Intro to Psychology Chapter 3

In the average ejaculation, ________________ million or more sperm are released.

250

With respect to the evaluation of Piaget's theory, contemporary research has revealed that: a) children do not acquire cognitive abilities as early as Piaget's theory suggests b) Piaget's sequence of cognitive development is valid across many cultures c) the transition from one stage to the next is more abrupt than Piaget proposed d) formal operations are a more important ingredient of cognition than Piaget believed

Piaget's sequence of cognitive development is valid across many cultures

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

interaction

__________ developed the strange situation to investigate __________.

Ainsworth; attachment

Allan is 35. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged?

Beryl and Callie are middle-aged

a molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Yun Hee is concerned about her daughter, who will be 1 year old next week. Her baby is not walking yet, and Yun Hee's family is starting to comment on this. Should she be worried?

No, she should not worry. Only 50 percent of all babies in the United States are walking within a week after their first birthday.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects: a) Baumrind's parenting styles classification b) Piaget's theory of cognitive development c) Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development d) Ainsworth's attachment styles theory

Piaget's theory of cognitive development

This psychologist proposed that children learn by internalizing their culture's language and relying on internal speech.

Vygotsky

A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false BEST illustrates the development of:

a theory of mind

Piaget gave the name _____ to the ability to change one's mental frameworks on the basis of new information and experiences.

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

accommodation

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

adolescence

The ability to incorporate new information within existing mental representations of the world is called:

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

assimilation

an emotional tie with others; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation

attachment

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

basic trust

Maturation refers mainly to __________ development.

biological

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

chromosomes

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

cognition

Western legal systems that suggest that children who are 7 or 8 years old have attained the ability to reason are consistent with Piaget's theory because basic reasoning skills appear during the ___________ period.

concrete operational

Even though all of her friends tried marijuana and cocaine in the 1980's, Monica refused to experiment with drugs because it is against the law. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Monica's reasons for refusing drugs reflect ____________ moral reasoning.

conventional

uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order; "We are supposed to take care of our loved ones, so you should steal the drug"

conventional morality

a period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences is needed for proper development

critical period

Cindy is studying cognitive development during adulthood. She administers several memory and problem-solving tasks to a group of 20-year-olds, a group of 40-year-olds, and a group of 70-year-olds. Cindy is using ________________ research design.

cross-sectional

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

cross-sectional study

With respect to memory, recall ____________ with age, and recognition _____________ with age.

declines; remains stable

Improved judgement, impulse control, and long-term planning develop during the late teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:

development of the frontal lobe and its connections with other parts of the brain

______________ psychology examines growth and change in physical, cognitive, and social areas across the life span

developmental

The brain becomes fully mature by:

emerging adulthood

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

emerging adulthood

Lester is 59. He just celebrated his twenty-fifth anniversary at his company. He thought that his gold watch was just a meaningless trinket and was glad that he balanced his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Lester is in the stage of development called ______________ versus stagnation.

generativity

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA

genes

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

genome

What do developmental psychologists seek to understand?

growth and change across the life span

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

heredity

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in early adulthood

intimacy

Janice has a job, a cat named Jake, and 33 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Janice is in the stage of development called intimacy versus __________.

isolation

Laney is investigating early language acquisition. She selects a group of 6-month-old babies and then assesses them every 3 months until they are 2 years old. Laney is using a _____________ research design.

longitudinal

research that follows and retests the same people over time

longitudinal study

biological growth processes leading to orderly changes in behavior, mostly independent of experience

maturation

The point at which menstruation begins is called:

menarche

Carole has stopped ovulating and is now incapable of reproduction. Carole has experienced:

menopause

A game of peekaboo with his dad excites William during the first 6 months of his life because William actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because William lacks ____________.

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

object permanence

Which major issue is NOT among those emphasized by developmental psychologists? a) stability and change b) person and situation c) continuity and stages d) nature and nurture

person and situation

Gallup survey data reported by Crabtree (2011) and depicted graphically in the textbook indicates among adults, happiness is ____________ correlated with the amount of time spent with other.

positively

Faruq believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ______ morality.

postconventional

actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

postconventional morality

Every time Mrs. Thomas touches her baby's left cheek, the baby turns that cheek toward her mother and opens her mouth. The reflex that is triggered by the mother's touch is known as the ______ reflex.

rooting

in Vygotsky's theory, a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

scaffold

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information; "concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences"

schema

Three-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves and then returns, he will return periodically to her side for brief moments. Adam MOST clearly displays signs of:

secure attachment

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

sensorimotor stage

With respect to Piaget's theory, object permanence is to pretend play as the ___________ stage of cognitive development is to the ___________ stage. a) sensorimotor; preoperational b) sensorimotor; formal operational c) formal operational; concrete operational d) concrete operational; preoperational

sensorimotor; preoperational

Juan Carlos' son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents: a) the stage side of the "continuity and stages" developmental issue b) the nurture side of the "nature and nurture" developmental issue c) the stability side of the "stability and change" developmental issue d) the change side of the "stability and change" developmental issue

the stability side of the "stability and change" developmental issue

Shelly's brother hid her favorite stuffed bear in another cabinet after Shelly had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returned, she was able to find the bear in the other cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of:

theory of mind

Which woman is MOST likely to be experiencing menopause currently? a) 51 year old Agnes b) 44 year old Susan c) 58 year old Lenora d) 63 year old Judy

51 year old Agnes

Danielle is consulting her college's course catalog. The description of one psychology course begins, "This course surveys growth and change across the life span in physical, cognitive, and social domains." This course is MOST likely titled:

Developmental Psychology

Yiv's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Yiv's father has a(n) __________ parenting style.

authoritarian

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the BEST developmental outcomes for children?

authoritative

The Markowitz family has a son, Noah, who has exceptionally high intelligence and excels in math. However, he lacks social and communicative skills which limit his ability to sustain normal peer relationships. Noah has been diagnosed with:

autism spectrum disorder

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) at which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

concrete operational stage

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one beaker is inverted. The child apparently lacks a concept of:

conservation

the principle (in which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in shapes

conservation

David is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast, and she should make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

conventional

Marjorie just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change and growth across a life span. Based on this information, Marjorie should consider the course in _____________ psychology MOST strongly.

developmental

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

developmental psychology

in Piaget's theory, the pre-operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

egocentrism

Amanda is pregnant. Her baby's intestinal system is beginning to develop. The baby is in the ____________ stage of prenatal development.

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

embryo

Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life many developmental psychologists term ________ adulthood.

emerging

every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

environment

the study of the molecular ways by which environments can influence gene expression (without a DNA change)

epigenetics

The second and third trimesters of pregnancy occur entirely within the _____________ period of prenatal development.

fetal

psychical and mental abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. in severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Janet is 9 weeks pregnant; her developing baby is called a(n):

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

fetus

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

formal operational stage

individuals who developed from separate fertilized eggs. they are genetically no closer than ordinary siblings, but shared a prenatal environment

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

Your grandmother is in her early eighties and is beginning to seem frail. Which of the following are you likely to notice about her abilities? a) her hearing and sight are diminishing, but her stamina and sense of smell remain strong b) her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing c) her visual sharpness is decreasing, but her stamina remains unchanged d) her muscle strength is decreasing, but all of her sensory abilities seem to be going strong

her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing

individuals who developed from a single fertilized egg that split in two, creating two genetically identical siblings

identical (monozygotic) twins

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and blending various roles

identity

Danielle is 52. Recently she has stopped menstruating and is no longer of childbearing age. Danielle has experienced:

menopause

The end of female menstruation is called:

menopause

the end of menstruation. in everyday use, it can also mean the biological transition a woman experiences from before until the end of menstruation

menopause

Bernice is 62. She is in a life stage known as ___________ adulthood.

middle

In Erikson's theory, early adulthood is to intimacy as ___________ is to ____________.

middle age; generativity

As compared with fraternal twins, identical twins are ______________ similar in their abilities, personal traits, and interests. This finding supports the importance of _____________ in shaping personality and other traits.

more; heredity

Jack registered as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believes that it is wrong to take human life. He is willing to serve time in jail, rather than take part in an armed conflict. Jack's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.

postconventional

Jarrell thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrell demonstrates a(n) ____________ level of moral reasoning.

preconventional

Susie does not eat cookies before dinner because her parents will send her to her room for the rest of the night. In Kohlberg's terms, Susie is at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

preconventional

self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards; "If you steal the medicine, you will go to jail"

preconventional morality

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) in which a child learns to use language but cannot yet perform the mental operations of concrete logic; " able to represent things with words and images, but too young to perform mental operations (such as imagining an action and mentally reversing it)

preoperational stage

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?

probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

puberty

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

reflex

Asia is 39. She never married. Pictures of her friends' partners and children fill her social media feeds. Asia wonders when she'll ever find the right person. Asia's protracted singlehood is off-time with respect to the ____________ clock; that is, the culturally preferred timing of major life events.

social

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

social clock

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

social identity

Dr. Babineaux asks a sample of 8-year-old children to complete measures of several personality traits. When the same children are 16 years old, she asks them to complete measures of the same traits. Dr. Babineaux then computes correlations between the two sets of measures. Her results are MOST relevant to the ___________ issue. a) nature and nurture b) free will and determinism c) stages and continuity d) stability and change

stability and change

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

stranger anxiety

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

temperament

agents, such as chemicals or viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

teratogens

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

theory of mind

Based on Harlow's research with monkeys, what is the most helpful thing you can do for a frightened infant or child?

touch or hold them

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

zygote