Intro to psychology chapters 5-8
_________ refers to the thinking processes of perception, learning, problem solving, judgment and memory.
*Cognition
From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see."
18 to 24
Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?
Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.
What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?
Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.
Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?
emembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
emotion can be a conditioned response
________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoug
emotion; memory
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
encoding failure
suggestibility
encoding failure
15. Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.
experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores
Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.
experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores
I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.
explicit memory
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
extinction
Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.
fluid intelligence
Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where.
forgetting
Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm?
Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.
Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?
John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.
What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Gonzalo is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
Linguistic intelligence
Anwar is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
Musical intelligence
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception?
Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.
Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?
Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.
Which of the following is false about sensation?
Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.
Rick can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
Spatial intelligence
A couple broke up several years ago and no longer had any romantic feelings towards one another. How ever last week the couple ran into each other at a concert and the romantic feelings started to reappear. This is an example of
Spontaneous recovery
Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?
Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.
Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?
The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it."
The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain."
The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."
Which of the following statements is true
There are many factors working together to influence an individual's intelligence level
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent stimulus discrimination.
True
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
True
In higher order conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
True
Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a natural concept.
True
Mathew wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how motivation can affect perception.
True
Phillip is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called kinesthesia.
True
Quincy finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of chunking.
True
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on recognition, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.
True
Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?
True
Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.
We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.
Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________.
Weber's law
Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________.
a subliminal message
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
conditioned response
Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.
confirmation
Ana wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Ana praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
continuous
Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence
creative
Physicians, teachers, musicians, and politicians continue to work well into old age largely due to _____, which tends to increase over time.
crystallized intelligence
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.
top-down
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?
top-down
Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.
transience
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.
your first day of school
Where does high intelligence come from?
genetics B. environment
A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.
hindsight
Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?
hippocampus
Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
interpersonal
For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.
lashbulb memory
Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.
learning disability
At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the _____side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ( ____side of the brain.
left , right
What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat?
proprioception
Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding?
thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind
Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become
thoughts
Mike finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.
Acoustic
Giuliani is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Giuliani can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.
Acquisition
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
Associational
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.
Bias
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.
CS + UCS; continuous
________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation
Creative
Samara cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Samara's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
Creative intelligence
________ is the knowledge and skills gained through experience and education that increase over a lifetime.
Crystallized intelligence
Karin attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Karin realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
Extinction
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.
Aram dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the creative intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
False
Jemma has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a latent map so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
False
Kamala cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the flashbulb theory.
False
Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through practical experience.
False
Luke is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Luke no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Luke begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of higher order conditioning.
False
The idea that people differ in their "profiles of intelligence," showing a unique pattern of strengths and weaknesses, is related to
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?
Gestalt
Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?
He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence.
Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?
He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?
If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.
When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.
Implicit
Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?
Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.
Mona enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Mona can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Mona no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.
adaptation
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
Kaila stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?
afterimage
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?
amygdala
What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?
another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus
Lisa is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Lisa has ________ amnesia.
anterograde
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
attention
Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.
availability heuristic
Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?
baby seeking food by rooting and suckling
Sidney extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?
binocular disparity
Iraida is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
bodily kinesthetic
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention.
change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation.
change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"
Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?
determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.
divided intelligence into two components
Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifiesn________ Intelligence
linguistic
What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.
mastery of the grammatical aspects of language
Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.
memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running
Retha is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.
mental set
Schemata are a(an) ________.
method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paradigm
Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________.
modified the way witnesses are questioned
Mark's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Mark meets his sales quota this month. Mark's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
Derek's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.
night blindness
In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a sin
nterpersonal; intrapersonal
An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.
one piece of information versus all of the information
Mathew tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
perception; sensation
Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
practical
Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
relearning
Lauren assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.
representational bias
Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.
retroactive
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.
retrograde; anterograde
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.
revealed a genetic component to intelligence
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
Kai meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.
role
Intelligence stresses the capacity to
think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment
Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.
signal detection
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
stimulus generalization
Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
suggestibility
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park
Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to ________.
their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites