or culture b. moral standards can be different for different persons c. moral standards can vary from one cultural group to another d. what is right depends on what you believe

a. a moral standard exists that holds for all persons, regardless of their beliefs or culture

Structural violence occurs when a. a system largely denies some groups of people the ability to act for themselves or meet their needs. b. one individual commits brutal violence upon another individual. c. people rally together to strip an authority figure of their power. d. terrorists assault other groups or nations by attacking significant buildings, monuments, or other structures.

a. a system largely denies some groups of people the ability to act for themselves or meet their needs

Acting solely for one's own interests can require a person to a. act in ways that also benefit others. b. sacrifice some long-term interests for their immediate benefit. c. always act against the interests of everyone else. d. always act selfishly.

a. act in ways that also benefit others

What we should do in a given situation, according to Ross, is called our _______ moral duty. a. actual b. absolute c. prima facie d. deontological

a. actual

In discussing intrinsic or foundational goods, Kant argues that a. adding pleasure to certain situations can make them worse. b. if we add knowledge to certain situations, those situations will only become better. c. adding pleasure or knowledge (or both) to certain situations will always make them better. d. None of the above

a. adding pleasure to certain situations can make them worse.

given relativism, if society widely accepts tolerance as a moral standard, then a. all in that society are bound to be tolerant b. all in that society are bound to be tolerant, except moral reformers c. all other societies must hold the value of tolerance as well d. it will become clear that subjectivism is true as well

a. all in that society are bound to be tolerant

It seems unavoidable for act utilitarianism to run into a serious problem with justice and rights as long as it a. allows majority interests to outweigh minority interests b. includes intensity and duration in its calculations c. weighs effects in terms of their probabilities d. uses rules of thumb to make complicated decisions more easily

a. allows majority interests to outweigh minority interests

Suppose one murders a possible terrorist's child with the purpose of getting the possible terrorist to give information that could save the lives of many. According to the doctrine of double effect, this is a. always wrong b. always right c. right or wrong depending on certain other factors d. morally neutral

a. always wrong

Suspending life-saving treatment is most likely to be morally justified if a. an autonomous adult patient requests it b. a child patient requests it c. the family of an autonomous adult patient requests it d. suspending life-saving treatment is never morally justified

a. an autonomous adult patient requests it

Ross believes that if several people sincerely and thoughtfully consult their moral intuitions, they would a. arrive at the same foundational moral duties b. agree about some foundational moral duties but also disagree about some. c. arrive at different fundamental moral duties. d. arrive at different fundamental moral duties, but be able to compromise on what is ultimately best for society.

a. arrive at the same foundational moral duties

Kant provides his Kingdom of Ends a. as a basis for another version of the categorical imperative. b. to prove that people can really live up to his theory's requirements. c. to show his moral ideals can only be imagined but can never become real. d. because his publisher paid him by the word

a. as a basis for another version of the categorical imperative

Because rule utilitarianism establishes general principles, it is _______ to address justice and rights. a. better equipped than act utilitarianism b. less equipped than act utilitarianism c. not equipped d. fully equipped

a. better equipped than act utilitarianism

Participants in a prisoner's dilemma face a challenge a. by cooperating, they put self-interest at risk by not cooperating, they lose their chance of gaining a mutually advantageous outcome b. by complying with authority, they sacrifice autonomy and dignity by not complying, they are subject to punishment c. by admitting their moral wrongs, they become free from the "prison" of guilt by not admitting their moral wrongs, they retain their high standing in society but live in fear of exposure d. by choosing egoism over altruism, they risk being loved by others choosing altruism over egoism, they risk loving themselves

a. by cooperating, they put self-interest at risk by not cooperating, they lose their chance of gaining a mutually advantageous outcome

moral claims are universalizable, meaning that they a. can always be generalized b. appeal to a standard c. must be either true or false d. override other kinds of claims

a. can always be generalized

according to the principle of forfeiture, one a. can be morally justified in killing a person who has stopped being an innocent b. ought to kill a person who has stopped being an innocent c. ought to kill attackers or murderers who deny others the right to live d. should not act against a non-innocent to harm them

a. can be morally justified in killing a person who has stopped being an innocent

In considering futile treatment, the effects upon family members a. can be of some relevance to the overall moral situation. b. are never morally relevant. c. become decisive once a patient cannot make her own choices. d.

a. can be of some relevance to the overall moral situation.

psychological susceptibilities a. can lead individuals to impulsive and undesirable moral behaviors b. control individuals and make most people immoral c. are natural and completely harmless d. fortunately do not affect morality

a. can lead individuals to impulsive and undesirable moral behaviors

A hypothetical imperative applies to someone a. depending on their circumstances and purpose. b. in every possible situation. c. whenever obeying it leads to happiness. d. who believes that is their duty

a. depending on their circumstances and purpose.

moral reasoning must appeal to a. descriptive claims b. an existing moral judgement c. considerations about the persons involved d. considerations about the interpersonal relationships involved

a. descriptive claims

The _______ objection argues that rule utilitarianism creates rules that can conflict with each other. a. dilemmas b. inconsistency c. collapse d. irony

a. dilemmas

If psychological egoism is true and the only choices we can make are self-serving choices, then it _______ follow that such choices are morally right. a. does not b. must c. can, in rare circumstances d. can often

a. does not

According to Kant, the principle of universal law is _______ the Principle of ends and so should always yield _______ conclusions. a. equivalent to; the same b. not equivalent to; the same c. equivalent to; different d. not equivalent to; different

a. equivalent to; the same

which of the following is true regarding the difference between happiness and pleasure a. experiencing pleasure does not ensure or equate to happiness b. pleasure is usually a long-term experience that relates to fulfillment c. happiness is "fleeting" - usually a fairly brief experience d. happiness mainly depends on the senses while pleasure is more a state of mind

a. experiencing pleasure does not ensure or equate to happiness

Care ethics resembles virtue ethics more than most other theories. However, one important area in which they differ is that one _______, the other _______. a. focuses relationships; on the individual b. takes emotions into account; does not c. offers absolute rules to follow; does not d. supports feminism; prefers the status quo

a. focuses relationships; on the individual

Wong's pluralistic relativism would probably include within the common moral core a principle that a. forbids murder b. forbids eating with your hands c. requires everyone to drive in the right lane of a two way street d. requires that one always remain totally loyal to one's family members regardless of what they do

a. forbids murder

To show moral deference is to a. generally respect and accept another's choices b. interfere with another's choices for their own good c. analyze another's values to determine wether they are capable of autonomy d. defer to authority to make decisions regarding right and wrong

a. generally respect and accept another's choices

If I act very courageously in one situation, then I a. have acted virtuously in that case b. must have the virtue of courage c. am an entirely virtuous person d. am a moral saint

a. have acted virtuously in that case

the problem with taking fine-tuning too far is that a. it begins to turn rule utilitarianism into simply a complicated version of act utilitarianism b. following a fine-tuned rule usually brings about less overall utility than a rule that is not fine-tuned c. fine-tuning is immoral d. it can bring rules into conflict

a. it begins to turn rule utilitarianism into simply a complicated version of act utilitarianism

which of the following concerns is not raised by the acceptance of divine command theory? a. it does not seem consistent with God being the greatest being possible b. it appears to allow anything to count as morally right c. it allows for God to command some horrendous evil d. it seems to make moral right and wrong tricial

a. it does not seem consistent with God being the greatest being possible

ethical egoism a. makes it my moral duty to do whatever best promotes my own interests b. says that they morally right thing to do is always the thing I want to do at the time c. supports only self-benefitting actions d. does not motivate acting morally

a. makes it my moral duty to do whatever best promotes my own interests

According to the alternate dependency account, morally right acts are defined as acts that a. match with God's nature b. are neutral with respect to God's nature c. are independent of God's nature d. are those that most human beings agree are morally wrong

a. match with God's nature

In using the doctrine of double effect, changing how we describe a given act can sometimes make an important difference in whether that act satisfies the _______ condition. a. moral principle b. means-end c. right-intention d. proportionality

a. moral principle

The best caring relationships involve sharing feelings, knowledge, concerns, and trust, all having to do with a. mutuality b. transformation c. the normative nature of care ethics d. individualism

a. mutuality

While driving, I swerve my car to avoid hitting a pedestrian and end up totaling my car by hitting a telephone pole instead. Here, the act is a. my swerving the car b. totaling the car c. the pedestrian surviving d. the telephone pole's innocence

a. my swerving the car

For rule utilitarianism, the right act in a given situation is a. normally determined by a rule or practice that is known to promote greater overall utility b. always what will create the greatest overall utility c. what is most widely accepted and practiced in one's culture d. none of the above

a. normally determined by a rule or practice that is known to promote greater overall utility

since moral claims ultimately appeal to some moral standard, they are a. normative b. truth claims c. overriding d. universalizable

a. normative

consequentialism argues that the moral good and right are defined by a. nothing but the effects of something b. what various moral principles tell us we should do c. an individual's intention in acting a certain way d. God

a. nothing but the effects of something

a person or group can reasonably try to implement moral reforms if ____________ is true a. objectivism b. their chosen moral standard c. relativism d. subjectivism

a. objectivism

act utilitarianism may be correctly labeled a. objectivist b. relativist c. subjectivist d. hedonist

a. objectivist

Suppose a fine-tuned involuntary organ donation rule were acceptable to rule utilitarianism but conflicted with rule utilitarian principles of personal rights. Which of the following is true of the way forward? a. ordinary rule utilitarianism could resolve this using the dilemma principle b. using the dilemma principle may not adequately respect personal rights c. following the rule that creates the greatest overall utility could best respect personal rights d. all of the above

a. ordinary rule utilitarianism could resolve this using the dilemma principle

Care ethics is a version of a. particularism b. universalism c. relativism d. subjectivism

a. particularism

requiring a child to eat their vegetables before having dessert is an example of a. paternalism b. moral defense c. moral responsibility d. autonomy

a. paternalism

the pattern of thinking that leads us from foundational principles to other less general principles closely resembles the pattern called moral a. reasoning b. reflection c. judgement d. particularism

a. reasoning

One important kind of substantive autonomy is a. relational autonomy b. value-neutral autonomy c. moral agency d. paternalism

a. relational autonomy

According to relational autonomy, a. relationships are important for developing autonomy b. autonomous individuals create relationships, relationships do not create autonomous individuals c. our dependence on others was greater in past societies than in modern societies d. being dependent upon others via relationships greatly diminished our autonomy

a. relationships are important for developing autonomy

Recognizing that people's abilities and interests are not the same, Rawls does all of the following, except a. replace the equality principle with the difference principle b. add the difference principle to his account c. require that everyone have the same opportunities to any job or position

a. replace the equality principle with the difference principle

Which theory would seem best able to answer the question of whether students' high school lockers should periodically be inspected for drugs? a. rule utilitarianism b. act utilitarianism c. both act and rule utilitarianism d. neither act or rule utilitarianism

a. rule utilitarianism

_______________ can establish practices such as promising a. rule utilitarianism b. act utilitarianism c. both act and rule utilitarianism d. neither act or rule utilitarianism

a. rule utilitarianism

Mill thought that the "lower" pleasures tended to have to do with a. sensual pleasures b. more intellectual pleasures c. pleasures that are morally bad d. none of the above

a. sensual pleasures

according to Mill, "higher" pleasures a. should count more than "lower" pleasures b. can be experienced universally c. are the only valuable pleasures in life d. none of the above

a. should count more than "lower" pleasures

The several right choices aspect of virtue theory says that a. anything at all can be morally acceptable b. a limited range of acts may be morally acceptable c. only two possible acts can ever be morally acceptable d. while several choices may be "right", only one is virtuous

b. a limited range of acts may be morally acceptable

When two duties come into apparent conflict, you should fulfill a. an imperfect duty before a perfect duty. b. a perfect duty before an imperfect duty. c. the more important perfect duty before the less important perfect duty. d. whichever better serves your self-interest.

b. a perfect duty before an imperfect duty.

Relativism, objectivism, and subjectivism are viewpoints a. that suggest what is right or wrong b. about morality and about moral standards c. that can coexist d. concerned with cultural differences in non-moral values as well as moral values

b. about morality and moral standards

Given virtue theory, if you want to know how you should act, you should a. find a moral principle that applies and obey that b. act like a virtuous person typically acts c. do whatever most people typically do d. take an ethics class

b. act like a virtuous person typically acts

Although ethical egoism does not seem to be an acceptable theory, it appears to suggest something true: a. no one is capable of ever acting against their own interests b. acting morally can often promote our interests in the long run c. It is important to sacrifice our interests for others. d. We always gain more than we sacrifice when acting altruistically.

b. acting morally can often promote our interests in the long run

For Hobbes, the primary benefit of establishing a social contract is that it a. allows people to protect their personal property. b. allows for people's survival and safety. c. gives the disadvantaged special rights. d. creates a social hierarchy to better organize daily life.

b. allows for people's survival and safety

The notion of triage a. refers to the order in which certain family members can manage care for a patient. b. applies when medical resources are not adequate for all in need. c. does not view each competing person's interests as equal. d. is only relevant when the interests of three distinct groups are in conflict.

b. applies when medical resources are not adequate for all in need.

Kahneman's two systems a. reflect the workings of very different components of the brain b. are convenient ways of talking about human mental processes c. characterize ways different people tend to think d. explain why some people are more inclined to act morally

b. are convenient ways of talking about human mental processes

Care ethicists typically hold the view that our genderized perspectives a. are products of nature and so can be changed. b. are products of nurture and so cannot be changed c. are products of nature and so cannot be changed. d. are products of nurture and so cannot be changed.

b. are products of nurture and so cannot be changed

According to the alternate dependency account, morally right acts are defined a. as whether God wills or commands b. as acts that fit with God's essential nature c. in terms completely independent of God d. as those which are confirmed for us through prayer

b. as acts that fit with God's essential nature

Euthyphro's view that the gods approve something because it is good reflects the _______ thesis. a. dependency b. autonomy c. divine command d. biblical

b. autonomy

Suppose Aladdin takes bread from a baker to feed several hungry children and keep them alive. According to the doctrine of double effect, the a. act is saving the children b. bad effect is keeping the baker from earning money for the bread c. good effect is taking the bread without getting caught d. act fully satisfies the moral principle condition

b. bad effect is keeping the baker from earning money for the bread

if i am genuinely autonomous, then I should not a. be influenced by anything b. be controlled by anything c. have anyone trying to suggest to me what I should choose d. have to consider my choices, the right action will always come naturally to me

b. be controlled by anything

Objectivism a. requires that people all act exactly the same way no matter what the circumstances. b. can allow circumstances to make a difference in how one ought to act. c. allows for different moral principles to hold for different people. d. allows for different moral principles to hold for different groups

b. can allow circumstances to make a difference in how one ought to act

A moral principle that says people should not do what goes against their consciences a. proves subjectivism is correct b. can be a principle within objectivism c. is too relative to be compatible objectivism d. none of the above

b. can be a principle within objectivism

there is evidence that framing a. has no effect on how people think b. can have a significant effect on how people think c. completely determines how people think d. makes people act out of a concern for others, regardless of self-interest

b. can have a significant effect on how people think

Clifford says it is always morally wrong, no matter what the circumstances, for anyone to believe something based on insufficient evidence, however, he a. is wrong to maintain that what we believe has any moral importance b. cannot support this statement with sufficient evidence c. has unrealistically high standards for "sufficient evidence," making this statement impossible to practice d. has had several of his own theories disproven

b. cannot support this statement with sufficient evidence

the halo effect a. links associations between words and concepts, motor activities, and emotions b. causes our later impressions to be influenced by our first impressions c. can lead people to different conclusions depending on how the problem is presented d. can be problematic if the mind creates an unfairly biased understanding of the problem at hand

b. causes our later impressions to be influenced by our first impressions

Which of the following is not required for a person to be virtuous, according to Aristotle? a. knowing the right thing to do b. choosing to do the right thing because it benefits oneself personally c. doing the right thing d. making a choice that arises from one's inner character

b. choosing to do the right thing because it benefits oneself personally

in order to derive the principle "Honest people never lie to others" from the golden rule, "Act towards others as you would want them to act towards you," one would have to appeal to one or more a. additional foundational principles b. descriptive claims c. completed moral judgements d. normative claims

b. descriptive claims

for the most part, moral psychology makes what sort of claims concerning morality a. normative claims about how people should act b. descriptive claims about how people think and behave c. historic claims about where and how theories of ethics originated d. moral claims about why right actions are right

b. descriptive claims about how people think and behave

which of the following is a problem for natural law theory a. God's existence cannot be proven b. different descriptions of the same act may cause it to pass or fail the moral principle condition c. a bad effect can never be intended d. the theory's use of consequences makes it unable to deal appropriately with justice and rights

b. different descriptions of the same act may cause it to pass or fail the moral principle condition

Subjectivism and relativism ______________ nonmoral normative realms like laws and etiquette a. address b. do not address c. are based on d. completely dictate

b. do not address

_______ is a normative moral theory. a. Psychological egoism b. Ethical egoism c. Altruism d. The prisoner's dilemma

b. ethical egoism

Which of the following would qualify as an internal compulsion a. being threatened with death b. experiencing great emotional suffering c. being tied to a chair d. all of the above

b. experiencing great emotional suffering

When evaluated by the four criteria for moral theories, ethical egoism does best in regards to a. completeness. b. explanatory power. c. practicability. d. moral confirmation.

b. explanatory power

Gilligan maintains that the care perspective is mainly adopted by a. males b. females c. all genders d. just children

b. females

in a hedonistic utilitarianism, plain and suffering count as a. having utility b. having disutility c. having both utility and disutility d. nothing - hedonists only consider pleasure

b. having disutility

the forfeiture principle a. holds exclusively for people b. holds for people and nations c. holds for nations only, not individual people d. holds exclusively for innocents

b. holds for people and nations

act utilitarians often extend scope to include nonhumans, such that a. any nonhuman belongs within scope b. humans and nonhumans are equally relevant to utilitarian calculations c. nonhumans experience pain to the same degree (duration and intensity) as humans under the same conditions. d. nonhumans can adopt act utilitarianism in their own decision-making

b. humans and nonhumans are equally relevant to utilitarian calculations

Kant calls the duties to not steal and not lie _______ duties. a. perfect b. imperfect c. limited

b. imperfect

Kant considers a duty to show kindness and to act generously a(n) _______ duty. a. perfect b. imperfect c. limited d. universal

b. imperfect

Rawlsian rights include basic rights, which a. are exactly the same as Locke's four natural rights b. incorporate certain important political rights c. incorporate a wide range of what we call human rights d. do not incorporate any moral rights

b. incorporate certain important political rights

If a person is in such severe pain that their autonomy is limited, then that person is under a(n) a. external constraint b. internal compulsion c. living will d. all of the above

b. internal compulsion

Rule utilitarianism does better with several of act utilitarianism's problems because it a. is not a consequentialist theory b. is based on the consequences of rules and practices rather than of specific acts c. does not require us to consider the likelihood of various effects d. rule utilitarianism does not do better with act utilitarianism's problem

b. is based on the consequences of rules and practices rather than of specific acts

Aquinas argued that while natural law theory is roughly right, it _______ to attribute the natural design and the rational character of the world to God. a. is a mistake b. is right c. does not improve or detract from natural law theory d. is sacrilegious

b. is right

The fact that people can vary regarding what might violate their person conscience a. proves that subjectivism is correct b. is something that objectivism might well be able to handle c. shows that people are wrong about what their consciences tell them d. suggests that humans are inherently immoral

b. is something that objectivism might well be able to handle

The Callatians and the Greeks agreed on one very important thing: a. cannibalism is morally wrong b. it is morally appropriate to honor the dead c. the dead should be buried d. once someone is dead, anything can be done to dispose of their body

b. it is morally appropriate to honor the dead

"You should normally file your federal taxes on April 15" is a a. moral claim b. legal claim c. claim of etiquette d. hedonistic claim

b. legal claim

Because rule utilitarianism establishes rules to be followed, it is _____ flexible with each distinct situation than act utilitarianism. a. more b. less c. neither more nor less d. extremely

b. less

In assessing duration for act utilitarianism, we look at how a. long it takes to act a certain way b. long an effect lasts c. strong or forceful an effect is d. long one has been planning the act

b. long an effect lasts

Suspending futile treatment a. can never be morally justified b. may be morally obligatory in certain cases c. only affects the patient's interests d. is morally justified if the resources exist to care for other patients as well.

b. may be morally obligatory in certain cases

Rule utilitarians can reasonably maintain that their theory promotes _______ overall utility than act utilitarianism can. a. slightly less b. much more c. much less d. the same amount of

b. much more

Which of the following is unacceptable according to the doctrine of double effect's proportionality condition? a. the good and the bad effects are equal b. the bad effect outweighs the good c. the good effect outweighs the bad d. none of the above

b. the bad effect outweighs the good

Kant maintains that each person "makes" the moral law for themself. This means that each person should arrive at _______ set of moral principles. a. their own b. the exact same c. vastly different d. mostly the same

b. the exact same

Throughout most of history, women's experiences have taken place mainly in a. the public world b. the private world c. both the public and private world roughly equally d. schools and hospitals

b. the private world

relativism maintains that a. different moral standards can hold for different people belonging to the same undivided social group b. the same moral standard holds for everyone in the same social group regardless of their beliefs c. there is only one universal moral standard, which holds for all d/ none of the above

b. the same moral standard holds for everyone in the same social group regardless of their beliefs

Which of the following does the alternate account claim about moral wrongs? a. they do not conform to God's nature b. they conflict with God's nature c. God has commanded us not to do such things d. God has not said whether we should or should not do such things

b. they conflict with God's nature

People sometimes say that they did not have enough willpower to do the right thing. A virtue theorist would reply that a. they should try harder b. they need to practice and develop virtuous habits c. if they have that much trouble, they should resort to viciousness. d. perhaps they were not born with the potential to become virtuous.

b. they need to practice and develop virtuous habits

Caring relationships help develop persons as caring and often play a crucial role in developing a person's identity. These points most have to do with a. mutuality b. transformation c. the normative nature of care ethics d. the nature/nurture debate

b. transformation

According to Kant, if the universalization of a maxim would conflict with our purpose for acting as the maxim describes, then acting that way is a. ethical b. unethical c. either ethical or unethical, depending on the results d. only hypothetical

b. unethical

The pattern called moral reflection appeals to all of the following except a. descriptive claims b. universal principles c. considerations about the persons involved d. considerations about the interpersonal relationships involved

b. universal principles

Care ethics would typically arrive at moral judgments a. using moral reasoning b. using moral reflection c. according to the emotions one feels at the moment d. by exploiting a carer

b. using moral reflection

It is ________________ to interfere with an autonomous individual's choices a. always wrong b. usually wrong c. usually acceptable d. always acceptable

b. usually wrong

Interpreting caring purely as a virtue requires that it be a. ascribed to relationships. b. viewed as a character trait ascribed to individuals. c. meaningfully applies to both individuals and relationships d. none of the above

b. viewed as a character trait ascribed to individuals.

When people initially set up an actual social contract, they give a. their consent to the contract b. what is called their tacit consent c. their consent only hypothetically d. all of their property to the state

b. what is called their tacit consent

"natural function" relates to a. whatever can be put to use by humans b. what some natural thing or process does c. what a cell phone or DVD player, for instance, is designed to do d. none of the above

b. what some natural thing or process does

what universal moral claim is applied by the specific claim: "Jan owes Jill an apology for that unfair remark"? a. "Jan always owes Jill apologies all the time b. "Jill is owed an apology for everyone's unfair remarks" c. "When a person makes an unfair remark about another, the first owes the second an apology" d. "Jill is kind when she speaks to Jan, so Jan should do the same"

c. "When a person makes an unfair remark about another, the first owes the second an apology"

What can help promote and nurture caring in relationships? a. Engaging in the same kind of practicing that is required to develop virtues b. Having caring explained clearly so you understand its key components c. Being cared for within a caring relationship d. Learning the duties and principles that define caring relationships

c. Being cared for within a caring relationship

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between care ethics and reason? a. Care ethics insists that reason should have no role in moral thinking. b. Care ethics considers reason to be the essential basis for all moral thinking. c. Care ethics assigns less importance to reason than principle-based theories do. d. Care ethics deems reason "men's work."

c. Care ethics assigns less importance to reason than principle-based theories do.

Which of the following does Aristotle not argue? a. Becoming virtuous can be harder if society has poor laws and poor leaders. b. People need practice to develop virtue, even in a society with good laws and virtuous leaders. c. Each person becomes virtuous or vicious exclusively because of their own choices. d. There can be virtuous people even in a society with poor laws and poor leaders.

c. Each person becomes virtuous or vicious exclusively because of their own choices.

a perfect duty describes a. an ideal that few can ever measure up to b. something you can do to a greater or lesser degree c. something that you can only do or not do d. none of the preceding

c. something that you can only do or not do

Which of the following would best capture Aristotle's essential idea about developing virtue in children? a. They should memorize basic moral rules like "Do not steal." b. They should read about great people who clearly were virtuous. c. We should provide them opportunities to act virtuously in real life settings. d. We should educate them regarding the typical consequences of right and wrong behavior.

c. We should provide them opportunities to act virtuously in real life settings.

A living will is a. any document that a person autonomously creates while living. b. a legal document that a person makes to say where their property should go after they die. c. a legal document that a person makes to say what should be done while they are still alive but unable to make their own treatment choices. d. a person who may legally say what should be done in place of someone who is unable to decide their own treatment choices.

c. a legal document that a person makes to say what should be done while they are still alive but unable to make their own treatment choices.

According to Aristotle, one's virtue or vice is a. entirely the result of one's choices b. entirely the result of social influences c. a result of our choices and influenced by our social environment d. determined at birth

c. a result of our choices and influenced by our social environment

it seems that relativism could allow anything to be morally right as long as a. it is not morally evil b. at least a few reformers consider it right c. a society's majority consider it right d. all of society considers it right

c. a society's majority consider it right

psychological studies have suggested that there a. is essentially no correlation between behavior and most familiar character traits b. may be correlations between behavior and less familiar personality traits c. all of the above d. none of the above

c. all of the above

act utilitarianism says that one should only do what will benefit ______________ the most a. that person b. others c. all, including oneself and others d. one's country

c. all, including oneself and others

act utilitarians often treat "scope" as including a. only autonomous humans b. only human adults c. any being that can experience pain (e.g., is sentient) d. any living being

c. any being that can experience pain (e.g., is sentient)

When we evaluate some of our own personal values, we are acting at the level of _____________ choice a. independent b. competent c. authentic d. none of the above

c. authentic

which sort of choice assesses or reevaluates some of one's values? a. independent b. competent c. authentic d. all of the above

c. authentic

Milgram's experiments suggest that people can be led to act immorally when subject to a. stressful situations b. jail c. authority d. bribery

c. authority

Rawls's equality principle guarantees everyone equal a. authority and power in society. b. income. c. basic rights and responsibilities. d. knowledge of their lives.

c. basic rights and responsibilities

Ethical egoism requires that our acts a. only promote jointly-benefitting interests b. only promote self-benefitting interests c. be either jointly-benefitting or self-benefitting. d. are chosen without regard for any interests.

c. be either jointly-benefitting or self-benefitting.

If subjectivism were true, then a. one's moral standard could change over time b. concepts such as justice, fairness, and rights would be very hard to make sense of c. both of the above d. none of the above

c. both of the above

fine-tuning the rules of rule utilitarianism a. increases the number of situations in which overall utility is promoted by following the rules b. makes rule utilitarianism work more like act utilitarianism c. both of the above d. neither of the above

c. both of the above

All of the choices I make, I make myself. All of my choices are guided by my values. These facts a. support psychological egoism's claim that I always intend my choices to promote my interests. b. count against humans being able to act altruistically. c. can be true even if psychological egoism is false. d. lead us to the conclusion that ethical egoism is true.

c. can be true even if psychological egoism is false.

The mean or "golden mean" for virtue a. always falls exactly halfway between deficiency and excess. b. always falls slightly towards the excess, since people are initially not virtuous enough. c. can fall in different places relative to excess and deficiency depending on the virtue. d. measures the morality of one's character based on an average of their virtuous and vicious acts.

c. can fall in different places relative to excess and deficiency depending on the virtue.

Framing a. links associations between words and concepts, motor activities, and emotions b. causes our later impressions to be influenced by our first impressions c. can lead people to different conclusions depending on how the problem is presented d. can be problematic if the mind created an unfairly biased understanding of the problem at hand

c. can lead people to different conclusions depending on how the problem is presented

The _______ objection argues that fine-tuning rules may turn rule utilitarianism into something like act utilitarianism. a. dilemmas b. inconsistency c. collapse d. irony

c. collapse

evolutionary theory a. agrees with natural theory that everything has a natural function or purpose b. maintains that everything in the natural world is morally good c. denies that the heart developed or is designed with the purpose of pumping blood d. is neutral regarding natural functions and purposes

c. denies that the heart developed or is designed with the purpose of pumping blood

To determine the maxim an act falls under, one should a. just describe the act itself b. just describe why one would act that way c. describe both the act and one's intentions for acting that way d. complete Kant's calculations

c. describe both the act and one's intentions for acting that way

In Rawls's original position, people a. know all about their place in the future society. b. know what career they will have but not much else. c. do not know much of anything about their place in the future society. d. are already organized into a hierarchy based on their potential benefits to the future society.

c. do not know much of anything about their place in the future society

A standard claim of rule utilitarianism is that when two rules come into conflict with each other, one should a. be sure to satisfy both rules b. do whatever they want, since they cannot avoid breaking some rule c. do that which promotes the greatest overall utility d. do whatever will create the most utility for oneself

c. do that which promotes the greatest overall utility

Euthyphro tells Socrates that pious acts are acts that the gods love. This can mean a. that the gods make pious acts pious by loving those acts. b. that there are pious acts that exist purely on their own and the gods love these. c. either a and b, but not both at the same time d. both a and b at the same time

c. either a and b, but not at the same time

which is most likely to be a moral principle that is not foundational? a. alison should not steal the unattended laptop in the next cubicle b. a right act should produce the greatest overall good in their effects c. employers should not treat their employees as mere means to their own profit d. one should always do what leads to the greatest amount of overall happiness

c. employers should not treat their employees as mere means to their own profit

For Rawls, the _______ principle is established first and places limits on his second principle. a. difference b. rights c. equality d. original

c. equality

To defend ourselves against committing System 2 mistakes, we can a. employ stereotypes to establish a coherent picture more quickly b. trust our first gut reactions c. expand our background knowledge d. adjust our motivations

c. expand our background knowledge

Suppose that a virtue theory is based upon a few foundational moral virtues, which it takes to be morally good in themselves without providing any further account. This could be considered a weakness in virtue theory's a. completeness b. practicability c. explanatory power d. moral confirmation

c. explanatory power

The third wave of feminists focus especially on a. campaigning for women's suffrage. b. supporting social reforms. c. exploring personal identity and gender. d. fighting institutionalized oppression.

c. exploring personal identity and gender.

hedonists maintain that values other than pleasure here are all a. instrumental values leading to pleasure b. foundational values c. foundational values that are less important than pleasure d. irrelevant

c. foundational values that are less important than pleasure

Social contract theory says that leaders receive authority over other people a. from God b. as established by their hiring contract c. from those who will be under their authority d. from other authority figures

c. from those who will be under their authority

natural law theory is based upon the a. moral law that God has commanded (i.e., the Ten Commandments) b. laws of governments c. functions and good of natural things d. functions and purposes of things designed and built by people

c. functions and goods of natural things

While driving, I swerve my car to avoid hitting a pedestrian and end up totaling my car by hitting a telephone pole instead. Here, the a. good effect is the means to the bad effect b. bad effect is the means to the good effect c. good and bad effects are independent of each other d. good and bad effects are of equal weight

c. good and bad effects are independent of each other

According to Aristotle, every activity humans engage in is aimed towards just one overall and ultimate good: a. pleasure b. reason c. happiness d. fame

c. happiness

Probably the most serious problem for care ethics is a. supporting a moral responsibility for caring in distant and asymmetric relationships. b. that it may encourage exploitative relationships. c. how to bring caring and justice together in one consistent account. d. reconciling its theories with principle-based ethics.

c. how to bring caring and justice together in one consistent account.

Which of the following is the most Kantian reason for reporting a person who cheats on a test? a. If no one reports cheaters, then more will become cheaters, making the world worse for everyone. b. Reporting a cheater will ultimately achieve more good than harm. c. if no one ever reports cheaters, then high grades will lose their value. d. Kant's theories would not support reporting a cheater.

c. if no one ever reports cheaters, then high grades will lose their value.

According to Kant's Principle of universal law, a theft is wrong because a. you would not want to have your things taken. b. it leads to hurt and further complications. c. if people are all permitted to take things to make them their own, their owning things would become meaningless. d. it is viewed as wrong in all human cultures.

c. if people are all permitted to take things to make them their own, their owning things would become meaningless.

the principle or forfeiture entails a. if you don't pay your bills on time, your car will be repossessed b. no one can forfeit one of their natural rights c. if you threaten another person's life, you no longer have a claim to your own life d. none of the above

c. if you threaten another person's life, you no longer have a claim to your own life

the four conditions of the doctrine of double effect a. are purely deontological b. are purely consequentialist c. include both deontological and consequentialist conditions d. have nothing that resembles any of our preceding theories

c. include both deontological and consequentialist conditions

the alternate dependency account is a. complete as it stands b. complete, but religion can add moral claims to it c. incomplete as an ethical theory in itself d. incomplete, unlike other secular moral theories

c. incomplete as an ethical theory in itself

in natural law theory, reason a. has no role b. has a particularly important role c. is given a small role, but revelation is more important d. is granted to humans by God

c. is given a small role, but revelation is more important

Psychological egoism a. makes the same argument as ethical egoism. b. is purely a moral theory. c. is purely a psychological theory. d. is both a moral and psychological theory.

c. is purely a psychological theory

Fourth wave feminism a. is active around the world. b. represents a greater diversity among its members than previous feminist movements. c. makes extensive use of the internet and social media. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Slote points out that the moral beliefs of people in other societies and times have been less than entirely accurate. He goes on to argue that a. we may be the only people who will ever count as being genuinely virtuous. b. it may not be possible to ever determine if an ethical theory is fully correct. c. it may not be possible for people from any group or time to attain virtue. d. the most virtuous people will likely live one thousand years from now.

c. it may not be possible for people from any group or time to attain virtue.

Helping out the group I've been assigned to at work promotes a. just my supervisor's interests. b. just my self-benefitting interests. c. jointly-benefitting interests. d. nobody's interests.

c. jointly-benefitting interests

Suppose that whatever God commands is morally right because God is the one who commands it. This _______ yield a good moral standard because _______. a. will; God is good b. will; God cannot command anything that is not good c. may not; potentially, God could command anything d. will not; we cannot derive a moral standard from divine command

c. may not; potentially, God could command anything

According to Kant, an act is wrong if it treats someone as a(n) a. end only and not as a means. b. end and means both. c. means only and not as an end. d. entity with foundational value.

c. means only and not as an end.

rule utilitarianism differs from act utilitarianism in important ways. most importantly, it a. is limited to people and can never include non-humans b. defines right acts by the circumstances for each act c. measures the utility of rules or social practices rather than of specific acts d. requires significantly more complicated calculations

c. measures the utility of rules or social practices rather than of specific acts

The involuntary organ donation story illustrates how act utilitarianism can approve of something that violates peoples' rights. This reveals that act utilitarianism has a problem with a. completeness b. explanatory power c. moral confirmation d. practicability

c. moral confirmation

The objection of moral perfectionism—that act utilitarianism makes everything a moral issue and insists that it is our duty to always to maximize utility—falls primarily under which criterion? a. completeness b. explanatory power c. moral confirmation d. practicability

c. moral confirmation

both moral reasoning and moral reflection yield conclusions about what should be done or not done, called a. descriptive claims b. foundational principles c. moral judgements d. personal considerations

c. moral judgements

which sort of moral thinking does not include a moral principle a. standard moral reasoning b. deriving less general principles from more general moral principles c. moral reflection d. all of the above

c. moral reflection

aquinas's natural law theory maintains that a. the autonomy thesis is correct b. morality depends directly on God c. morality depends indirectly on God d. morality does not depend on God at all

c. morality depends indirectly on God

The model relationship for care theory is usually thought to be the _______ relationship. a. father/child b. sisterhood c. mother/child d. instructor/student

c. mother/child

No values are a. both intrinsic and instrumental at the same time b. only intrinsic c. neither intrinsic nor instrumental d. only instrumental

c. neither intrinsic nor instrumental

any ___________ claim must be based on some standard that guides, regulates, and ultimately assesses things. a. moral b. descriptive c. normative d. hypothetical

c. normative

Hobbes says that people have rights a. from God b. only in a state of nature c. only once the state has been formed d. in both the state of nature

c. only once the state has been formed

It is exceedingly difficult to see how care ethics can be extended to caring for a. people elsewhere in the world, even though we share many mutual interests and concerns. b. people of other political parties. c. ourselves. d. the opposite sex

c. ourselves

According to Aristotle, what is inborn or innate for all of us? a. virtue b. vice c. potential to develop virtue d. knowledge of right and wrong

c. potential to develop virtue

_______ refers to the idea that one's becoming moral is more basic and more important than keeping a set of rules. a. several right choices b. character motivation c. primacy of character d. eudaemonia

c. primacy of character

Mill suggested that we factor in ______________ to best determine an act's overall utility. a. duration b. probability c. quality d. scope

c. quality

A teenager is ___________ regarded as morally competent a. always b. usually c. rarely d. never

c. rarely

Deontology a. grants that consequences can be morally relevant. b. bases many claims on consequences. c. rejects a dependency on consequences. d. focuses entirely on intentions

c. rejects a dependency on consequences

social contracts typically a. allow people to keep their rights just as they were before the state is created b. require people to give over all of their rights to the state c. require people to give over some degree of their rights to the state d. claim that nobody has any rights to begin with

c. require people to give over some degree of their rights to the state

The doctrine of double effect's _______ condition states that one must plan only the good effect of an action, even if bad effects are foreseen and expected as well. a. moral principle b. means-end c. right intention d. proportionality

c. right intention

Psychological egoism a. is widely supported by philosophical and psychological experts as the best moral theory. b. can only be true if humans occasionally act in genuinely altruistic ways. c. risks amounting to an empty claim if it rejects any evidence we might bring against it. d. All of the above

c. risks amounting to an empty claim if it rejects any evidence we might bring against it

Hobbes says that in the state of nature, people are a. at peace, since states cause wars b. in an uneasy and fragile peace c. self-interested and at war with each other d. incapable of reason

c. self-interested and at war with each other

Which of the following is something rule utilitarianism can do that act utilitarianism cannot do? a. support the act that promotes the greatest overall utility b. instruct how we ought to act in a particular situation c. support moral rights d. consider effects for some animals as well as for humans

c. support moral rights

Batson's experiments with people's willingness to relieve another person of suffering a. show beyond doubt that people are sometimes motivated by pure altruism b. establish that people are purely self-serving and never altruistic c. support the notion that people can be truly altruistic d. prove that people can be truly altruistic

c. support the notion that people can truly be altruistic

Palliative care refers to treatment that a. significantly extends life b. effectively remedies the patient's condition c. supports and relieves the patient's discomfort d. is carried out after the patient dies

c. supports and relieves the patient's discomfort

System 2 a. does statistical thinking with extreme accuracy b. excels at creating coherent pictures c. tends to take the easier route to a solution d. enables one to be creative

c. tends to take the easier route to a solution

Deontology takes _______ into account when determining what is right or wrong. a. an act's effects and the actor's intentions b. the kind of act and the act's effects c. the kind of act and the actor's intentions d. the consequences of a particular kind of act

c. the kind of act and the actor's intentions

What is and what ought to be are a. never the same b. always the same c. the same in some cases and not in others d. the same in most cases

c. the same in some cases and not in others

Acting paternalistically is most likely to be morally justified when a. we strongly disagree with the choice being made b. the stakes are very low c. the stakes are very high d. the other party is an adult

c. the stakes are very high

One objection to virtue theory is that a. not everyone agrees on what is considered a virtue. b. it is overly rigid and cannot take into consideration special circumstances. c. there are reasons to wonder if it is even possible to develop virtue. d. it easily collapses into other moral theories

c. there are reasons to wonder if it is even possible to develop virtue.

it is possible to make sense of and use the doctrine of double effect in all of the following cases, except a. without having any commitment to God's existence b. without using natural law theory as the basis of moral principles c. while using, say, act utilitarianism as the basis of moral principles d. while using Kantian ethics as the basis of moral principles

c. while using, say, act utilitarianism as the basis of moral principles

Locke's view is that people can turn a resource from the natural world into their own property by a. taking it from someone else b. claiming it for themselves c. working to obtain or improve it d. hiring a lawyer

c. working to obtain or improve it

the alternate account does not include the claim that a. God's essential nature cannot change b. God's nature and how God acts will never conflict c. The greatest being possible cannot will, desire, or do something in conflict with its natured. God can never deal with different people in different ways

d. God can never deal with different people in different ways

Triage is used to decide which patient has a. the funds to pay for continued treatment. b. the greatest value to society compared to other patients. c. expressed the strongest desire for help. d. None of the above

d. None of the above

Which of the following would not be considered a genderized moral perspective? a. The masculine emphasis on justice b. The feminine emphasis on caring c. The emphasis our society and its laws tend to take d. The transcendent moral perspective some care ethicists would like to achieve

d. The transcendent moral perspective some care ethicists would like to achieve

Rawls' theory creates a liberal democracy, which is a. a democracy that requires the rich to support the poor. b. not really a democracy. c. a big-government democracy that controls much of what people can do. d. a democratic society that prioritizes individual freedoms and rights.

d. a democratic society that prioritizes individual freedoms and rights

A medical proxy is a. any document that a person autonomously creates while living. b. a legal document that a person makes to say where their property should go after they die. c. a legal document that a person makes to say what should be done while they are still alive but unable to make their own treatment choices. d. a person who may legally say what should be done in place of someone who is unable to decide their own treatment choices.

d. a person who may legally say what should be done in place of someone who is unable to decide their own treatment choices.

Some rights can be given away or transferred to others. These are called a. inalienable rights b. negative rights c. positive rights d. alienable rights

d. alienable rights

A religious believer could hold to the dependency thesis and also say that a. they first learned about the moral importance of consequences from act utilitarianism. b. the Ten Commandments provide us with moral knowledge. c. their conscience sometimes helps them determine what is right or wrong. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

A social construct a. is a concept at least partly defined by society b. is widely assumed by people within the society c. may decide what place a person is assigned within society d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Fourth wave feminism a. appears to reject the care theorists' project of degenderizing people and ethics. b. tends to embrace a multiplicity of genders. c. returns to the nature/nurture question. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Some have interpreted ethical egoism as what the text calls expansive egoism. On this interpretation, a. almost any act done for others will count as jointly benefiting. b. egoism approves whatever serves one's best interest. c. egoism approves of most or all of the acts human beings commonly take to be morally right. d. All of the above

d. all of the above

Stakeholders involved in a possible futile treatment can include a. the patient's family b. the patient's medical caregivers and insurers c. other patients who need the resources being used by the patient d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The idea that people or groups may sometimes differ regarding their moral beliefs and practices is compatible with a. objectivism b. relativism c. subjectivism d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The kinds of immediate impressions that situational influences tend to produce in people do not resemble a. moral reasoning b. moral reflection c. critical thinking d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following conditions can preclude full autonomy? a. psychological compulsions b. the inability to grasp the consequences of one's actions c. not being sufficiently aware of one's values to be able to evaluate them d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is an objection to Kant's theory? a. It never considers any consequences. b. The very same act can be described to yield consistency or inconsistency when it's universalized. c. It seems to put infants, young children, and advanced Alzheimer patients out of the moral community. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

in everyday situations, it is possible for a moral concern to arise, which is accompanied by a conflicting a. prudential concern b. legal concern c. moral concern d. all of the above

d. all of the above

which of the following sorts of claims are normative? a. legal b. moral c. prudential d. all of the above

d. all of the above

which sort of moral thinking employs one or more descriptive claims? a. standard moral reasoning b. deriving less general principles from more general moral principles c. moral reflection d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Saying that rights "trump" or overshadow other moral reasons and arguments means that a. there is always some moral principle that supports any right b. moral reasons and arguments are futile c. moral responsibility is often ignored d. appealing to rights will often silence any opposition

d. appealing to rights will often silence any opposition

Some ethical theories use ______________ values for their basis a. foundational moral b. foundational non-moral c. foundational descriptive d. both a and b

d. both a and b

The problem with _______ argues that determining the act with the greatest overall utility can sometimes be very difficult. a. promises, justice, and rights b. rules of thumb c. moral perfectionism d. calculations

d. calculations

Moral subjectivism is the view that there a. is one correct moral standard that holds for all within a society b. is one correct moral standard that holds for all, everywhere, no matter the circumstances c. can be several equally correct moral standards for different societies d. can be many equally correct moral standards for different persons within a single society

d. can be many equally correct moral standards for different persons within a single society

Moral claims commonly override all of the following except a. legal claims b. prudential claims c. descriptive claims d. claims of etiquette

d. descriptive claims

moral claims and values can conflict with all of the following except a. other moral claims and values b. non-moral normative claims c. non-moral normative values d. descriptive claims

d. descriptive claims

According to Aristotle, virtue always falls between two extremes: a. swine and civilization b. actions and passions c. right and wrong d. excess and deficiency

d. excess and deficiency

Ross's duty of beneficence entails that we a. do not harm others b. show our thanks to those who do something for us c. treat others fairly d. extend generosity and kindness to people

d. extend generosity and kindness to people

act utilitarians often oppose rule utilitarianism because a. it cannot support justice or rights b. they oppose all moral rules and principles c. rule utilitarianism does not consider consequences d. following a rule can keep us from maximizing overall utility in specific cases

d. following a rule can keep up from maximizing overall utility in specific cases

To avoid having to calculate what one should do in every specific situation, rule utilitarianism suggests that we follow a. our gut instinct b. "rules of thumb" c. its rules, especially in dilemmas d. its rules, except in dilemmas

d. its rules, except in dilemmas

what Kahneman calls System 1 involves a. the conscious execution of tasks b. the attention needed to learn a difficult skill c. self-reflection d. mindless behaviors

d. mindless behaviors

The problem of __________ argues that accepting relativism makes talking about reform with respect to, say, racial discrimination, utterly useless a. tolerance b. anything being made right c. social groups d. moral progress

d. moral progress

Ethics equates suspending futile treatment with a. abandoning all care for the patients b. killing the patient c. diminishing the patient's dignity d. none of the above

d. none of the above

The Good Will resides in any person who a. sincerely means well, regardless of what they do. b. does what they believe is right. c. is not doing something wrong. d. none of the above

d. none of the above

When we objectify a person or group of persons, we a. emphasize their unique individuality. b. acknowledge their inherent value. c. make it harder to excuse discrimination against them. d. none of the above

d. none of the above

after carefully considering the true nature of tolerance, it becomes clear that tolerance requires that we never a. disagree with each other about any moral issue b. present arguments and reasons against another group's moral beliefs c. interfere with what others do, no matter what that might be d. none of the above

d. none of the above

describing moral claims as either true or false means that they are a. universalizable b. overriding c. normative d. none of the above

d. none of the above

if a law requires that you always wear a seat belt for your own protection, then that law is best described as a. responsible b. showing deference c. authentic d. paternalistic

d. paternalistic

Which of the following is a moral claim a. the temperature got steadily lower as the clouds came in b. please do not tell me that c. you should sit up straight d. people ought to drive carefully with kids around

d. people out to drive carefully with kids around

which of the following is a normative claim? a. the soup on the stove is hot b. babies are lovable c. i need a ride home from the gym d. people ought to drive carefully with kids around

d. people out to drive carefully with kids around

an "innocent" refers to a. child b. non-autonomous adult c. person or nation that attacks or threatens another without provocation d. person or nation that has not attacked or threatened another

d. person or nation that has not attacked or threatened another

which act of utilitarianism's difficulties primarily fails moral confirmation a. calculations b. the quality objection c. defining utility d. promises, justice and rights

d. promises, justice and rights

According to Aristotle, human beings are unique because only human beings achieve a. sensation b. consciousness c. emotion d. rationally

d. rationally

The ultimate problem with ethical egoism seems to be that morality a. can never approve of any act that serves self-interest. b. is not concerned with the intentions of actions. c. inherently goes against our self-interests. d. requires that we act in cooperation to promote the good of each other.

d. requires that we act in cooperation to promote the good of each other.

which of the following has to do with how many persons are affected by an action a. duration b. probability c. quality d. scope

d. scope

The incompleteness problem with virtue theory argues that it a. does not adequately explain why the most basic virtues are good. b. is doubtful that anyone will ever have enough moral knowledge to be considered virtuous. c. offers less help than other theories for becoming morally better persons. d. seems ill-equipped to address certain moral problems, such as those that are carried out by states.

d. seems ill-equipped to address certain moral problems, such as those that are carried out by states.

a positive and healthy end to exploration can bring an individual to the point of a. diffusion b. foreclosure c. death d. self-identity

d. self-identity

Suppose a physician gives a dying patient drugs to make him more comfortable, while knowing that these drugs will hasten his death. According to the doctrine of double effect, a. the act is keeping the patient comfortable b. this is the same as killing the patient and so violates the moral principle condition c. the good effect is the means to the bad effect d. the act satisfies the right-intention condition

d. the act satisfies the right-intention condition

Because humans can act according to or against their own characters, they must not be a. good b. moral c. divine command theorists d. the greatest beings possible

d. the greatest beings possible

one alternative to classical utilitarianism is preference utilitarianism, which a. is essentially the same as egoism b. makes the right act in each case whatever a person prefers to do at the time c. only calculates utility for those with whom one has a relationship d. treats utility in terms of what people most value

d. treats utility in terms of what people most value

in saying that moral claims can always be generalized, we are saying that moral claims are a. normative b. truth claims c. overriding d. universalizable

d. universalizable

Limiting virtues like courage are required by a. deontological theories. b. consequentialist theories. c. nearly all ethical theories. d. virtue theory

d. virtue theory

act utilitarians argue that the calculation problem can largely be sidestepped. This is because a. doing calculations are good for everyone b. doing calculations results in a "higher" pleasure c. we can simply do what we are told is right d. we can do what experience shows will usually produce greater overall utility

d. we can do what experience shows will usually produce greater overall utility

In natural law theory, which of the following is most unlikely regarding life, health, knowledge, and social interaction? a. people commonly desire these values b. many people obtain these values c. it is often rational and prudent to pursue these values d. we have a moral obligation to pursue these values

d. we have a moral obligation to pursue these values