Intro to Psyc

In a memory experiment, Dr. Aziz gives one group of participants a recognition test of a list of words they had seen earlier; another group is asked to recall the words. What would be a reasonable prediction regarding the relative performance of the two groups on the memory test?

the recognition group should outperform the recall group

According to the encoding specificity principle:

the similarity between learning and retrieval contexts influences memory.

Match the psychologist(s) with the correct concept or theory.

Baddeley and Hitch - working memory

The study of sensory memory is associated with:

George Miller

Compared to alcohol intoxication, talking on a cell phone impairs driving to:

about the same extent.

Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus, but also her:

amygdala.

The misinformation effect highlights the:

changeability of memory.

Which of the following sequences BEST reflects the order in which memory processes occur, from first to last?

encoding, storage, retrieval

The conscious repetition of information to ensure its survival in short-term memory is termed _____ rehearsal.

maintinence

Psychologists use the word _____ to refer to the processes whereby the brain collects, stores, and retrieves information for later use.

memory

_____ devices are methods for improving memory

mnemonic

In ____ interference, information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently; in ____ interference, recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier.

proactive; retroactive

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _____ is to _____.

1 second; 10 seconds

While a computer's hard drive may be likened to the memory process of storage, its keyboard is analogous to the process of

encoding

In working memory, visual/spatial and verbal information are integrated in t

episodic buffer.

The spacing effect refers to the benefit of _____ practice.

distributed

The phenomenon of _____ imagery is fairly similar to what people commonly call "photographic memory."

eidetic

According to the textbook, organizing information hierarchically improves memory by aiding the process of:

encoding

How do Chinese participants' life memories differ from those of Americans, and why?

Chinese participants' memories more often relate to social and historical events because China is a more collectivist culture.

Mnemonic strategies facilitate retention by encouraging

Chunking and elaborative rehearsal

"What's your social security number?" the insurance provider on the phone asks Renee. "One, six, four . . ." Renee begins. After a brief pause, she continues, "seventy-two . . . sixteen thirty-eight." To ease the burden on the insurance associate's short-term memory, Renee is giving the number in ______ rather than as individual digits.

Chunks

Which statement is the BEST reason for viewing classical conditioning as a type of implicit memory?

Classical conditioning occurs outside one's awareness

Psychologists use the term _____ memory to refer to photographic visual impressions that last less than a second.

Iconic

Memories that are automatic or unconscious are called ______ memories.

Implicit

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. The greatest number of recall errors should occur for lines:

In the middle of the poem

Research has shown that flashbulb memories can be

Incomplete and Inaccurate

Which of these is NOT one of the three general memory processes identified at the beginning of the chapt

perception

Nana is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester. The problem is, the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way, causing her to forget Spanish words. Nana is experiencing _____ interference.

proactive

An "oldie" playing on the radio reminds Donald of events that occurred when the song was current. For Donald, the song is acting as a(n):

Retrieval Cue

Omar experienced a dissociative fugue state. He suddenly snapped out of it in front of a pet-supplies display in a Boise, Idaho discount store; he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro, North Carolina. Omar's amnesia is best described as:

Retrograde

Why does a woman have trouble remembering the license plate number of a car that she just saw ten minutes ago?

The number was probably never encoded in the first place.

The levels of processing framework

suggests that thinking about material leads to better memory than simply repeating the material to oneself

The levels of processing framework

suggests that thinking about material leads to better memory than simply repeating the material to oneself.

How does short-term memory differ from sensory memory?

Its duration is longer than that of sensory memory.

Which statement BEST describes the forgetting function that Ebbinghaus discovered?

Material is forgotten relatively rapidly at first, and then the rate of forgetting slows down.

Which explanation of forgetting is correctly described?

decay - Information is lost over time as a result of nonuse.

Cory knows that the capital of Vermont is Montpelier, which is an example of a(n) _____ memory

semantic and explicit

The frontal lobe is to _____ memory as the temporal lobe is to _____ memory

working; spatial

The duration of short-term memory is about:

20 to 30 seconds

Which of the following expressions BEST reflects the capacity of short-term memory?

7, plus or minus 2 items

After a severe bout of encephalitis, Clive Wearing could no longer develop new memories. Clive suffered from _____ amnesia.

Anterograde

_____ amnesia involves an inability to form new memories

Anterograde

Bower et al. (1969) asked some participants to learn hierarchically organized words. Other participants were asked to learn the same words arranged randomly. All participants were later required to recall the words. Word recall was the _____ variable in this study.

Dependent

The method of loci connects new information to older memories—namely, locations along a familiar route. The method therefore encourages _____ rehearsal.

Elaborative

Because she drank too much alcohol, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday. That is, her _____ memory is sketchy.

Episodic

The textbook reviews the case of Henry Molaison, also known as H. M. After brain surgery, H. M. suffered hippocampal damage. Which type of memory was MOST damaged in H. M.'s case?

Episodic

Which statement accurately captures the relationship among the types of long-term memory?

Episodic and semantic memory are both components of explicit memory

Bower et al. (1969) asked some participants to learn hierarchically organized words. Other participants were asked to learn the same words arranged randomly. All participants were later required to recall the words. In this study, the group learning the organized words was the _____ group.

Experimental

Dr. Handy is a psychologist who studies how the brain collects, stores, and retrieves information for later use. Which is the BEST term for Dr. Handy's area of interest?

Memory

Texting while driving increases the likelihood of an accident by a factor of:

More than 20

Preliminary evidence suggests that levels of physical and mental activity are both _____ correlated with the severity of the cognitive decline seen in Alzheimer's disease.

Negatively

Morton moved from Alabama to Georgia ten years ago. "My fifth-grade teacher made us memorize the names of all the counties in Alabama," he tells his friend Rory. Rory tests Morton by giving him a list of thirty counties—15 Alabama counties, mixed in with 15 counties from other states. "Ok, pick out the Alabama counties," Rory challenges Morton. Which method does Rory's test use?

Recognition

"Cat food, cola, toothpaste." Ned's roommate recites items over the phone as he throws his books in the backseat and gets into his car. Ned is supposed to stop at the store on the way home. The roommate continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up, "Coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and ice tea mix." Ned forgets a couple of things, but he does get the cat food, cola, and toothpaste. His memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.

Primacy

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between priming and a retrieval cue?

Priming is the unconscious awakening of memories based on retrieval cues

The textbook reviews the case of Henry Molaison, also known as H. M. After brain surgery, H. M. suffered hippocampal damage. Which type of memory was BEST preserved in H. M.'s case?

Procedural

"Dog food, coffee, paper towels." Michelle's roommate begins reciting items into the phone as she gets into her car; Michelle is supposed to stop by the store on the way home. The roommate continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps with, "Coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix." Michelle forgets a few things, but the spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix are in the bag. Her memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.

Recency

When Roy tells an acquaintance his telephone number, he does not recite the digits one by one at a constant rate, as in "3, 3, 7, 2, 3, 4, 8, 3, 9, 2." Instead, Roy might say, "3, 3, 7 . . . 2, 3, 4 . . . 83, 92." This exemplifies _____, a strategy to enhance _____ memory.

chunking; short-term

The question on the midterm in an economics course is "Discuss several factors that contributed to the economic collapse of late 2008." This question is a _____ test of _____ memory.

recall; explicit

An essay question is a _____ test of memory. A multiple-choice question is a _____ test.

recall; recognition

People's ability to recall an item from a list depends on where in the list the item occurs. This is known as the _____ effect.

serial position

An acronym helps recall because it is easier to remember an acronym than a long string of information. Thus, acronyms help circumvent the capacity limitations of _____ memory.

short-term

The concept of working memory represents a contemporary conceptualization of what is going on in _____ memory.

short-term

Which stage in the information-processing model of memory has the smallest capacity?

short-term memory

Which sequence correctly arranges the information-processing stages of memory in order of increasing capacity?

short-term memory > sensory memory > long-term memory

Tommy is repeating a series of digits in the order in which he heard an experimenter read them. The experimenter is testing the capacity of Tommy's _____ memory. Tommy should be able to repeat about _____ digits correctly.

short-term; 7

Based on the _____ effect, _____ practice leads to better learning than _____ practice does.

spacing; distributed; massed

Preserving information is to accessing information as _____ is to _____.

storage; retrieval