Intro to Psych - Exam 1

Research studies that do not test specific relationships between variables are called a. descriptive studies b. experimental research c. meta-analysis studies d. correlational studies

a. descriptive studies

An experiment is valid if it ________. · measures what it is supposed to measure · can disprove the research hypothesis · can be replicated by another researcher and provide similar results · can accurately predict future behaviors

· measures what it is supposed to measure

Which section of a research article includes an explanation of the procedures used to conduct the experiment? · methods · abstract · results · conclusion

· methods

The three main categories of research are a. correlational, descriptive, and experiential b. descriptive, correlational, and experimental c. operational, experimental, and descriptive d. qualitative, descriptive, and experimental

b. descriptive, correlational, and experimental

If you participate in a study and find out that the medication you received did not contain actual medication inside, then that pill is considered a(n) ________. · dependent variable · experimental tool · placebo · active treatment

· placebo

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________. · cohort effect · placebo effect · experimenter bias · participant bias

· placebo effect

Correlation means all of the following EXCEPT that ________. · two variables are related · one variable causes another · when one variable changes, so does the other · values on one variable are non-independent of values on the other variable

· one variable causes another

A negative correlation means ________. · two variables decrease together · two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome · a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship · one variable decreases as the other increases

· one variable decreases as the other increases

Psychologists use ________ to measure the probability of a research finding occurring by random chance. · statistical significance · back-solving · p-values · distributions

· p-values

In his correlational research, Dr. Martin discovered that university graduates earn significantly more money than high school graduates. He also found that the more education people had, the less likely they were to be diagnosed with psychological problems. In this research, it appears that there is a ________ correlation between education and income and a ________ correlation between education and number of psychological problems. A. Positive; negative B. Positive; positive C. Negative; positive D. Negative; negative

A. Positive; negative

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? a. -.90 b. +.80 c. -.50 d. +.25

a. -.90

Researchers generally use a p-value of _____ as a cutoff for determining if data is statistically significant. a. .05 b. .10 c. .0001 d. 1

a. .05

Where in a scholarly article would you expect to find a concise summary of the entire experiment? a. Abstract b. Introduction c. Methods d. Discussion

a. Abstract

Research studies designed to determine whether a relationship exists between variables is known as _____ research. a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Introspective d. Experimental

a. Correlational

Researchers might use _____ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses. a. Deception b. Informed consent c. Ethics d. Debriefing

a. Deception

The margin of error describes the _____. a. Expected amount of variation in a reported outcome b. Percentage change that the data are incorrect c. Average amount that scores vary from the mean d. Probability of observing a particular outcome in a sample

a. Expected amount of variation in a reported outcome

_____ is to animal research as _____ is to human research. a. IRB; IACUC b. IACUC; IRB c. Informed consent; deception d. Deception; debriefing

a. IRB; IACUC

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the _____ form. a. Informed consent b. Ethics c. Debriefing d. IRB

a. Informed consent

Before a university researcher can test their hypotheses by collecting date, a(n) _____ must provide ethical oversight. a. Institutional Review Board b. University Funding Committee

a. Institutional Review Board

A psychologist discovers that the more control people feel they have over what happens in their work environments, the more productive they are. The psychologist has discovered a ________ correlation between perceived control and productivity. a. Positive b. Lack of c. Negative

a. Positive

A(n) _____ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper or online form. a. Survey b. Case study c. Archive d. Naturalistic observation

a. Survey

For the following question statement, determine the best type of descriptive research design. When buying clothes for themselves, do men prefer to shop by themselves or with a partner? a. Survey b. Case study c. Naturalistic observation

a. Survey

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is _____. a. The honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting b. How quick and easy these studies are to perform. c. The ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach d. The researcher's capacity to make sure that date is collected as efficiently as possible.

a. The honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

In the "climber study" example where the infants chose either the helper or hinderer toy, why did researchers move the helper toy to the infant's right side and left side? a. To control for variables b. To confuse the babies c. To replicate the test d. To guide the child toward the correct choice

a. To control for variables

A correlation coefficient of .90 indicates a(n) _____ relationship between two variables. a. strong positive b. absence of c. strong negative d. weak positive

a. strong positive

A correlation coefficient of .90 indicates a(n) ________ relationship between two variables. a. strong positive b• absence of c• strong negative d• weak positive

a. strong positive

You are interested in the amount of time high school students spend talking to their peers during class breaks. You want to determine whether girls are more talkative with other girls than they are with boys. You set up a camera to record a hundred such interactions and you watch the results. Which type of study is this? a• naturalistic observation b• case study c• survey d• experiment

a• naturalistic observation

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that _____. a. In general, the shorter someone is, the heavier they are b. As height increases, typically weight increases c. In general, the taller someone is, the thinner they are d. There is no relationship between height and weight

b. As height increases, typically weight increases

Which is the most statistically valuable way to examine the reading levels of cancer patients with the readability of typical cancer pamphlets? a. Look at the mean reading level of the participants and the pamphlets b. Compare the two distributors c. Compare the range of reading levels d. Look at the median reading level of the participants and the pamphlets

b. Compare the two distributors

The _____ is controlled by the experimenter, while the _____ represents the information collected and statiscally analyzed by the experimenter. a. Placebo effect; experimenter bias b. Independent variable; dependent variable c. Dependent variable; independent variable d. Experiment bias; placebo effect

b. Independent variable; dependent variable

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories were _____. a. Too broad b. Not testable c. Too limited in scope d. Too outrageous

b. Not testable

When determining how often an event will happen by chance, researchers look at the _____. a. Sample b. P-values c. Mean score d. Range of distributions

b. P-values

Because eating cereal and maintaining a healthy weight are positively correlated, one can infer that a. If you eat more cereal, you'll lose more weight b. People who eat cereal regularly maintain healthier weights c. If you eat more cereal, the healthier you'll be d. People who eat cereal regularly also exercise more often.

b. People who eat cereal regularly maintain healthier weights

Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) _____ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment. a. Independent variable b. Placebo c. Dependent variable d. Statistical analysis

b. Placebo

Scientific hypotheses are _____ and falsifiable. a. Original b. Testable c. Observable d. provable

b. Testable

A therapist develops a new approach to treating depression using exercise and diet along with regular counseling sessions. For all of her new clients who agree to be in her test of the therapy approach, she randomly assigns half to receive her new form of treatment and the other half receive the traditional form of treatment that the therapist has offered for many years. She uses a respected, standardized measure of depression before the beginning of her therapy and then again after 3 months of treatment. She uses the difference between these before and after measures to indicate the change in level of depression. The difference in the level of depression between the before and after measures is ________. a. A confounding variable b. The dependent variable c. The independent variable

b. The dependent variable

In the example of infants choosing to play with the helper toy over the hinderer toy, what does the p-value tell you? a. The probability that an infant would choose, if presented in various orders, the hinderer toy over the helper toy if they were picking randomly. b. The probability that if infants chose randomly, that so many of them (14 to 16) would choose the helper toy by chance. c. The probability that a separate researcher using a different sample will find the same outcome. d. The likelihood of the next infant to participate in the study to also choose the helper toy.

b. The probability that if infants chose randomly, that so many of them (14 to 16) would choose the helper toy by chance.

A researcher wants to know if creativity can be taught. She designs a curriculum for teaching creative drawing to elementary school children. Then (with the permission of parents and the school) she randomly assigns 30 students to participate in several weekly sessions of creativity training. Another 30 randomly chosen students participate in a weekly session where they can draw, but they receive no creativity instruction. At the end of the six weeks of instruction, she has each child draw a picture. Five local school art teachers, who are also friends of hers, serve as judges. Each picture has a label showing whether the child was in the "creative training" group or the "no creative training" group. The art teacher-judges rate each picture on a 10-point scale, where 10 means "very high in creativity" and 1 means "very low in creativity." The results were that the children in the "creative training" group received an average rating of 8.5 and the children in the "no creative training" group received an average rating of 4.0. Based on these results, the researcher claimed that her creativity training curriculum succeeded in teaching students to be more creative. Was randomly assigning students to the "creative training" and the "no creative training" groups a good method for improving the validity of this study? a. No b. Yes

b. Yes

A psychologist would like to study the effects of premarital education on marital quality. He identifies 30 couples, half of whom attended a 4-week premarital course 10 years ago. Some of the couples have since divorced and some have remained married for 10 years. All of the couples complete a marriage satisfaction scale in which a marriage happiness score is obtained. Which of the following hypotheses represents the testable hypothesis for the psychologist to use to conduct his research? a. Attendance at a four-week premarital course will increase marital satisfaction as determined by couples who have remained married for 10 years. b. Premarital education and marital satisfaction is determined by married couples achieving a high marriage happiness score on a marriage satisfaction scale. c. Attendance at a four-week premarital course will increase marital satisfaction as determined by couples who have remained married for 10 years and self-report a high marriage happiness score on a marriage satisfaction scale.

c. Attendance at a four-week premarital course will increase marital satisfaction as determined by couples who have remained married for 10 years and self-report a high marriage happiness score on a marriage satisfaction scale.

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): _____. a. Archival research b. Survey c. Case study d. Naturalistic observation

c. Case study

Scientific knowledge is _____. a. Intuitive b. Subjective c. Empirical d. Permanent

c. Empirical

Existing theories _____. a. Remain stable over time until they become laws. b. Are able to account for all behavior in all cases. c. Evolve, change, can be expanded, modified and even replaced.

c. Evolve, change, can be expanded, modified and even replaced.

The only way to determine if there is a cause and effect relationship between two variables is to do _____ research. a. Correlational b. Exploratory c. Experimental d. Descriptive

c. Experimental

A researcher is interested in the ability of a certain psychotherapy to reduce a client's anxiety. Read each of the three statements below and determine which statement is a testable research hypothesis. a. Her hypothesis is that psychotherapy should last for at least 10 weeks. b. Her hypothesis is that more psychotherapy sessions will be directly associated with increasing reduction of feelings of worry, tension, and dread. c. Her hypothesis is that more psychotherapy sessions will be directly associated with increasingly lower ratings on a 10-point scale when the client self-reports feelings of anxiety.

c. Her hypothesis is that more psychotherapy sessions will be directly associated with increasingly lower ratings on a 10-point scale when the client self-reports feelings of anxiety.

The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when _____. a. It is closest to -1 b. It is negative c. It is closest to 0 d. It is positive

c. It is closest to 0

_____ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time. a. Naturalistic observation b. Cross-sectional research c. Longitudinal research d. Archival research

c. Longitudinal research

For the following questions statement, determine the best type of descriptive research design. What kind of behavior do feral cats in your neighborhood engage in at night? a. Survey b. Case study c. Naturalistic observation

c. Naturalistic observation

_____ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments. a. Survey b. Archival research c. Naturalistic observation d. Case study

c. Naturalistic observation

Researchers must _____ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined. a. Randomly assign b. Generalize c. Operationalize d. Randomly select

c. Operationalize

In order for a sample's results to be generalized to the entire population, that sample should be a _____. a. Single-person sample b. Distributed sample c. Random sample d. Whole-population sample

c. Random sample

A researcher is interested in the effects of a famous author on the persuasiveness of a message. He recruits 50 college students to be in his study and randomly assigns 25 to be in the "high prestige" group and 25 to the be in the "low prestige" group. All of the students read the same document about the importance of improving mental health services at the college. But the 25 students in the "high prestige" group read on the document that the author is the chairperson of the Psychology Department. The 25 students in the "low prestige" group read on the document that the author is a psychology undergraduate student as part of a class assignment. Everyone was asked after reading the article to indicate how much they agreed with the idea that psychological services should be improved at the college. The information about the author of the document written on the paper the participants read is ________. a. A confounding variable b. The dependent variable c. The independent variable

c. The independent variable

A person's participation in a research project must be _____. a. Confidential b. Rewarded c. Voluntary d. Public

c. Voluntary

Jane thinks that a longer wait time at the doctor's office will result in more negative reviews for the office, no matter the expertise or quality of the doctor. What steps should Jane follow to conduct a study consistent with the scientific method? a. make an observation, do an experiment, analyze the results, make a hypothesis, prove or disprove hypothesis, then repeat b. ask a question, create a hypothesis, prove or disprove the hypothesis, conduct an experiment, analyze the results c. make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, do an experiment, analyze the results, prove or disprove the hypothesis d. conduct an experiment, form a hypothesis, prove or disprove the hypothesis, analyze the results, ask a question

c. make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, do an experiment, analyze the results, prove or disprove the hypothesis

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as _____. a. Naturalistic observation b. Survey research c. Longitudinal research d. Archival research

d. Archival research

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of _____ a. Deception b. Generalization c. Observation d. Attrition

d. Attrition

Which section of a scholarly article would be most valuable to another researcher wanting to replicate the experiment? a. Discussion b. Results c. Abstract d. Method

d. Method

_____ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study. a. Operationalizing b. Random assignment c. Placebo effect d. Random sampling

d. Random sampling

If the results of a study are not likely to be caused simply by chance, it is considered _____. a. Generalizable b. Inconclusive c. P-value acceptable d. Statistically significant

d. Statistically significant

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam? a. Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance. b. Viewing television interferes with a student's ability to prepare for the upcoming exam. c. Smart students watch less television d. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

d. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

The major limitation of case studies is _____. a. The absence of inter-rater reliability b. The lack of control that the researcher has in this approach c. The superficial nature of the information collected in this approach d. The inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

d. The inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

High rates of attrition are particularly problematic for _____ research. a. descriptive research b. archival research c. cross-sectional research d. longitudinal research

d. longitudinal research

In order to study the cause and effect relationship between two variables, a researcher must perform what type of study? • meta-analysis • experimental • correlational • descriptive

experimental

Ryan is conducting an experiment on the type of breakfast eaten by high schoolers and their wakefulness and alertness during the day. Which is the best way for Ryan to prevent experimenter bias? · He should avoid any personal interactions with the students. · He should not know what the students ate for breakfast. · He should refer to each student by a number instead of a name. · He should not reveal the intent of the study to the participants until the experiment is complete.

· He should not know what the students ate for breakfast.

Which organization reviews research conducted using animal subjects? · IRB · ORCA · IACRB · IACUC

· IACUC

Why is it important to use random assignment when determining which research participants will comprise the different treatment groups in the study? · Because there is no form of research that can be conducted without using random assignment. · Random assignment balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants. · It is not important to use random assignment. · Random assignment eliminates variability from research.

· Random assignment balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants.

What is the abstract of a scholarly article? · The section that uses existing scientific literature to justify the research question of the study. · The section with a summary of the whole article. · The section explaining the procedure and operational definitions. · The section presenting the key findings of the article.

· The section with a summary of the whole article.

Where in a scholarly article would you expect to find a concise summary of the entire experiment? · discussion · abstract · title page · introduction

· abstract

Examining household sizes during the early 1900s by reading census reports is an example of · naturalistic observation · longitudinal research · cross-sectional research · archival research

· archival research

Observational research that focuses on just one individual or a group of people is called a(n) ________. · experiment · survey · correlational study · case study

· case study

If you are studying the impact of a new type of teaching curriculum in the psychology classroom, the classroom where the old curriculum is still taught is considered the ________. · experimental group · control group · operational group · hypothetical group

· control group

________ research is generally preliminary and non-experimental research intended to gather information. · correlational · descriptive · meta-analytical · experimental

· descriptive

The pattern of variation in data is called the · standard deviation · arithmetic mean · correlation · distribution

· distribution

If an experimenter performs an experiment then follows the same methods to conduct the experiment two more times, and gets the same results each time, then there is a high probability that the study ________. · is invalid · is valid · does not replicate · does replicate

· does replicate

McCabe and Castel conducted experiments to assess whether a brain image influenced the way students perceived the quality of a scientific article. Across three experiments, they found that students rated the quality of scientific reasoning higher when a brain image was present. Their research would indicate that the study ________. · is applicable only to student populations · does replicate · is invalid · does not replicate

· does replicate

As the researcher doing an experiment on performance and sleep habits, Eliza doesn't want to know which group of participants is in the experimental group getting only 4 hours of sleep each night. Eliza should conduct a(n) ________. · operational study · double-blind study · inactive study · single-blind study

· double-blind study

If a researcher wants to understand if eating more bananas causes increased irritability, what type of study should they perform? · experimental · correlational · descriptive · meta-analysis

· experimental

In order to study the cause and effect relationship between two variables, a researcher must perform what type of study? · descriptive · meta-analysis · experimental · correlational

· experimental

Informed consent means clearly explaining all of the following EXCEPT · explaining the hypothesis to the participants. · ensuring that data is confidential. · what compensation the participant will receive and what tasks they will perform. · letting participants know that participation is voluntary.

· explaining the hypothesis to the participants.

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. · high; high · low; high · high; low · low; low

· high; low

A(n) ________ is a testable prediction that is arrived at logically from a(n) ________. · theory; observation · experiment; observation · theory; hypothesis · hypothesis; theory

· hypothesis; theory

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. · fact · illusory correlation · correlation · outlier

· illusory correlation

In order for an experiment to be considered falsifiable, ________. · it must be replicable by another researcher · it must fail to confirm the original hypothesis · it should make predictions about future events · it should be able to be disproved

· it should be able to be disproved

In order for an experiment to be considered predictable, ________. · it should be capable of being disproved · all steps of the experiment must go exactly as planned · it should make assumptions about future events · it must be replicable by another researcher

· it should make assumptions about future events

Following a group of kindergarteners every other year until they graduate and evaluating their performance is an example of ________. · descriptive research · archival research · longitudinal research · cross-sectional research

· longitudinal research

If a research team conducts an experiment using a point value of .05 and gets statistically significant results, there is still a 5% possibility that their results are due to chance. This, combined with ________, are two main contributing factors to the reproducibility crisis. · experimenter bias · time constraints · methodology errors · publication bias

· publication bias

Dr. Stuart wants to study whether there is a relationship between the number of hours a high school senior spends on social networking sites and their grade point average. He obviously cannot study every 12th grader, so instead he will select a smaller ________ of seniors to study. · school · cross-section · sample · population

· sample

A theory is a(n) ________. · set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena · unchangeable rule of thumb for predicting behavior, based on previous outcomes · testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables saying or quote passed down from one generation to the next about how people behave

· set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

When the findings in a research study are believed to be due to an actual phenomenon under investigation and not due to chance or random occurrence, this is called ________. · cause-and-effect · an inconclusive outcome · statistical significance · practical significance

· statistical significance

A(n) ________ is a general, tentative explanation that proposes explanations for observed behavior that can be used to predict future outcomes, whereas a(n) ________ is a specific prediction about the relationship between two or more variables that is to be tested. · hypothesis; theory · outcome, theory · theory; hypothesis · prediction; experiment

· theory; hypothesis

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group. · active play; passive play · sweet foods; active play · type of play; no play · food choice; no play

· type of play; no play

If an experiment measures what it is supposed to measure, it is considered ________. · falsifiable · duplicable · valid · reliable

· valid

If there is a negative relationship between the temperature and coat sales, it is safe to say that ________. · when the temperature goes up, coat sales go down. · coat sales remain stable regardless of the weather · the temperature change causes fewer coats to be sold. · the temperature is a confounding variable in the measure of coat sales.

· when the temperature goes up, coat sales go down.

If two different variables are not related at all, they probably have a correlation coefficient of ________. • 10 • 1 • 0 • -1

• 0

What is the abstract of a scholarly article? • The section that uses existing scientific literature to justify the research question of the study. • The section with a summary of the whole article. • The section presenting the key findings of the article. • The section explaining the procedure and operational definitions.

• The section with a summary of the whole article.

There is ________ correlation between the number of hours of sleep a person gets and how tired they feel. • no • a neutral • a negative • a positive

• a negative

A little girl at the local elementary school is writing symphonies for full orchestra at age 7. You're curious to know about the child's personality and other psychological qualities. Which type of study would you conduct? • experiment • case study • survey • naturalistic observation

• case study

If you are studying depression rates during the cold winter months, a potential ________ could be the stress of the busy holiday season. • confounding variable • dependent variable • excluded variable • illusory correlation

• confounding variable

If you are studying the impact of a new type of teaching curriculum in the psychology classroom, the classroom where the old curriculum is still taught is considered the ________. • operational group • experimental group • hypothetical group • control group

• control group

The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables is expressed by the ________. • negative correlation • illusory correlation • positive correlation • correlation coefficient

• correlation coefficient

Jonas wants to understand the relationship between head size and intelligence. What type of study might he perform? • meta-analysis • descriptive • experimental • correlational

• correlational

Research that compares multiple segments of the population at the same time is known as ________. • cross-sectional research • longitudinal research • comparative research • archival research

• cross-sectional research

In a study about anxiousness, researchers have participants either read a story about a girl who is stressed about her final exams and other work and family commitments or a classic fairytale. Before the study, they plan to have students self-report on their levels of anxiety, then re-test them after the study to see if the anxious story increased anxiousness levels. In this example, the students' reported anxiousness after reading a story is the • operational definition • interdependent variable • independent variable • dependent variable

• dependent variable

What measures the effects of the independent variable? • interdependent variable • confounding variable • experimental variable • dependent variable

• dependent variable

The pattern of variation in data is called the • distribution • arithmetic mean • correlation • standard deviation

• distribution

A popular, new personality test consistently yields the same results when given to the same people over a period of several months and when administered to similar people. The test asks so many cultural questions, however, that many think the test does not accurately measure personality. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. • low; low • high; high • low; high • high; low

• high; low

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. • interdependent; operational • independent; dependent • dependent; independent • experimental; control

• independent; dependent

Random assignment is important in grouping participants in a research study because ________. • it eliminates variability in the research design • It is the only way to group participants • it enables the data to be collected for analysis • it balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants

• it balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants

If Miguel wants to replicate Sara's study, which section of Sara's research article will be most valuable to him? • methods • abstract • discussion • results

• methods

Dr. Briggs is interested in whether there is a difference in the way males and females carry objects such as backpacks and computer cases, so she sets up a hidden camera on the main mall of the college and videotapes students at various times throughout the day. Which type of study is this? • case study • survey • naturalistic observation • experiment

• naturalistic observation

Using a p-value of .05 means that there is a 95% chance that the results of a study are truly statistically significant. This means that there is still a 5% chance those results are due to chance. This, combined with ________, are two main contributing factors to the reproducibility crisis. • methodology errors • time constraints • experimenter bias • publication bias

• publication bias

If every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in a study, then it is considered a ________. • falsifiable outcome • representative sample • random sample • randomly assigned study

• random sample

If every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in a study, then it is considered a ________. • falsifiable outcome • representative sample • randomly assigned study • random sample

• random sample

If Maria conducts a study and discovers the results seem consistent enough to not have been caused by chance, she can conclude that her findings are ________. • valid • reliable • inconclusive • statistically significant

• statistically significant

If you receive a telephone call from someone asking that you explain your preferences for certain kinds of products, you are the subject of a ________. • survey • naturalistic observation • experiment • case study

• survey

When other experimenters attempted to replicate the results of the McCabe and Castel study about the effect of an image on the perceived quality of research article, they found ________. • similar results • that the results did not replicate • that the McCabe and Castel results translated only to other college-student populations • that McCabe and Castel has falsely reported the results of the experiment

• that the results did not replicate

Heather is conducting a study on music and memory. She plays different types of music while students memorize lists of words, then tests them on their retention after 1 hour, 1 day, and 1 week. In this example, which is the independent variable? • retention after 1 week • the type of music • level of liking for the music used • retention after 1 hour and 1 day

• the type of music

If an experiment measures what it is supposed to measure, it is considered ________. • valid • falsifiable • duplicable • reliable

• valid