Intro to Human Development Ch.6-7

What is self-esteem?

Evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people.

What is gender segregated play?

Play in which boys and girls associate only with members of their own sex—typical of childhood.

What is fantasy play?

Play that involves making up and acting out a scenario; also called pretend play.

Shame, or the feeling of being personally humiliated, may cause people to: feel terrible about what they have done. connect with others. behave aggressively or withdraw. behave in a more caring way.

behave aggressively or withdraw

Failure to provide adequate supervision and care is called:

child neglect.

Ellen and Andrew have just sent 4-year-old Stephen to the corner to sit in a chair apart from his brothers because he was not listening to his parents. They will have him stay in the chair for 4 minutes. They are using the disciplinary technique called: withdrawal of love. time-out. induction. psychological control.

time-out

What is shame?

A feeling of being personally humiliated.

What is proactive aggression?

A hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt.

What is reactive aggression?

A hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt.

What is relational aggression?

A hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships.

What are internalizing tendencies?

A personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression.

What is bullying?

A situation in which one or more children (or adults) harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse.

What is sympathy?

A state necessary for acting prosocially, involving feeling upset for a person who needs help.

What is learned helplessness?

A state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and gives up without trying.

________________, among immigrants, the tendency to become similar in attitudes and practices to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a new society.

Acculturation

___________________ measures that evaluate a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas.

Achievement tests

What is child maltreatment?

Any act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being.

What is aggression?

Any hostile or destructive act.

_________________ is a type of child-rearing in which parents provide plenty of rules but rank low on child-centeredness, stressing unquestioning obedience.

Authoritarian parents

_________________ is the best possible child-rearing style, in which parents rank high on both nurturance and discipline, providing both love and clear family rules.

Authoritative parents

_____________ are exceptionally aggressive children (with externalizing disorders) who repeatedly bully and get victimized.

Bully-victims

Which statement about families is true? It is important for children to be in a family with a mother. Children can thrive in any type of family if they are getting their needs met. Children only thrive if they are in a family with two parents. Children in rejecting-neglecting families typically thrive.

Children can thrive in any type of family if they are getting their needs met.

What are resilient children?

Children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives.

____________________ is fantasy play in which children work together to develop and act out the scenes.

Collaborative pretend play

__________________, transformative U.S. public school changes, spelling out universal learning benchmarks and emphasizing teaching through scaffolding, problem solving, and communication skills.

Common Core State Standards

____________ is a personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively.

Emotion regulation

What is initiative versus guilt?

Erik Erikson's term for the preschool psychosocial task involving actively taking on life tasks.

_________________ is a personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively.

Externalizing tendencies

__________________ is the drive to take an action because that activity offers external reinforcers such as praise, money, or a good grade.

Extrinsic motivation

Which statement about shame is false? Feeling shame makes people want to strike back. Feeling shame makes people want to retreat. Feeling shame brings people closer to others. Feeling shame makes people angry.

Feeling shame brings people closer to others.

What is empathy?

Feeling the exact emotion that another person is experiencing.

_______________ is an explanation for gender-stereotyped behavior that emphasizes the role of cognitions; specifically, the idea that once children know their own gender label (girl or boy), they selectively watch and model their own sex.

Gender schema theory

________________ is the label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2 percent of his age group.

Gifted

___________ is feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behavior.

Guilt

Describe the traditional nuclear family.

Heterosexual married couples with biological children

What is cyberbullying?

Systematic harassment conducted through electronic media.

_____________ is the ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person.

Induction

______________ is Erik Erikson's term for the psychosocial task of middle childhood involving managing our emotions and realizing that real-world success involves hard work.

Industry vs. Inferiority

______________ is the drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward.

Intrinsic motivation

________________ the principle that there are eight separate kinds of intelligence—verbal, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, and naturalist—plus a possible ninth form, called spiritual intelligence.

Multiple intelligence theory

_______________ are how parents align on two dimensions of child-rearing: nurturance (or child-centeredness) and discipline (or structure and rules).

Parenting styles

___________________, a type of child-rearing in which parents provide few rules but rank high on child-centeredness, being extremely loving but providing little discipline.

Permissive parents

___________________ in Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in knowing how to act competently in real-world situations.

Practical Intelligence

_________________ is the worst child-rearing approach, in which parents provide little discipline and little nurturing or love.

Rejecting-neglecting parents

__________________ in measurement terminology, a basic criterion of a test's accuracy wherein scores must be fairly similar when a person re-takes a test.

Reliability

What is the Flynn effect?

Remarkable and steady rise in overall performance on IQ tests that has been occurring around the world over the past century.

________________ is play that involves shoving, wrestling, and hitting, but in which no actual harm is intended; especially characteristic of boys.

Rough-and-tumble play

What is prosocial behavior?

Sharing, helping, and caring actions.

Which statement about popularity in elementary school is true? Popular children are always kind and caring to their classmates. Children with externalizing behavior are typically average in the status rankings. All aggressive children are unpopular. Some popular children are proactively aggressive.

Some popular children are proactively aggressive.

Describe blended families.

Spouses divorced and remarried

What is self-awareness?

The ability to observe our actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state.

What is creative intelligence?

The facet of intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work.

What is analytic intelligence?

The facet of intelligence involving performing well on academic-type problems.

What is corporal punishment?

The use of physical force to discipline a child.

Which belief did researchers find among children who were regularly spanked? They believed they were good children. They believed it was okay to hit a playmate during a disagreement. They knew clearly the difference between right and wrong. They believed it was never okay to hit a playmate.

They believed it was okay to hit a playmate during a disagreement.

___________________ is the standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of different scales composing a variety of subtests.

WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)

Psychologists who do think that spanking is never acceptable believe that physical punishment impairs a child's ability to develop:

a conscience.

Personality theorist Harry Stack Sullivan believed that friendships in middle childhood are stepping-stones for:

adult romantic relationships.

According to Baumrind, the _____caregiving style is associated with low nurturance or warmth and strict discipline.

authoritarian

Research suggests that prosocial behavior begins: before children are six months old. during kindergarten. during toddlerhood. during elementary school years.

during toddlerhood.

At what age does gender-segregated play begin?

early childhood

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Samantha answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are most likely _____, because they describe their friendship in terms of _____. elementary school-aged children; internal qualities preschool children; internal qualities preschool children; external qualities elementary-school-age children; external qualities

elementary school-aged children; internal qualities

Both externalizing and internalizing tendencies show problems with: internalizing tendencies. cognitive reconstruction. externalizing tendencies. emotion regulation.

emotion regulation.

Which type of child maltreatment is the most common? physical abuse emotional abuse neglect sexual abuse

emotional abuse

Which term refers to feeling another person's feelings? antipathy sympathy empathy antisocial

empathy

Charles Spearman's all-encompassing intelligence factor called "________."

g

Jaden, a nine-year-old child, is extremely fearful of high places, thinking that he may fall at any moment. He also sees himself as a failure at everything he does, even when his performance is reasonably good. Jaden has:

internalizing tendencies

Children who believe that they are powerless to affect their fate and give up on tasks without trying have developed:

learned helplessness

Krista believes that she is going to fail at whatever she does, so she rarely tries new things. When she has to do something new, she tells herself that she is going to fail and therefore often does. Krista has developed:

learned helplessness.

Child _____ is defined as any act that endangers a child's well being.

maltreatment

One reason why relational aggression becomes common in girls, is that, _______ aggression is severely sanctioned in females.

overt, or physical

A supporter of Judith Harris would argue that: peers have the biggest influence on children. culture has the biggest influence on children. teachers have the biggest influence on children. parents have the biggest influence on children.

peers have the biggest influence on children.

In elementary school classes, children who get many "most liked" rankings and no "most disliked" rankings by their classmates are defined as:

popular

Fostering school self-efficacy involves: praising children for being great kids. praising children for working hard. using power assertion. praising children for being brilliant.

praising children for working hard.

Which type of aggression is characterized by insults or social rejection aimed at harming the victim's friendships? reactive aggression relational aggression mean aggression instrumental aggression

relational aggression

When it comes to elementary school play, _____ segregation is typical.

sex