intro to psych uop

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

- REM

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

- Rosalind Cartwright

Pete is a very aggressive child who watches a lot of violent programs on television. Research has found a statistically significant positive correlation between watching television and behaving aggressively. Based on this correlational evidence, which of the following statements is true about Pete's aggression?

- Several factors could be influencing both Pete's aggression and his preference for violent shows.

Who developed psychoanalysis

- Sigmund Freud

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?

- Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment.

- Skinner box

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

- Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

Why is social support connected to better health outcomes?

- Social support can be thought of as soothing the impact of friends, family and acquaintences. Social support appears to work by boosting he immune system specially those who are experiencing stress. Additionally social support has been shown to reduce blood pressure for people performing stressful tasks. These findings suggest that social support is connected to favorable health outcomes because it has several beneficial physiological effects in stressful situations. One of the reasons social support is connected to favorable health outcomes is because it has several beneficial physiological effects in stressful situations. It is also possible that social support may lead to better health behaviors, such as eating healthy, exercising, smoking cessation, and cooperating with medical regimens.

Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism?

- Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.

Early maturing boys are _____

- at a higher risk of delinquency

The close, emotional bond that develops between an infant and caregiver is known as a(n)

- attachment

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________

- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.

- attitude

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

- audition

Compare and contrast the authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles.

- authoritarian style, the parent places high value on conformity and obedience while authoritative are a little more sensitive but place a high value in discipline - With the authoritative style, the parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child's point of view. Parents set rules and explain the reasons behind them. They are also flexible and willing to make exceptions to the rules in certain cases; for example, temporarily relaxing bedtime rules to allow for a nighttime swim during a family vacation. In authoritarian style, the parent places high value on conformity and obedience. The parents are often strict, tightly monitor their children, and express little warmth. In contrast to the authoritative style, authoritarian parents probably would not relax bedtime rules during a vacation because they consider the rules to be set, and they expect obedience.

Linda and Stu are the parents of two teenagers. Stu likes to reason with the children and discuss the limits he is setting. Linda likes to lay down the law and take no arguments from the children. Stu displays a(n) _____ pattern of parenting, and Linda displays a(n) _____ pattern.

- authoritative; authoritarian

Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?

- autism spectrum disorder

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

- autonomy vs. shame/doubt

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.

- basic survival needs

After Regina was bitten by a dog, she began to associate the sight of a dog with the pain of a dog bite, and this caused her to fear all dogs. In other words, Regina's phobia has resulted from _____ conditioning.

- classical

When Imelda was young she used to be fascinated by shoe commercials on TV. She was particularly impressed by how happy people seemed to be when buying shoes. As an adult, Imelda goes shopping for shoes every chance she gets. This is an example of

- classical conditioning

Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy.

- client-centered

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

- cognitive

_______ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

- cognitive

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________

- cognitive dissonance

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

- cognitive therapy

The primary therapeutic orientation used in couples counseling is ________

- cognitive-behavioral therapy

ntify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands."

- concern over germs

Baby Joey was playing with his favorite toy rattle when his mom dropped an armful of pots and pans behind him. The loud noise made him startle and cry. Now whenever he sees his favorite toy rattle he cries. Here the rattle is the

- conditioned stimulus.

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

- cones

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?

- confidentiality

Matt believes that all politicians are corrupt. As a result, every time a politician is charged with some crime, Matt asserts that his theory is correct. Matt is exhibiting

- confirmation bias

________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.

- confirmation bias

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship

- confounding variable

classical conditioning.

- something in the environment triggers a reflex automatically, and researchers train the organism to react to a different stimulus.

Instinct

- species-specific pattern of behavior that is not learned.

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ______

- spinal cord

What is vertigo?

- spinning sensation

Forms of cyber bullying

- spreading rumors, creating a website the framing the victim, ignoring, insulting, laughing at, or teasing victim

Diffusion of responsibility

- tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

homophily

- tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business, relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar. - limits our exposure to diversity

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________

- teratogens

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

- terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Maslow hierarchy of needs

- that spans the spectrum of motives ranging from the biological to the individual to the social. These needs are often depicted as a pyramid - A triangle is divided vertically into five sections with corresponding labels inside and outside of the triangle for each section. From top to bottom, the triangle's sections are labeled: "self-actualization" corresponds to "Inner fulfillment" "esteem" corresponds to "Self-worth, accomplishment, confidence"; "social" corresponds to "Family, friendship, intimacy, belonging"' "security" corresponds to "Safety, employment, assets"; ""physiological" corresponds to "Food, water, shelter, warmth."

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ____

- thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________

- token economy

If a tone is sounded each time a puff of air is delivered to your eye, the tone alone will eventually cause you to blink. In this example, the _____ is the conditioned stimulus and the blink response to the _____ is the conditioned response.

- tone; puff of air

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

- top-down

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

- training for a marathon

For those making $50,000 per year or more, differences in actual amount earned do not correlate with happiness.

- true

According to Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs within the first _____ after learning.

- twenty minutes

ulcers myth

- ulcers are linked to infantile cravings to be fed and feelings of dependency. In adulthood, these conflicts supposedly become rekindled and activate the gastrointestinal system (stomach and intestines), which is associated with feeding. - specific emotions and conflicts are associated with ulcers was discredited by research, only to be replaced by the popular belief that stress, along with eating habits and lifestyle choices, was the prime culprit. - Marshall and Warren (1983) pinpointed a link between peptic ulcers and a curved bacterium—dubbed Helicobacter (H.) pylori—lurking in the lining of the stomach and intestines that scientists made real progress toward identifying a specific disease-causing agent. Marshall and Warren first discovered that H. pylori infection was common in people with ulcers, but uncommon in people without ulcers. -

limbic system

- which is the area of the brain involved in emotion and memory - includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and the hippocampus

One of the most consistent findings regarding brain use is that

- while people tend to show a dominance of one hemisphere, the difference is small and both hemispheres are used for most activities.

The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ____

- why empirical research is needed

Homophobia

- widespread prejudice in US aside he that is tolerated by many people - negative feelings= result in discrimination

Stereotype example

- yankee fans are arrogant and obnoxious

How long does psychoanalysis typically take?

- years

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

- zygote

You are an organism at some point during your prenatal development. Just seconds ago, your complete set of DNA was assembled for the first time. Right now, you are a(n)

- zygote

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to mow the lawn?

-after he has received some exciting news

empathy

-capacity to understand another person's perspective to feel what he or she feels. - emotional connection to other person & feels compelled to help

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

Prejudice example

- I hate Yankee fans, they make me angry

Discrimination example

- I would never hire nor become friends with the person if I knew he or she were a Yankees fan

Shania is in court being cross-examined about a car accident that she witnessed. If the defense attorney wants to manipulate Shania's recall of the accident in favor of her client, which of the following questions would she be most likely to ask?

- "How fast was my client going when he made contact with the truck?"

A person conveying an episodic memory is most likely to say which of the following?

- "I remember when . . ."

extrinsic

- (arising from external factors) - performed in order to receive something from others.

Intrinsic

- (arising from internal factors) - because of the sense of personal satisfaction that they bring

Approximately ____ of Americans experience a midlife crisis.

- 10-20%

Adult humans use what percentage of their brain tissue?

- 100%

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

- 2

After looking up a friend's new number in the phone book and placing it into short term memory, Fred discovers that the pay phone is being monopolized by someone. Assuming that Fred is not rehearsing the number, what is the longest period of time that he can wait without forgetting the number entirely?

- 20 seconds

Roughly what percent of college students report having had an Out of Body Experience?

- 25%

Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness

- 26%

An IQ score of 100 or less on the latest version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) is achieved by about _____ percent of the test takers in any particular age group.

- 50

The likelihood that two people in a group of 25 will share the same birthday is

- 50%

The average individual that receives treatment is better off than ______ of those that do not receive treatment

- 79%

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?

- Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

________ proposed the hierarchy of needs.

- Abraham Maslow

Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

- According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

- Adderall

Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias?

- Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.

Which of the following is true about neurodevelopmental disorders?

- All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in early childhood.

A telephone survey is conducted, asking 3,000 participants to anonymously report the number of hours that their children watch television for each week. What is one advantage and one disadvantage of this study design?

- An advantage is that the large number of participants increases the generalizability of the results. A disadvantage is that the researchers are relying on self-reported findings, which often have limitations.

Operant Conditioning

- Approach: The target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to either strengthen or weaken it, so that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future. - Timing: The stimulus (either reinforcement or punishment) occurs soon after the response.

How can an alcoholic use the principle of taste aversion to stop drinking?

- By connecting a bad memory or experience with drinking, an alcoholic can stop drinking by consistent practice with this theory. -Taste aversion is a type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus (something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea or illness). Alcoholics who wish to use taste aversion could take an emetic that will cause vomiting only if alcohol is ingested. If they ingest alcohol they will throw up and gradually come to associate the taste of alcohol with nausea and avoid alcohol in the future.

Who described the collective unconscious?

- Carl Jung

The original research from which the idea of the Mozart effect was take was done with

- College students listening to music

Classical Conditioning

- Conditioning approach An unconditioned stimulus (such as food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (such as a bell). The neutral stimulus eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus, which brings about the conditioned response (salivation). - Stimulus timing The stimulus occurs immediately before the response.

What evidence discussed in the previous section suggests that cyberbullying is difficult to detect and prevent?

- Cyberbullying is difficult to prevent because there are so many forms of media that adolescents use and are exposed to. The Internet is virtually everywhere: computers, phones, tablets, TVs, gaming systems, and so on. Parents likely do not monitor all of their children's use of the Internet, thus their children could be exposed to cyberbullying without their knowledge. Cyberbullying is difficult to detect because it can be done anonymously. Cyberbullies can use pseudonyms and can attack victims in untraceable ways, such as hacking into Facebook accounts or making Twitter posts on their behalf.

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

The boy who jokingly "cried wolf" warned townspeople of the presence of a wolf when none was in fact present. Later, a wolf did appear, but the boy's cries of warnings were ignored. What process explains why no one came to his aid?

- Discrimination

_____ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors

- Dispositionism

Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States?

- Dorothea Dix

Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?

- Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.

Briefly describe the concept of emerging adulthood.

- Emerging adulthood happens between the ages of 18-20 years old, where they are starting to explore the world more and do things more independently but their minds are still growing and not fully capable of making the best decisions yet.

Fred was tired of hearing two-year-old Pebbles cry whenever she did not get her way. Fred decided to ignore Pebbles anytime she had a crying outburst. Over the course of several weeks, the frequency of outbursts decreased and eventually ceased. What operant conditioning process was Fred utilizing?

- Extinction

What are some barriers to receiving mental health treatment?

- Finding treatment sources is not always easy: There may be limited options, especially in rural areas and low-income urban areas; waiting lists to receive care; poor quality of care available for indigent patients; and financial obstacles such as high co-pays, deductibles, and time off from work.

Derek is mowing the lawn when a wheel falls off the lawnmower. Derek cannot find a screwdriver, so he uses the edge of a dime to screw the wheel back on. Derek has overcome which obstacle to problem solving?

- Functional fixedness

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?

- Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

- Gestalt

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of _____

- Gestalt psychology

In-group

- Group that we identify with or see ourselves belonging to

Out-group

- Group we don't belong to, or group we view as fundamentally different from us. - example: female=in group---- out group=male

The primary cause of ulcers is

- H. pylori bacteria

Mateo has a dog named Princess Sparklewhiskers. Mateo uses classical conditioning to train Princess Sparklewhiskers to run to the door every time he gets the dog leash. How can he use higher order conditioning to condition another stimulus?

- He can pair the conditioned stimulus (getting the dog leash), which results in Princess Sparklewhiskers running to the door, with a second unconditioned stimulus, such as clapping his hands. Eventually, Princess Sparklewhiskers will run to the door when he claps his hands, even when he does not have the dog leash. this would be a process of operant conditioning rather than classical conditioning.

Compare and contrast hostile and instrumental aggression

- Hostile aggression is intentional with the purpose to inflict pain. Hostile aggression is often motivated by anger. In contrast, instrumental aggression is not motivated by anger or the intention to cause pain. Instrumental aggression serves as a means to reach a goal. In a sense it is a more practical or functional form of aggression, whereas hostile aggression is more emotion-driven and less functional and rational.

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

- I

How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?

- In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.

Which of the following is an example of homeostasis?

- Ingesting too much alcohol leads to vomiting.

Which of the following is a benefit of group therapy?

- It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem

Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?

- It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

- It is complex

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

- It will probably lead to substance abuse.

According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.

- James-Lange

Which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another?

- James-Lange theory

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?

- Jemma, competing in a marathon

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?

- John Watson

Define cognitive dissonance and provide a real-life example of it.

- Making a decision or doing something you know is wrong but still do it. I drink soda even though I know it's not a part of my diet and I continue to do it knowing all the bad side effects. - Cognitive dissonance is a psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, or opinions). For example, I know I should drive safely and keep my car around the speed limit because it is safer. I consider myself to be a cautious person and a safe driver. Yet, whenever I am on the highway, I exceed the posted speed limit by 15 miles per hour or more. I experience cognitive dissonance because I behave differently (speeding) from how I think I should (driving safely).

Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?

- Melatonin initiates the waking cycle

Chris does not like it when his infant son, Jacob, cries. Chris finds that if he makes goofy faces while Jacob is crying, Jacob will stop. Which learning principle best explains why Chris is more likely in the future to make goofy faces to make Jacob stop crying?

- Negative reinforcement

Bullying

- Negative treatment of another person, often an adolescent, overtime, repeated action - physical, verbal, and psychological

What does research suggest about the comparative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic techniques?

- No studies have found one psychotherapeutic approach more effective than another.

components of emotion

- Our emotional states are combinations of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences. - informed by our experiences, backgrounds, and cultures.

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

- Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

What are some things that motivate people in the United States to seek treatment for mental illness?

- People who are feeling very depressed, complaining about hearing voices, or feeling anxious all the time might seek psychological treatment. A friend, spouse, or parent might refer someone for treatment. Some people seek treatment because they are involved with the state's child protective services. The parents might be referred to psychiatric or substance abuse facilities and the children would likely receive treatment for trauma. Some people seek therapy because the criminal justice system referred them or required them to go.

Which statement about social psychology is most accurate?

- People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations

What determines whether we adopt a problem-focused or an emotion-focused coping approach?

- Problem-focused coping is more likely to occur when we encounter stressors that we perceive as controllable, while emotion-focused coping is more likely to predominate when we are faced with stressors that we believe we are powerless to change.

Han is fearful of the powerful Jabba. Han becomes fearful when he hears Jabba's low voice, but also becomes fearful when he hears any low voice. What phenomenon best explains Han's tendency to become fearful when hearing any low voice?

- Stimulus generalization

For greatest effect in Classical Conditioning, what should be the relationship of the UCS and the CS?

- The CS should be presented just before the UCS

Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings?

- The cell membrane is semi-permeable.

Describe two disadvantages of the fight or flight response in our modern world.

- The fight or flight response is good in how immediate reactions can be life saving or relieve the stress of not overthinking the situation. A down side is that it's usually an emotional response versus a logical response which is more than likely not the best decision. - The fight or flight response is involved in our responses to psychological stressors and is associated with an increased risk of heart disease and impaired immune response.

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

- The process was highly subjective.

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

- The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology

Compare and contrast the self-serving bias with the actor-observer bias.

- The self-serving bias is the tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes. The actor-observer bias is when people explain other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and explain their own behaviors are due to situational forces. Both are attribution errors. The actor-observer bias involves making a fundamental attribution error about other people and assuming that our own actions are caused by situational errors. The self-serving bias involves making a fundamental attribution error when we are successful and attributing our failures to external factors.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency."

- The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

- The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common

- They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience

Jerry and Tommy each studied for exactly ten hours to get ready for the psychology midterm exam. Jerry studied during the ten hours immediately preceding the exam. Tommy studied for one hour per day on each of the ten days immediately preceding the exam. Assuming all else is equal between Jerry and Tommy, how well are they likely to do on the exam?

- Tommy should do better than Jerry

The evolutionary theory argues that humans are motivated to perpetuate their genes and reproduce. Using an evolutionary perspective, describe traits in men and women that humans find attractive.

- Traits that promote reproduction in females warmth, affection, and social skills; women with these traits are presumably better able to care for children. Traits that are desired in males include achievement, leadership qualities, and job skills; men with these traits are thought to be better able to financially provide for their families

Russell's mom wants him to study for two hours each night, so she gives him treats during the evening. Sometimes she gives him the treats after ten minutes, sometimes after thirty minutes. On the average, Russell is given a treat every twenty minutes. Which reinforcement schedule is Russell's mom utilizing?

- Variable interval

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first.

- Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

Which of the following statements about the male and female experience of stress is true?

- Women report experiencing more stress than men.

Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?

- You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.

What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?

- Zimbardo did not use a control group.

Which of the following represents the correct order of the stages of prenatal development?

- Zygotic, embryonic, fetal

Amir bites his fingernails. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

- a habit

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.

- a person's unconscious

emotion

- a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. - The words emotion and mood are sometimes used interchangeably, but psychologists use these words to refer to two different things. - Typically, the word emotion indicates a subjective, affective state that is relatively intense and that occurs in response to something we experience - consciously experienced and intentional

Scapegoating

- act of blaming and out to group when the in group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

- action potential

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

- active listening

Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________

- actor-observer bias

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ____

- adaptation

Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.

- affiliation

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

- afterimage

Jeff, a toddler, has malformations of his face, including his nose and upper lip. He has also been diagnosed with mental retardation. Jeff's condition was most likely caused by his mother's _____ while she was pregnant.

- alcohol abuse

Shalena has forgotten all but the middle two letters of her computer password. She decides to insert every combination of letters in the missing spaces to try to find her password. She eventually comes upon the right combination. Shalena used a(n) _____ to recover her password.

- algorithm

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

- alpha

hippocampus

- also involved in emotional processing. Like the amygdala, research has demonstrated that hippocampal structure and function are linked to a variety of mood and anxiety disorders.

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?

- ambivalent/resistant

________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders.

- asylums

William James was the _____

- first American psychologist

Monika becomes very upset when her mother leaves and acts angry when her mother returns. Heather tolerates her mother's absences and is happy when her mother returns. Philip ignores his mother when she approaches or returns after a short absence. Monika has a(n) _____ attachment, Heather has a(n) _____ attachment, and Philip has a(n) _____ attachment.

- ambivalent; secure; avoidant

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

- amygdala

Mindy took apart her alarm clock in an attempt to repair it, and now she has to put it back together. She forgot how the pieces were connected, so she tries fitting each piece with every other piece until she finds one that fits. Mindy's approach to problem solving demonstrates

- an algorithm

A stressor is best defined as

- an event that causes an individual to change or adapt.

Self-efficacy

- an individual's belief in her own capability to complete a task, which may include a previous successful completion of the exact task or a similar task.

Katy thinks that she can get a three-bedroom apartment near campus for $250 a month. Marty tells her that he saw one advertised for $600 a month. Katy changes her original estimate and now thinks that she can get an apartment for $300 a month. Katy's revised estimate is affected by the _____ heuristic

- anchoring

Natalie estimates that she will get an A+ in her math class. When she receives a C- on the first exam, she changes her estimate of her course grade to an A. Natalie is being affected by the _____ heuristic

- anchoring

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

- another person's consciousness

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.

- anxiety

In comparison to those of younger ages, individuals around age 80

- are about the same in memory retention and intelligence

James-Lange theory

- asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. - If you were to encounter some threat in your environment, like a venomous snake in your backyard, your sympathetic nervous system would initiate significant physiological arousal, which would make your heart race and increase your respiration rate - would only experience a feeling of fear after this physiological arousal had taken place.

facial feedback hypothesis

- asserts that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions, meaning that smiling can make you feel happier

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

- assimilation

Much of popular psychology is based on

- assumptions about behavior based on intuition

"I don't know what operant conditioning is," Mindy sighs. Tim scoffs and says, "Sure you do. Basically, in operant conditioning, a(n) _____ is associated with a(n) _____."

- behavior; consequence

Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.

- being outside the home alone

The concept of perceived control refers to ________.

- beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives

According to social exchange theory, humans want to maximize the ________ and minimize the ________ in relationships.

- benefits; costs

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation

- beta-endorphin

Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

- breathing

The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.

- can perform miracles

Etiology is another word for _______

- causes

Obidence

- change of an individual's behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure - concerned about a consequence of they do not comply.

companionate love

- characteristics of close friendships and family relationships, consist of intimacy and commitment but no passion

Which of the following is the best example of a habit?

- chewing on your hair to relieve stress

If the letters OBACKFIBHJCA are rearranged into HBO-JFK-CIA-ABC, they become much easier to store in short-term memory. This phenomenon illustrates the usefulness of _____ in short-term memory.

- chunking

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

- circadian

A frog-jumping race is coming up in a week, and you want to train your frog to jump as frequently as possible to win the race. Which schedule of reinforcement should you use in order to train your frog as quickly as possible?

- continuous

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

- control

George dumps a bag of marbles onto the ground, scattering the marbles all over. He tells his mother that there are more marbles now. George is demonstrating that he does not fully comprehend

- conversation

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the _______

- cornea; pupil

Exposure therapy is a ________ technique.

- counterconditioning

Aversive conditioning is a ______

- counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ____

- crest; trough

basolateral complex

- dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain. It is critical for classical conditioning and for attaching emotional value to learning processes and memory.

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable

- dependent

Motivation

- describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.

Alfred Binet was primarily interested in

- developing a screening device for children in need of special instruction.

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology

- developmental

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of _____

- developmental milestones

What is the main idea of drive theory?

- deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs

drive theory

- deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs. - psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and, ultimately, bring the system back to homeostasis. For example, if it's been a while since you ate, your blood sugar levels will drop below normal. This low blood sugar will induce a physiological need and a corresponding drive state (i.e., hunger) that will direct you to seek out and consume food

The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.

- diathesis-stress

From the time she was born until the age of four months, Tabitha has been irregular and irritable in her style and frequency of expressing needs and emotions. Tabitha could best be described as a(n) _____ baby.

- difficult

Lizabeth is a one-year-old who reacts in a strongly negative way to new situations and who has a very high activity level. Lizabeth's temperament would best be classified as

- difficult

The bystander effect likely occurs due to

- diffusion of responsibility

The bystander effect likely occurs due to __

- diffusion of responsibility

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye.

- dilated

Robert Yerkes & John Dodson

- discovered that the optimal arousal level depends on the complexity and difficulty of the task to be performed

A store clerk has learned that if she smiles, customers will buy more. She has also learned that such increased purchases occur only when she smiles at male customers. Thus the store clerk learns to smile only at men. In this example, men have become

- discriminative stimuli.

Bart notices that his father, Homer, is usually in an agreeable mood after his mother, Marge, fixes him pork chops. However, Homer is quite grumpy after a meal of three-eyed fish. Bart has learned that it is much in his favor to ask Homer permission to do fun things on pork chop night and to avoid asking such questions when three-eyed fish is served. Bart is using the type of meal served as

- discriminative stimulus.

William James

- father of psychology in the United States. James theorized that behavior was driven by a number of instincts, which aid survival - human behavior is driven by instincts

Buffy and Angel are each given problems to solve. Buffy's problem is to list as many uses as possible for bubble gum, whereas Angel's problem is to figure out the correct answer to a riddle. Buffy's problem involves _____ thinking, whereas Angel's problem involves _____ thinking.

- divergent; convergent

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

- double-blind

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

- double-blind

Why do prejudice and discrimination exist?

- due to social learning and conformity to social norms, learned from parents, teachers, friends, media, and other sources of socialization.

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________

- during early childhood

seven universal emotions

- each associated with distinct facial expressions. These include: - happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger

Marc wants to remember where Sherry lives, so he tells himself that Sherry lives three blocks north of his Aunt Helen, who likes to drink sherry. Marc is using

- elaborative rehearsal.

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.

- electroencephalography (EEG)

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

- emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive. - In other words, physiological arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience. - In revisiting our example involving the venomous snake in your backyard, the two-factor theory maintains that the snake elicits sympathetic nervous system activation that is labeled as fear given the context, and our experience is that of fear.

The three basic processes of memory are

- encoding, storage, and retrieval

Piaget's formal operational stage of cognitive development is marked by the first appearance of the ability to

- engage in abstract, hypothetical thinking

Caden can remember quite vividly the first time his dad took him out to learn how to ride a bike because he didn't use training wheels and took a nasty spill, scraping his knee badly. This would best be described as a(n) _____ memory.

- episodic

________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.

- eustress

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders?

- excessive, persistent fear and anxiety

June and Ward want their children, Wally and the Beaver, to clean up their room. They decide to use the technique of negative reinforcement. This means that they should

- excuse the children from a daily chore they dislike whenever they clean up their room.

Social loafing

- exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group - individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group - example: group project

Self-fulfilling prophecy

- expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true - act according to our stereo typical expectations

Popular TV programs portray approximately 75% of individuals with mental illness as being violent, even though the true percentage is much lower than that. This is an example of which common contributor to psychological myths?

- exposure to a biased sample

Carl mows the yard of his elderly neighbor each week for $20. What type of motivation is this?

- extrinsic

________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards

- extrinsic

Major depression is more prevalent among the elderly than among younger persons

- false

There is a strong relationship between positive self talk and cancer survival

- false

When hypnotized, a person loses their own willpower and will do whatever they are asked to do

- false

Abhijeet is trying to figure out how to reward his sister for completing her chores. In his reading, he learns about the process of extinction in reward programs. Specifically, he reads that extinction will be most rapid after the cessation of a _____ reinforcement schedule.

- fixed-interval

Sally is a manager of a housecleaning company and is paid a monthly salary. Paul, who works for Sally, gets paid by the number of houses he cleans. Paul gets paid on a _____ schedule, and Sally gets paid on a _____ schedule.

- fixed-ratio; fixed-interval

Jared found that after he got people to sign a petition to help beautify the neighborhood, he was able to collect quite a lot of money when he later went around asking for donations to buy trees and flowers. Jared may not realize it, but he used the _____ approach to obtain compliance to his donation request

- foot-in-the-door

Harry is asked to imagine what the world would be like if humans had never invented the wheel. According to Piaget, if Harry is able to think abstractly about this problem, Harry is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

- formal operational

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

- frontal

Effects of cyber bullying

- frustration, anger, sadness, hopelessness, powerlessness, and fear, lower self-esteem

Frustration aggression theory

- function of human aggression, when humans are prevented from achieving an important goal, they become frustrated and aggressive

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a _____

- fundamental attribution error

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

- generativity vs. stagnation

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

- getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

reciprocity

- give and take in relationships - contribute to relationships but expect to receive benefits as well - 2 way street

In an experiment, a flash of light is paired with a mild electric shock to a participant's finger. After several trials, the participant begins to pull his finger away after seeing the flash of light. The experimenter then begins to present just the flash, but no shock. After several trials the participant will

- gradually cease pulling his finger away after the flash of light.

Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician?

- group therapy

If group members modify their opinions to align with a perceived group consensus, then ________ has occurred.

- groupthink

Typically, those age 70 when compared to those age 30 rate themselves as

- happier

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming.

- lucid

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors?

- having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex

empty love

- having commitment without intimacy or passion

liking

- having intimacy but no passion or commitment

fatuous love

- having passion and commitment, but no intimacy, such as a long term sexual love affair.

romantic love

- having passion and intimacy, but not commitment

consummate love

- healthy relationship will have three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment

What is the goal of humanistic therapy?

- helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder have been shown to have reduced volumes of the ___

- hippocampus

After moving to a new apartment building, research suggests that Sam will be most likely to become friends with

- his next door neighbor

Drive theory states that deviations from ________ create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need.

- homeostasis

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ______

- homeostasis

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels

- homeostasis

Solomon Asch

- how people are affected by the thoughts & behaviors of other people.

What is described by the concept of perception?

- how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

___ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

- humanism

Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through ________.

- hypnosis

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.

- hypnosis; meditation

Ageism

- prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation

Over the past few years, research suggests that stress levels in the United States have ________

- increased

Social loafing occurs when ___

- individual performance cannot be evaluated - the task is easy - both a and b

Social facilitation

- individual performs better when an audience is watching then when the individual performs the behavior alone. - typically occurs when people are performing a task, such as sports - example: skilled basketball player throwing free throws he's more likely to make it with a cheering crowd rather than playing alone in the gym

Asch effect

- influence of the majorly on an individual's judgment

The sleep debt is the result of ____

- insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

hippocampus

- integrates emotional experience with cognition

Elizabeth has noticed that her roommate, Maureen, is often cranky. One night Elizabeth overhears Maureen yelling at someone over the telephone. Elizabeth concludes that Maureen is being her irritable self again and feels bad for the person she's talking to. Elizabeth has made a(n) _____ attribution for Maureen's behavior.

- internal

Some studies show that ________ motivation may not be entirely vulnerable to the effects of extrinsic reinforcements; in fact, reinforcements such as verbal praise might actually increase ________ motivation.

- intrinsic

________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.

- intrinsic

overjustification effect

- intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given.

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.

- intrinstic

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?

- involuntary

habit

- is a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage. - Once we have engaged in a behavior that successfully reduces a drive, we are more likely to engage in that behavior whenever faced with that drive in the future

cultural display rule

- is one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable - people from varying cultural backgrounds can have very different cultural display rules of emotion. For example, research has shown that individuals from the United States express negative emotions like fear, anger, and disgust both alone and in the presence of others, while Japanese individuals only do so while alone

Body language

- is the expression of emotion in terms of body position or movement. - Research suggests that we are quite sensitive to the emotional information communicated through body language, even if we're not consciously aware of it

What is a social role?

- socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

If you have words and a set of rules for using those words, you have everything you need for

- language

Behaviorists study ___

- learned behavior

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the _____

- lens; fovea

Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________.

- less stress than someone who has no effective options

Marta is lecturing on the first day of her Introduction to Linguistics course. She starts by explaining that every language contains the essential element(s) of

- lexicons and grammar

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.

- lucid

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.

- mania

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________

- mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

Research shows that ________; performance tends to suffer ________.

- moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low

what is the optimal level of arousal?

- moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low, performance tends to suffer

Groupthink

- modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus - elimination of diverse opinions contributes to faculty decision by group

Cyber bully victims and perpetrators

- more likely = suicidal

People are most likely to be attracted to someone who is

- more similar to themselves

________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal.

- motivation

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

- naturalistic observation

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

- naturalistic observation

Discrimination

- negative action toward an individual as a result of one's membership in a particular group - folding stereotypes and harboring prejudice may lead to excluding, waiting, and bias treatment of group members

Prejudice

- negative attitude and feeling toward an individual basil Leon ones membership in a particular social group

Stereotype

- negative believe about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics

Whenever Lisa's aunts visit, they kiss her on the cheek. Lisa hates this and eventually learns that they will not kiss her if she is coughing. Now whenever her aunts enter her home, she pretends to cough. This is an example of

- negative reinforcement

The ability to cause movie goers to purchase more snacks by flashing subliminal messages during the movie has

- never been demonstrated through research, though several attempts have been made

Girls cyber bullying

- nonphysical, Lester act, girls that are cyber bullies were cyber bullied before

In the Asch experiment, participants conformed due to ________ social influence.

- normative

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

- object permanence

Miko, a baby monkey, learns to wash her sweet potatoes to remove grit after seeing her mother do so. This is an example of

- observational learning

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

- obsessive-compulsive

Gabriel is just beginning to speak in sentences. He says "Milk all gone!" and "Go bye-bye." Gabriel is most likely _____ old.

- one and a half to three years

Peter watches his toy disappear behind the couch and immediately looks away toward another toy. According to Piaget, Peter is most likely _____ year(s) old and in the _____ stage

- one; sensorimotor

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

- optic

Lydia is often described as having a positive outlook on life. She assumes the best of people and situations. Lydia exemplifies ________.

- optimism

operant conditioning

- organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence - pleasant consequence makes that behavior more likely to be repeated in the future. - example: Spirit, a dolphin at the National Aquarium in Baltimore, does a flip in the air when her trainer blows a whistle. The consequence is that she gets a fish.

Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.

- organizing the books

A(n) ________ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients.

- patient

Informational social influence

- people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous.

Normative social influence

- people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group.

altruism

- people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping. - 9/11 example: going back into burning building to save/help coworkers

Mr. Nguyen is a very warm and caring boss. He often meets with his employees to discuss their work. His employees know what the rules are and why they help make the company more productive. If Mr. Nguyen's parenting style is similar to his managerial style, it will be

- permissive. - authoritative

Sexism

- prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex - gender role expectancies, expectancies of members in a gender group should ask

Confederate

- person who is aware of experiment and works for the researcher. - used to manipulate social situations as part of research design. - 76% of participants conformed to group pressure at least once by indicating incorrect line.

Bystander effect

- phenomenon in which a witness for bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress, instead just watch.

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

- physical

What trait do both men and women tend to look for in a romantic partner?

- physical attractiveness

Harlow's classic research involved baby monkeys and artificial mothers constructed of wire or cloth. As a result of these studies, we now understand the importance of _____ in early development.

- physical contact

Typically, bullying from boys is to ________ as bullying from girls is to ________

- physical harm; emotional harm

Food, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs

- physiological

Cannon-Bard theory

- physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently - venomous snake, you feel fear at exactly the same time that your body mounts its fight or flight response. - This emotional reaction would be separate and independent of the physiological arousal, even though they co-occur.

Unlike posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout is the result of

- physiological events.

When a person gets better following treatment, but more due to their expectation of benefit then the actual treatment, this is called

- placebo effect

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

- play therapy

Which therapeutic process involves the use of toys?

- play therapy

central nucleus

- plays a role in attention, and it has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity

amygdala

- plays a role in processing emotional information and sending that information on to cortical structures

hypothalamus

- plays a role in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system that is a part of any given emotional reaction.

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

- positron emission tomography (PET)

Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________.

- posttraumatic stress disorder

Racism

- prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one's membership in a specific racial group - blacks= pulled over -Latinos= ID

infatuation

- presence of passion without intimacy or commitment

Neil knows how to play field hockey and now wants to learn to play ice hockey. If his prior knowledge of field hockey interferes with his learning to play ice hockey, this is an example of

- proactive interference

Kelly is an expert typist, but she cannot remember the locations of the keys unless she moves her fingers as if she is typing. Kelly's memory of the keys is stored as a(n) _____ memory.

- procedural

Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________

- process of closing large asylums

________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.

- protoconsciousness

what leads to the formation of relationships

- proximity, similarity, and attraction (equal in attraction to oneself)

A school counselor leads a support group for children whose parents have AIDS. The counselor focuses on defining AIDS, discussing treatment and side effects of treatment, and how the children can develop coping mechanisms. This exemplifies ______

- psycho-educational treatment

Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

- psychodynamic psychotherapy

Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder.

- psychotic

Because John broke his curfew, his parents told him that he could not use the car for a month. This is an example of

- punishment

Frankie is a cat who likes to climb on curtains. Frankie's owner is tired of his curtains being ruined by the cat, so he decides to stop this behavior by squirting Frankie with a water gun every time the cat goes near the curtains. This is an example of

- punishment

One day while Ted was cleaning his aquarium, he noticed the heater was still plugged in. He reached down with a wet hand and tried to unplug the cord. As a result, Ted received quite a shock. After that experience, Ted has never attempted to unplug an electrical cord with a wet hand. The effect the shock had on Ted's behavior is known as

- punishment

Keleka's parents often deal with her misbehavior by not allowing her to watch her favorite TV program, Speed Racer. Marnie's parents deal with Marnie's misbehavior by spanking her. Keleka's parents are using _____, and Marnie's parents are using _____.

- punishment; punishment

When you ask her, Kyung cannot remember the names of all fifty U.S. state capitals. However, when you then show her a list of U.S. city names, she can correctly point out all fifty capitals. Kyung originally had trouble remembering the state capitals because of poor

- recall

When an eyewitness to a robbery tries to identify the criminal from a lineup of suspects, he or she is engaging in which memory retrieval process?

- recognition

Mood

- refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience. - Mood states may not be consciously recognized and do not carry the intentionality that is associated with emotion

The "Mozart Effect", where performance has been shown to improve as a result of listening to Mozart Music, has been demonstrated to be

- relatively small and short lived

Cyber bullying

- repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person - covert, concealed, done in private, bully can remain anonymous - bully anominity= Power, victim feels helpless, unable to escape harassment, unable to relate

Carla is described as very intelligent, analytical, goal directed, interested in biology, and quite popular. When participants are asked to guess whether Carla is a premed major or a drama major, nearly all guess "premed." Even when participants are told that only 10 percent of the students at Carla's school are premed majors, whereas 90 percent are drama majors, most participants still believe Carla must be a premed major. This example illustrates the influence of the _____ heuristic.

- representativeness

You know that Stan works at a television station. When you find out that Stan played college football, you automatically assume that Stan works as a sportscaster for the television station. In actuality, Stan works in the news department, as there are many more jobs in the news department than in the sports department. In this example, your judgment was influenced by the _____ heuristic.

- representativeness

Blair is asked a question during a game of Trivial Pursuit. The answer is on the tip of his tongue, but he can't come up with it. Which of the following memory processes failed him?

- retrieval

When Alyssa is asked a trivia question, she replies, "I think I know the answer to that one, but I'm having trouble recalling it from memory." In other words, Alyssa is having difficulty with the memory process known as

- retrieval.

After watching this year's Super Bowl, Tara finds it difficult to recall the events of last year's Super Bowl. Tara is experiencing

- retroactive inhibition.

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________

- revealed a genetic component to intelligence

According to the triangular theory of love, what type of love is defined by passion and intimacy but no commitment?

- romantic love

Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?

- schizophrenia

Mike was unsure of how to reward his son Greg for getting good grades. "Should I buy him a baseball glove? A lava lamp? Hmmm, maybe a pet rock?" he thought. Mike's wife, Carol, suggested, "Why don't you give Greg some money? It's a nice _____ that he could use to get any of those things."

- secondary reinforcer

Bonzo the chimp loves chocolate chip cookies and will perform any task for his favorite treat. After several weeks of experiments, the psychologist studying Bonzo teaches the chimp that two poker chips can be traded for one cookie. Bonzo then learns new tasks in exchange for poker chips. Poker chips are now

- secondary reinforcers.

Tyrell wants to teach his two daughters, Sarah and Mia, to practice their golf swing every day. Each time after Sarah finishes practicing, he gives her five dollars, and each time after Mia finishes practicing, he gives her a handful of candy. Sarah is receiving a _____ reinforcer and Mia is receiving a _____ reinforcer.

- secondary; primary

If you believe you will win the hot dog eating competition, then you have a sense of ________, and you are more likely to enter the hot dog eating competition.

- self-efficacy

________ is an individual's belief in her capability to complete some task.

- self-efficacy

Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ___

- self-serving bias

Altruism is a form of prosocial behavior that is motivated by

- selfless helping of others

Remembering what the word summer means requires _____ memory, whereas remembering what you did on July 4, 2003, requires _____ memory.

- semantic; episodic

Jill is studying for her psychology midterm. The most effective way for Jill to encode the course material would be

- semantically

thalamus

- serves as a sensory relay center whose neurons project to both the amygdala and the higher cortical regions for further processing.

Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ___

- sexist

Anne wants her pet chimp to learn to clap, so she decides to reward the chimp whenever it successfully claps. The problem is that the chimp never claps spontaneously and thus never receives the reward. What technique should Anne use to best resolve this problem?

- shaping

In order to get her roommate to start cleaning her side of the room, Kathy starts complimenting her on the smallest efforts she makes to keep her side tidy. Kathy then withholds complimenting her roommate until she does more extensive cleaning tasks. This type of strategy is known as

- shaping

self-disclosure

- sharing of personal information - form more intimate connections w/people we self disclose to

Curly and Moe were questioned by the police about a car accident they had witnessed just a couple of hours ago. Curly was asked how fast the Ford was going when it smashed into the stop sign. Moe was asked how fast the Ford was going when it hit the stop sign. All else being equal, Moe will most likely remember that the Ford was going

- slower than the speed that Curly remembered.

Stanley Milgram

- social psychology - test validly of this defense "just following orders" - 65% of participants continued to shock - setting change= 48% - learner same room as teacher= 30% -researcher gave order by phone= 23% - humanity of person being shocked was increased, Obidence increased. - authority of the experimenter decreased so did obedience.

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________

- social support

Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________.

- social support

Researchers are in the process of developing a new college entrance exam. They want to ensure that wherever the test is given, it will be administered, scored, and interpreted in the same manner. In other words, the researchers are concerned with

- standardization.

Janet discovers that her friend from another high school took the same college entrance exam that she did. To her surprise, the exam instructions, conditions, and procedures were exactly the same in both schools. This means that Janet's exam was

- standardized

Ned is very afraid of the bats that fly around his house at night, but he is not at all afraid of the birds that fly around his house during the day. Ned's fear of bats does not extend to all flying creatures because of

- stimulus discrimination.

A child who has a conditioned fear response toward Santa Claus reacts with fear toward any gentleman with a white (or gray) beard. This phenomenon is known as

- stimulus generalization

For Burt, who has claustrophobia, a small dark room creates a small amount of fear, a stairwell creates a bit more fear, and an elevator creates the most fear. Burt's therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What aspect of exposure therapy is this

- stimulus hierarchy

In the process of learning the techniques of his job, Arlen will need to keep this new information in his memory for a long time. This part of the memory process is known as

- storage

Group polarization

- strengthening of and original group attitude after the discussion of use with in a group - Group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group would likely lead to stronger opposition

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to _____

- study the function of behavior

Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________.

- suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?

- systematic desensitization

Boys in bullying

- tend to engage in direct, physical aggression such as physical harm

Girls in bullying

- tend to engage in indirect, social forms of aggression = spreading rumors, ignoring, socially isolating others.

A more appropriate name for the so called "lie-detector" test might be

- the arousal detector

Which of the following adolescents is least likely to be targeted for bullying?

- the captain of the football team

During the extinction process, the unconditioned and the conditioned stimuli are no longer paired. As a result, we can predict _____ will gradually disappear.

- the conditioned response

What is amplitude?

- the height of a wave

early theory of motivation

- the maintenance of homeostasis is particularly important in directing behavior. - homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ______

- the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ____

- the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships?

- the people with whom you have the most contact - important factor: proximity--- more likely to be friends with people you have more contact with ex: people that live in your dorm -similarity: more likely to become friends with someone with similar background

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ____

- the scientific method

Developmental psychology is best defined as the study of

- the social, cognitive, and physical changes that occur over the course of the life span

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ___

- the use of reinforcement and punishment

Albert Bandura

- theorized that an individual's sense of self-efficacy plays a pivotal role in motivating behavior. - Bandura argues that motivation derives from expectations that we have about the consequences of our behaviors, and ultimately, it is the appreciation of our capacity to engage in a given behavior that will determine what we do and the future goals that we set for ourselves. - ex: if you have a sincere belief in your ability to achieve at the highest level, you are more likely to take on challenging tasks and to not let setbacks dissuade you from seeing the task through to the end.

What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?

- thoughts affect behavior

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

- unconditional positive regard

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

- undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Lance is a door-to-door insurance salesman. Lance finds it hard to predict what his sales will be for any given day. On some days he sells one policy for every three houses that he visits; on other days, he may sell one policy every twenty houses. Lance is being rewarded on a _____ schedule.

- variable-ratio

prosocial behavior

- voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people.

Which of the following is not one of the three aspects of job burnout?

- wanting to quit

Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may _______

- wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

- water

social exchange theory

- we can act as naive economists in keeping a tally of the creation of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others. - ex: over time boredom from being with only one person may set in, it may be more expensive to share activities such as movies/dinner, however the benefits of dating your romantic partner presumably outweigh the costs, otherwise you wouldn't continue relationship.

Under what conditions will informational social influence be more likely?

- when the answer is unclear - when the group has expertise - both b and c

Aggression

- when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person

Yerkes-Dodson law,

- which holds that a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower.

Jamila is in a study that aims to evaluate the effects of a new vitamin drink on energy levels. She is told that she will be in the group receiving the drink and is asked to rate her energy levels at different points throughout the day. She feels very energized by the drink and rates her energy levels high. At the end of the study, she is debriefed and told that the experiment involved deception. She was actually in the group that received only flavored water. What is this type of effect called, and how could it be prevented in a future experiment wishing to evaluate the vitamin drink?

-Jamila experienced a placebo effect. In future experiments, the placebo effect could be prevented by conducting a blinded study - need better clarification on how to prevent it

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.

-grammar

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

-independent; dependent

Symptoms of groupthink

1. Believing it can do no wrong, invulnerable/invincible 2. Be leaving group is morally right 3. Self censorship by group members= withholding information to avoid disrupting the group consensus 4. Quashing of dissenting group members opinions 5. Shielding of the group leader from dissenting views 6. Perceiving and illusion of unamity among group members 7. Holding stereotypes or negative attitudes toward the outgroup or others with differing viewpoints

2 types of aggression

1. Hostile aggression: motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain - example: fight in bar with a stranger 2. Instrumental aggression: motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain - example: A contract killer who murders for hire displays instrumental aggression

triangular theory of love

1. intimacy- sharing of details and intimate thoughts & emotions 2. passion- the physical attraction, the flame in the fire. 3. commitment- the standing by the person, the "in sickness & health" part of the relationship.

How to avoid groupthink

1. Seeking outside opinions 2. Voting in private 3. Having leader withhold position statements until all group members have voiced their views 4. Conducting research on all viewpoints 5. Weighing costs and benefits of all options 6. Developing a contingency plan

Factors likely to yield group pressure in Asch effect study

1. Size of the majority 2. Presence of another dissenter 3. Public of relatively private nature of responses are key to influences on conformity. - easily seen in children when they have to publicly vote for something

Bowling involves three parties

1. The bully- positive experience = boost self-esteem 2. Victim- decreased mental health, including anxiety and depression, underperform in schoolwork, committing suicide 3. Witnesses or bystanders

Explain the opponent-process theory.

According to this theory, color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red. The basic idea is that some cells of the visual system are excited by one of the opponent colors and inhibited by the other. So, a cell that was excited by wavelengths associated with green would be inhibited by wavelengths associated with red, and vice versa.

In-group bias

Can result in prejudice and discrimination because the outgroup is perceived as different and is less preferred than our in group

Men are more likely to show aggression

Sexual jealousy is part of male aggression

Example of informational Social influence

What to do in emergency situation