Intro to Interior Design: Test 2
Prospect and Refuge Theory
symbolism of prospect
Prospect and Refuge Theory
symbolism of refuge
The term "mirror image" is often used to describe this principle of design:
symmetrical balance
When thinking of scale in the built environment, Le Corbusier created a scale figure and it is called:
the modulor
triadic color scheme
three colors that are equally spaced from each other on the color wheel
A design with components that "belong together" is considered to be ( ).
unity/harmony pg.57
analogous color scheme
-2 or 4 colors sitting across from each other on the color wheel
Light Reflectance Value (LRV)
-A scale that determines the quantity of visible and usable light reflected by all directions and all wavelengths when a surface is illuminated. -Identify how much light a color reflects or absorbs. -When selecting a paint color, use the LVR to understand how bright or dark the paint will make a room may appear. -By selecting a more reflective paint, you may be able to reduce the required number of light fixtures and improve the overall uniformity of light.
Design Phases: Phase 4: Contract Documents
-All drawings, specifications and other documents for client approval -Assist in preparing requests for proposals for preforming work outlined in contract documents -Assist in selection from proposals submitted -Deliverables: Contract documents package >construction drawings --Title sheet --General notes for construction --Demolition Plan --Furniture and Equipment Plan --Construction Plan --Reflected Ceiling Plan --Lighting Plan --Power and Communications Plan --Finish Plan --Door and Window Schedules --ADA Building Code Compliance Plan >specifications
Design Phases: Phase 5: Contract Administration
-As outlined in the contract, the designer may be responsible for any or all of the following during the Contract Administration phase: >Assist with request for proposal and selection of contractor >Ordering merchandise and overseeing delivery and placement >Obtaining Permits >Coordinating purchase of FF&E & supervise installation >Supervise installation or construction work by subcontractors >Conduct site inspections >Issue documents relating to project completion Deliverables: Contract documents (drawings and specifications) -Weekly site-visits are typical during this phase for observation of progress.
Principles of Design
-Balance >state of equilibrium >arrangement of parts in a composition to achieve visual equilibrium or equality >equality in design is achieved when features have the same visual weight (symmetrical, asymmetrical, and radial balance) -Harmony & Unity -Rhythm -Emphasis & Focus -Contrast & Variety -Proportion -more complex than elements -rules or guidelines that govern the use of the design elements within the composition -design elements may be thought of as components of the principles
Biophilic Design
-Basic concept: Both the positives and negatives associated with nature during evolution were critical enough to favor individuals who developed adaptive responses (both biophilic and biophobic) to certain stimuli. Plausibility of biophilia increases with evidence of biophobia. -Biophobia= fear of nature >Evidence for Biophobia Notion of biologically prepared responses: •Fear relevant stimuli •Vicarious learning •Non‐conscious processing •Visual depth/spaciousness •Behavior genetics/Twin studies >Implies biophilia could have genetic roots -biophilia = love of nature >Implies that there is partly a genetic basis for human positive responses to nature >Affinity for living things and the natural world >The "biophilia effect" describes any of a number of positive impacts experienced when this affinity is evoked through a sensory experience of nature: sight, sound, smell, or feel. -Direct experience of nature •Light •Air •Water •Plants •Animals •Natural Landscapes and Ecosystems •Weather -indirect experience of nature •Images of Nature •Natural Materials •Natural Colors •Mobility and Wayfinding •Simulating Natural Light and Air •Naturalistic Shapes and Forms •Evoking Nature •Biomimicry -Experience of space and place >prospect and refuge >organized complexity >integration of parts to wholes >transitional spaces -5 effective practice of biophilic design >1. Biophilic design emphasizes human adaptations to the natural world that over evolutionary time have proven instrumental in advancing people's health and wellbeing. Exposures to nature irrelevant to human productivity and survival exert little impact on human wellbeing and are not effective instances of biophilic design. >2. Biophilic design depends on repeated and sustained engagement with nature. An occasional, transient, or isolated experience of nature exerts only superficial and fleeting effects on people, and can even, at times, be at variance with fostering beneficial outcomes. >Biophilic design requires reinforcing and integrating design interventions that connect with the overall setting or space. Exposures to nature within a disconnected space - such as an isolated plant or a natural material at variance with other dominant spatial features - is NOT effective biophilic design. >4. Biophilic design fosters emotional attachments to settings and places. By satisfying our inherent inclination to affiliate with nature, biophilic design engenders an emotional attachment to particular spaces and places. These emotional attachments motivate people's performance and productivity, and prompt us to identify with and sustain the places we inhabit. >5. Biophilic design fosters positive and sustained interactions and relationships among people and the natural environment. Effective biophilic design fosters connections between people and their environment, enhancing feelings of relationship, and a sense of membership in a meaningful community.
The science of color: Physics
-Color as a product of light -Spectral theory of color includes the refraction of light through a glass prism -Help understand the effects of natural and electric lighting on the perception of color -Physics: Color as product of light= additive color• We see colors of visible spectrum (400~700nm) -Red the longest wavelength(warm),violet the shortest(cool) -Additive color theory >Red, blue, and green lights produce white >No other color beams of light can be combined to create red, blue, or green -selective absorption >Absorption by a substance of only certain wavelengths of light with the coincident exclusion or transmission of others >When white light falls on an opaque object, the surface of the object absorbs certain wavelengths of the light and reflects others
The science of color: chemistry
-Color as a product of substances= subtractive color -The designer most often deals with color as substance with how color is produced as a reflection of a colored object or surface -subtractive theory of color >Red, yellow, and blue substance produce black (chemistry) >red. blue, and green lights produce white (physics) -Primary colors (3), secondary colors (3), tertiary colors (6) -Neutral gray scale shows values from white to black -When white is added, the result is a higher value, producing a tint -When black is added, the result is a lower value, producing a shade -Neutral gray may be added to any hue to reduce its chroma level to make it duller which also creates a tone -Neutralization >Pairs of complements (opposite hues on the color wheel) when mixed neutralize a hue, creating a tone, similar to adding gray.
proportion
-Comparative relationships between elements in a design with respect to size -Proportion involves internal relationships; the relationships of parts within a whole
view through a window may influence recovery from surgery -Roger Ulrich
-Design can impact healing -Location: Pennsylvania Hospital -200 beds -10 years data from 1972-1981) -comparison groups: window view to trees vs. window view to brick wall -Recovery patients after cholecystectomy -conclusion: the patients with the tree view had better healing results
Kirk Hamilton
-Evidence Based Design >not a product; it is a process >Designer must have meaningful collaboration with the client and users: marketing >designer must use the best available credible evidence from a variety of sources: literature review >designer must recognize and respond to the unique context of each project: critical thinking >Interpreting the implications of the research on design decision requires critical thinking: critical thinking >A chain of logic should link the research findings to the design: logical thinking >once discovered, relevant new information must be seriously considered: critical thinking >Designers have a moral obligation to honor their sacred trust to protect public safety and health: social responsibility -"Evidence‐based design is a process for the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence from research and practice in making critical decisions, to get her with an informed client., about the design of each individual and unique project."(Hamilton,D.K.,2003) -The process of basing decisions about the built environment on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomes (Center for Health Design) -EBD does not mean >rigid rules and standards >loss of creativity or the art of design >designers must specialize >the client will make all the decisions -EBD does mean >quality and competitiveness >improved outcomes >increased trust and credibility -Four levels of Evidence Based design
Elements of design
-Form >point >line >plane >volume >shape -Scale -Color -Texture -Pattern -Light
Color Schemes
-Framework for narrowing the choices from infinity to an exciting but manageable array of options -Related color schemes >Monochromatic >Analogous -Contrasting color schemes >Complementary >Triadic >Tetradic >Square
Supportive Design theory: Theories of Stress
-Hans Selye (1982 stress researcher): Response based view >Stress: Response >stressor: Stimulus -Richard Lazarus (2002, psychologist): Interaction View >stress: a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his/her resources and endangering his/her well-being -sources of stress: >Illnesses: reduced physical capabilities, uncertainty, painful medical procedures >Physcial-Social Environments: Noise, crowding, pollution, lack of privacy, little social support -Results from stress: >psychological components: helplessness, anxiety, depression >Physiology components: increased blood pressure, muscle tension, increased stress hormones -Negative Consequences from Stress >reduced immune functioning: susceptible to disease, against recovery >adverse behaviors: verbal outburst, sleeplessness, alcohol or drug abuse, passivity, social withdrawal -Healthcare facilities should be designed to foster coping stress > not raise obstacles to coping with stress >design to facilitate access tp physical features and social situations that have stress reducing influences >target group should include patients visitors, and healthcare staff 3 key points of stress reduction: self control, social support, access to nature
Form
-Horizontal line >stability >ever-present nature >tranquility -vertical line >force of gravity >strength >upward movement -Diagonal line >dynamic motion >tension >instability -curvilinear line >softer outlines >inward or enveloping direction -plane >a form with the two dimensions of length and width, but no depth >3 planes in interior design >overhead plane >wall plane >base plane -Shape >two dimensional unit that describes the contours of lines >2 broad categories of shape --geometric shapes ---with knowledge of one dimension, a mathematical formula can be used to calculate other dimensions ---square, rectangle, triangle and circle --organic shapes ---based on nature and living objects ---expression method (naturalistic= realistic, stylized= meaning representational, abstract= nonrepresentational) -volume >three-dimensional aspect of an object >mass
The science of color: Physiology
-Human recognition of color requires light, vision, and perception -Perception is developmental and changes through the normal aging process -Simultaneous contrast of hue, value, and chroma -simultaneous contrasts >There are three different ways in which colors influence each other when placed next to each other or when simultaneously viewed. >They are influenced by the three attributes of hue, value, and chroma. -advancing and receding colors >Warm hues appear to advance, while cool colors seem to recede.This phenomenon manipulates the perception of the volume of space.
Design Phases: Phase 1: Programming
-Information gathering and analysis -Information gathering, investigating, drawing out information. Must define the need, or "design problem", before solving it >Needs and goals of client and/or occupant/user (How will it function?) >Evaluate existing conditions >Field measure >Determine other disciplines needed to consult (architecture, engineering, acoustician) >Ascertain, review, and document the applicable requirements of the project, including personnel, space, furniture, furnishings and equipment needs. >Prepare a budget and schedule >Provide a written program of the requirements Deliverables: Budget & Schedule, Project Program & Design Concept Design is not based on assumptions. DO NOT MAKE ASSUMPTIONS -Investigate EXISTING CONDITIONS >Field measurements >Local ordinances >Document with photos -What is a "program"? It documents the following: >Who --Who are the parties involved? --owner vs User --demographics --human factors --cultural- background of user or corporate culture space should support >what --What Functions are to be served by the space(s)? --What are the Spatial needs according to function? >when --When will the space be utilized? --When does the space need to be completed? >how --Putting it all together...organize and document all information for analysis. --How will project goals be met? --How does the collected data impact design opportunities? >why --Why Is the client seeking design services?
Design Theory
-Involves an understanding of the design elements and how to arrange them to achieve balance, rhythm, emphasis, and unity. -Deals with how we see and perceive visual information, and separates ideas of style, taste and trends from the universal principles of aesthetics. -way to direct design based on a system of beliefs or philosophy -most fundamental beginning of design -design theory, blended with a purpose or problem to solve, results in effective design solutions Types: -Evidence based Design (EBD) -Supportive Design Theory -Biophilic design -Prospect & Refuge Theory -Psychology-Based Place Design Principles
Design Phases: Postcompletion or Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE)
-Like preproject, is not an official phase but is very beneficial to client and designer. It can be used to inform future projects and best practices. -Designer and client evaluate finished project as compared to the previously prepared documents >Were the programming goals realized? >Was the design intent achieved? >Was expected quality achieved? Deliverables: Post Occupancy Evaluation Report
Design Phases: Phase 3: Design Development
-Refine drawings providing more information for client approval - indicate color, materials, furnishing and equipment -Adjust preliminary costs Deliverables: Design Development set of drawings, a more detailed budget
The role of color within a space
-Setting the mood or establishing ambience• Manipulating volume or dimension -Unifying disparate components -Defining or partitioning units -Emphasizing or diverting attention
Roger Ulrich
-Supportive Design theory >"Poor design works agains patients well being" -Roger Ulrich -Negative consequences of poor design: anxiety, delirium, elevated blood pressure, increased intake of pain drugs -designers should provide psychologically supportive environments for patients -Design can impact healing: view through a window may influence recovery from surgery (Pennsylvania Hospital 200 beds w/ 10 years data from 1972-1981) >comparison groups: window view to trees vs. window view to brick wall
The science of Color: Psychology & sociology
-Understanding the psychological meaning of color includes awareness that color is experienced with in context and circumstance. -The cultural or societal context of a color is of great significance because of symbolic references. -Consider the cultural or societal context of a color as they may influence emotional reaction, meaning, and symbolism for a color -On the bagua color wheel, used by Feng Shui practitioners based on Eastern culture, red signifies fame and luck while a Western context may associate red with seduction and sexuality
Prospect and Refuge Theory
-We seek out opportunities to: perceive and acquire visual information, to explore environments, and find opportunities (prospect); and We seek out: shelter, protection, and environments where one can hide away (refuge). -PROSPECT: Opportunity to see. Prospect has to do with perceiving, with obtaining information, especially visual information "The symbolism of habitat" ‐ Jay Appleton, 1990 >spaces for prospect: •Generous plan dimensions •Significantly raised ceiling plane •Significantly increased light levels •Broad expanses of transparent surface •Window seat space -REFUGE: Opportunity to achieve concealment. Formal qualities of refuge are opacity, lower light levels and containment. The symbolism of habitat ‐ Jay Appleton, 1990 >Spaces for refuge: • Windowless corner spaces • Spaces closed on three sides • Spaces of small dimension with low ceilings • Alcoves • Recesses • Balconies • Deep overhanging eaves -Habitat theory: "The relationship between a human being and the perceived environment is basically the same as the relationship of a creature to its habitat. In other words, it is about the ability of a place to satisfy biological needs of human beings." -Darwin 1958 -The experience of landscape "Satisfaction stems from the spontaneous perception of landscape features which, in their shapes, colors, spatial arrangements and other visible attributes act as sign stimuli indicative of environmental conditions favorable or unfavorable to survival. In other words, environmental perception is a key to all adaptive behavior." -jay appleton, 1975 -Gender differences: •Men prefer a prospect weighted balance •Women prefer a refuge weighted balance -Developed and applied primarily for landscape and urban planning. •Useful for designers because it is a reminder of how experiences are created when spaces are designed. •A preference predictor tool
split complimentary colors
-a base color and the two adjacent to its complementary color
plane
-a form with the two dimensions of length and width, but no depth -3 planes in interior design -overhead plane -wall plane (active in our normal field of vision) -base plane
Asymetrical Balance
-achievement of equilibrium through equal visual weight of nonidentical elements around an axis -aexible, dynamic, and informal -more fluid approach to design -greater visual weight: large size, highly textured or detailed objects, complex, or unusual shapes, and dark elements
organic shapes
-based on nature and living objects -expressed method >naturalistic=relaistic >stylized=meaning representational >abstract=nonrepresentational
texture
-can be influence by color scheme, light, and distance -can be visual or tactile -becomes more significant when colors in a space are muted or uniform -can be influences by color scheme, light, and distance
Rhythm
-characterized by a recurrence of successive elements in a periodic (regular or irregular) pattern of repetition
complimentary colors
-colors sit across from each other on the color wheel
neutral color scheme
-contain equal parts of each of the three primary colors. -defined as being a color of very low saturation, close to grey
contrast and variety
-contrast is the way we perceive the differences between things -two or more features placed in opposition achieve contrast -contrast (perception of differences) may be achieved through lightness and darkness, straight lines and curves, and other opposites -the degree of contrast may be subtle or dramatic, or even perceived as chaotic
monochromatic color scheme
-different shades of the same hue/color -Sensory experience >The purer the color, the more dynamic >The more muted or neutralized the color, the more calming
Diagonal
-dynamic motion -tension -can create instability if used too Much
Jain Malkin
-evidence based consultant in California -specializing in healthcare facilities -written articles on psychological effects of healthcare design
symmetrical balance
-formal, static, and traditional type of balance achieved through the arrangement of identical elements around a common axis -also known as mirror image
tetrad color scheme
-four colors arranged into two complementary pairs
square color scheme
-four complimentary colors evenly spaced around the color wheel
color
-no light no color -we see colors of visible spectrum -red the longest wavelength (warm), violet the shortest (cool) -colors 3 attributes (mussel's theory) >hue=the family of color >value/brightness=the lightness or darkness of color >chroma/saturation= the purity or intensity of color -color mixing >red, blue, and green lights produce white (physics) -red, yellow, and blue substance produce black (chemistry)
vertical line
-perpendicular to the horizon
purpose of light
-provide visibility for mobility and activity -convey a mood or feeling appropriate to a space -create drama through shadows and contrast -enhance or diminish the effects of color -emphasize or reduce surface features, such as texture
pattern
-repetition of a motif >applied pattern >structural pattern >design repeating in fabric -a pattern may also be described in terms of scale -when individual components of a pattern re very small in scale, or viewed at a distance, the pattern will appear as a texture -organic motif > botanical -figural motif >pastoral scene -animal print >zoomorphic
curvilinear line
-softer lines -inward or enveloping direction
emphasis and focus
-the concept of emphasis requires that something hold a dominant status compared with other components in the space -attention, dominance, or importance -focus or focal point
Evidence based design
-the process of basing decisions about the built environment on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomes (Center for Health Design) - -started with healthcare environments -most influential in healthcare design Roger Ulrich Kirk Hamilton Jain Malkin
volume
-three dimensional aspect of an object -mass -negative and positive space
light
-three layers of light >ambient (general) >task (local), >accent (key) lighting -categories of light >natural light (includes daylight, skylight, and candle) >artificial light (incandescent, fluorescent, LED)
shape
-two dimensional unit that describes the contour lines -2 broad categories of shape >geometric shapes >organic shapes
Radial Balance
-used for ceremonial spaces -equilibrium that relies on a center point, which serves as the axis around which elements of equal visual weight are arranged
geometric shapes
-with knowledge of one dimension, a mathematical formula can be used to calculate other dimensions -square, rectangle, triangle, and circle -rectangle is the most used in interior design
The number of hues on an extended, or expanded, also known as quaternary, color wheel is:
24
Psychology-Based Place design Principles
4 different types of living
( ) is a term derived from the Greek that denotes pleasure in appearance.
Aesthetics
Aesthetics
Ancient Greek philosophy believed that the standard for beauty was objective and determined by mathematical formulas that dictate proportion and harmony -environmental psychologists are finding growing evidence that there seems to be strong universal cross-culture patterns that underline much of what we find beautiful -designers need to >understand the rules of aesthetics through knowledge, observation and research >apply the rules confidently >break the rules intentionally
Psychology-Based Place design Principles
Artisan living: More active, non-social
There are six Principles of Design. Five are: Harmoney and unity, Rhythm, Emphasis and focus, Contrast and variety, Proportions. The missing one is:
Balance
( ) implies that there is partly a genetic basis for human positive responses to nature. Literally, it means love of nature
Biophilia
Color System: organize color theory into practical applications
Brewster-Prang System -Developed by David Brewster (1781‐1868), a Scottish physicist; it was later modified by Louis Prang (I824‐1909), an American printer, lithographer, and publisher. -Various manufacturers produce several color wheels commercially, but most are based on the 12‐hue wheel of the Brewster‐Prang system.
14 Patterns of Biophilic Design
Nature In the Space
() is a way to direct design based on a system of beliefs or philosophy. It blended with a purpose or problem to solve, results in effective design solutions.
Design Theory
What type of line might a designer use to suggest a dynamic design concept?
Diagonal
The process of basing decisions about the built environment on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomes is known as:
Evidence based Design
Point, Line, Plane, Volume and Shape are all a part of ( ) in the Elements of Design.
Form
Another term for ambient lighting is known as:
General
Psychology-Based Place design Principles
Intellectual living: less active, non-social
Color System: organize color theory into practical applications
Munsell System -Developed by Albert Munsell (1858‐1918), an American artist and educator. -A comprehensive system to understand color. -Munsell used a system based on 10 hues
14 Patterns of Biophilic Design
Nature Analogues & Nature of the Space
Design Phases
Overview Preproject 1. Programming 2. Schematic Design 3. Design Development 4. Contract Documents 5. Contract Administration Post Occupancy Evaluation
Design Phases: Preproject
PREPROJECT (not an official phase, but important) -Deciding whether to take on a project -why wouldn't a designer take on a project? >schedule doesn't match up >ethical reason -Determining the scope of the project -Schedules and budgets
Color System: organize color theory into practical applications
Pantone System -Developed by American chemist Lawrence Herbert in 1963. -It is a system devised to standardize color, specifying the exact formula for every hue like a consistent recipe of ingredients.
The physicist credited with the discovery and recording of the spectral theory of color is:
Sir Isaac Newton
Psychology-Based Place design Principles
Sophisticate living less active, social
Psychology-Based Place design Principles
Teammate living: more active, social
Design Phases: Phase 2: Schematic Design
The ANALYSIS and INTERPRETATION of the functional relationships among the who, what and where established in the Programming phase. -Diagrams of necessary functional relationships (stated in the program) -Space allocations -Design studies indicating TYPES of fixtures, furnishings and equipment -Preliminary floor plan(s), elevations, sections, perspectives and details to explore design concept and communicate to client -Material boards prepared to communicate materials, furnishings and concept to the client -Projected cost: labor, materials, design services and other professional tradespeople Deliverables: preliminary drawings, material board and projected cost -Tools to helps with this: >Adjacency Matrix (see pic) >bubble diagram --indicating required access --indicating noise level
The Golden Mean relates directly to ( ).
a formula used by the ancient greeks that was thought to approximate the best proportions, producing the most universally appealing relationship among parts. the ratio of the lager to the smaller of two parts is the same as the ratio of the whole to the larger part.
The Golden Mean is also referred to as:
golden section
A formula used by the ancient Greeks to establish the principle of proportion is known as:
golden section/ mean
harmony and unity
harmony is the combination of various parts into pleasing and satisfying the whole -balance of oneness and variety -achieving unity relies on establishing unifying threads or common characteristics -faces of harmony >application of unified color theme >minimal, simple, quiet, and soothing -generating excitement through a variety of color
Fallingwater, a residence built by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright primarily makes use of which type of line for its architectural structure:
horizontal plane
Simply put, "Design Thinking" is focused on ( ).
human beings; it is inspired by what people say and how they behave (pg46)
( ) is described as a notion of "To see without being seen"
prospect and refuge theory
The spectrum in light is composed of all colors. If we break down that spectrum, in what order do the colors occur?
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet
Subtractive Color refers to the color in ( ).
red, yellow, and blue if you overlap all three in effectively equal mixture, all the light is subtracted giving black. color reflected from a surface or object colored by dyes, pigments, or other substances
scale
scale is the relative size of one thing as it relates to another of known size -interior design uses comparing something to the human scale -human scale: using the size of a human as a known and recognizable standard of measurement
Which one is NOT of three key points of stress reduction in the Supportive Design Theory?
self control, social support, access to nature
The degree of lightness or darkness of a color is called:
value
In creating a symmetrical room layout, designers may arrange furniture symmetrically about the centerline of the room, which is referred to as the ( ).
vertical axis
Additive color refers to the color in ( ).
when the primaries of red, green and blue, RGB, are mixed together, they create 'white light'. in physics, color is discussed as originating from light
