Intro to Physical and Space Science Ch. 1-4

Characterize the acceleration of any falling object that gains a velocity of 10 m/s each second.

10 meters per second per second

A 1-kg block of iron has a weight of about

10 newtons

Characterize the number of forces involved in a force interaction.

2 or more

Which of Newton's laws best leads to the conservation of momentum?

3rd

Characterize scientific thinking

A cause-and-effect way of looking at the world (rational thinking)

Characterize forces that cause a motor scooter to experience acceleration.

A change in speed, direction, or both

In any field of science, characterize facts.

A phenomenon about which competent observers can agree, may change with time

Characterize inertia.

A property of objects to resist changes in motion.

In science, characterize a theory.

A synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world and evolved over time.

Characterize an object which has zero acceleration.

An object whose velocity is unchanging

Where would you find examples of friction? Why?

Anywhere where two objects are in contact with each other because it is the opponent of all motion

When Galileo dropped balls from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, how did this compare to Aristotle's teachings?

Aristotle thought the heavier object would fall faster, but Galileo found that they fall at the same time

Characterize biology.

Builds on chemistry, is the study of life, and is the most complex of the sciences

Characterize chemistry.

Builds on physics and studies how matter is put together to produce the growing list of materials and medicines that we use in our everyday lives

How is a valid hypothesis capable of being proved?

By being tested

Who charted the stars and planets in ancient times?

China and Polynesia

Ancient Greek investigators discovered...

Earth was round, Earth's circumference, how things float, botany, and Earth's rotation

If a freely falling boulder were somehow equipped with a speedometer, characterize its speed reading.

Every second, its speed increases by 10 m/s

Characterize pseudoscience.

Fake/junk science (astrology, palm-reading, internet cures, etc.)

According to Galileo, why does a rolled ball eventually come to a stop?

Friction

[blank] was the first scientist to be credited for discovering the concept of inertia.

Galileo

Which scientist was arrested for his views?

Galileo Galilei

You toss a ball upward. After it leaves your hand, characterize the force of gravity on it.

Gravity pulls the ball downward

A skydiver steps from a high-flying helicopter. As her velocity of fall increases, characterize her acceleration.

Her acceleration increases until she reaches terminal velocity.

Characterize how various moving objects affect momentum.

High velocity = high momentum, low velocity = low momentum

According to the parallelogram rule for vectors, characterize the diagonal of the parallelogram.

If V and H are perpendicular: R=√(V^2 + H^2)

Characterize a hockey puck with zero acceleration.

It has no net force acting on it

When Burl and Paul on a sign-painting scaffold are in equilibrium, characterize the net upward supporting force of the vertical ropes.

It is equal to the downward supporting force and cancel each other out to zero.

Characterize a valid hypothesis.

It must be able to be tested and be capable of being proved wrong

Characterize the units of energy and work.

Joules

How is Aristotle's view of natural laws best understood?

Logical reasoning

For the same force, characterize how barrel length of a cannon impacts greater speed to a cannonball?

Longer barrel length = more contact time = greater impulse = greater speed

Which is the more fundamental quantity between weight and mass? Why?

Mass because weight is the amount of gravitational pull on an object and can change based on gravity; mass does not change.

A heavy and light ball are dropped at the same time from a high tower. The ball to reach the ground first, assuming no air resistance, will be...

Neither - they will reach the ground at the same time

When air in a filled ballon escapes and the ballon flies across the room, characterize the force that accelerates the balloon.

Newton's third law - equal and opposite force propelling balloon

Who was the first to be credited for Earth circling the Sun?

Nicolaus Copernicus

Characterize the acceleration of a falling object when reaching its terminal velocity.

No further acceleration occurs when an object has reached its terminal velocity

Characterize the force with which you press downward on a heavy coiled spring.

Resistance force (friction)

Science, art, and religion need not contradict each other. Explain.

Science asks how, religion asks why, and art bridges the two

Characterize speed and velocity when an object accelerates.

Speed and velocity both increase

When you push a brick with twice as much force, characterize the acceleration of the brick.

The acceleration doubles

A given net force accelerates a cart along a straight-line path. If the mass of the cart somehow doubles, characterize its acceleration.

The acceleration halves

A wagon is being pulled with a constant force while its mass decreases. Characterize the acceleration of the wagon.

The acceleration increases as the mass decreases

Characterize the effects of air resistance acting on a wing suit flyer in flight.

The air resistance is a force acting upwards and slows the flyer down

Characterize the amount of friction acting when two blocks slide against each other.

The amount of friction depends on the materials of the blocks and how much they are pressed together

When catching a fast-moving baseball with your bare hand, you extend your hand forward to allow the ball to ride backward with your hand. Why is the catching force reduced?

The ball is given more time to reduce its momentum

When a cannon fires a cannonball, characterize acceleration by both cannon and ball.

The cannon accelerates less than the ball because it is larger

As Marie pushes a table to the right, characterize the friction between the floor and the table.

The friction between the floor and the table is acting opposite to Marie's force (to the left)

Compare the mass of an apple on the Earth's surface and on the Moon's surface.

The mass is the same.

Characterize mass.

The quantity of matter in an object

Be able to select questions which lie outside the realm of science.

The realm of science is in natural phenomena - no "supernatural"

A heavy block is suspended at rest by a vertical rope. When you raise the block at a constant velocity, characterize the rope tension.

The rope's tension would increase proportionately to the block's raising.

Characterize the gain in speed per second for a freely falling object.

The speed increases by 10 m/s every second

During each second, characterize the speed of an object in free fall.

The speed of free fall on Earth is 10 meters per second per second

When action is a boy pulling on a spring, characterize the reaction.

The spring pulling on the boy with an equal force

Characterize physics.

The study of basic concepts such as motion, force, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, electricity, and magnetism

Characterize earth science.

The study of geology, meteorology, and oceanography

Characterize astronomy.

The study of nature beyond the confines of planet Earth

Characterize the equilibrium rule. (ΣF=0)

The vector sum of forces acting on a non-accelerating object/system of objects equals zero.

A ball is tossed vertically upward. At the top of its path, characterize its velocity.

The velocity is zero

How will a block of matter weigh on the Earth and Moon?

The weight will decrease on the Moon because there is not as strong of a gravitational pull as there is on Earth.

What happens to scientists who falsify experimental results or data?

They get arrested

Characterize measurements that are necessary for calculating average speed.

Total distance covered and travel time

The net force acting on an object is...

a combination of all the forces that act on an object

If the mass of an object remains unchanged, a constant net force on it produces a constant...

acceleration

Newton's second law focuses on...

acceleration

Newton's third law is often known as the law of...

action and reaction

A heavy ball hangs by a string, with a second string attached to its bottom. A quick pull on the bottom string breaks the...

bottom string

A long-barrel cannon fires a faster cannonball than a short cannon because the ball is given more...

contact time

You can increase impulse by increasing...

contact time and/or force

A stone whirled at the end of a rope follows a circular path. If the rope breaks, the stone tends to...

continue in a straight-line path

When riding your bicycle at twice your normal speed your momentum is...

doubled

Correct science is mainly linked to...

experiments

In contrast to Aristotle's statements about nature, Galileo's reliance was on...

experiments

Science greatly moved forward when Galileo favored...

experiments

A bocce ball rolls with considerable momentum. The momentum of a same-speed but twice as massive bowling ball is...

half that of the bocce ball

A school bus on a highway brakes to stop. More braking force is required if the bus has...

high momentum

If an object has no acceleration of any kind, then we can say for certain that it is...

in equilibrium

When you whip a tablecloth beneath a set of dishes on a table, you're demonstrating...

inertia

A glance at the speedometer in a vehicle will tell you your...

instantaneous speed

When the net force on an object equals zero, its acceleration...

is zero

Galileo stated that a ball rolled along a level surface would...

keep rolling if friction is absent

A kilogram best relates to an object's...

mass

The impulse-momentum relationship Ft = change in mv, applies to a fast-moving baseball hitting a bat with a force F. The m in the equation is the...

mass of the baseball

A Cadillac and a Mini Cooper roll down a hill at the same speed. While rolling the heavier Cadillac has a greater...

momentum

Any object that moves has...

momentum, energy, and speed

Aristotle asserted that motion was characterized by...

natural motion and violent motion

According to the equilibrium rule, the vector sum of all forces acting on a...

non-accelerating object/system of objects equals zero

The classic scientific method includes...

observation; question/problem; hypothesis with educated guess; predict observed consequences if hypothesis is correct; use experiments to test predictions; formulate conclusion that organizes hypothesis, predictions, and experimental findings

An object in free fall experiences...

only the force of gravity and negligible air resistance

The most basic of the sciences of physics, chemistry, and biology is...

physics

When Galileo rolled a ball down and up an incline, he found that the ball...

rolled back up to its original height

Acceleration is a measure of...

the rate at which velocity changes with time

Compared with an apple's mass on Earth, the mass of the same apple on the Moon is...

the same

Kara Mae cannot push on a wall unless...

the wall pushes back on her with an equal force

A distinction between force and impulse involves...

time - impulse is force multiplied by time

A heavy ball suspended by a string has a second string attached to its bottom. A slow pull on the bottom string breaks the...

top string

In a less systemic way, many discoveries are found by...

trial and error, accidental discovery, experimenting with guessing

Lifting an object against the force of gravity best judges an object's...

weight

If Marie pushes horizontally on a table, but not hard enough to get it moving, the friction force acting on the table is...

zero (ΣF=0)