Intro to Psychology Exam 2 Study Set

What are first impressions?

Rapid conclusions about someone that persists through time. In this you focus on a subset of traits rather than the overall person.

What is Social Loafing?

Reduced motivation and effort shown by individuals working in a group.

What are the seven defense mechanisms Freud described?

Regression, Displacement, Denial, Reaction Formation, Rationalization, Projection, Sublimination

What is compliance with an authority figure?

Obedience

What is the intimacy stage of building a relationship?

Where you form a closeness or bonding experience.

What is self-regulation?

Will Power/ Self Control

What is groupthink?

Decision making in which a group does not question its decisions critically. (EX: voting in America and bombing of Pearl Harbor)

What are some sources of stereotyping and prejudice?

Implicit Bias, IAT and disregarding individuals who disagree with the stereotype, while increasing stereotypes if you come across someone who confirms your stereotype.

If you look similar in terms of physical attractiveness the _____ your relationship will last?

Longer

What is the Hugh Hefner Effect?

You appear more attractive if you are around more attractive people according to the opposite sex.

What is the Ugly Friend Effect?

You appear more attractive if you are around one person who is less attractive than you.

What is prejudice?

prejudgment, usually negative, of another person on basis of membership in a group.

What is the Mere Exposure Effect?

repeated exposure to a stimulus increasing liking

What are the 4 elements in Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?

1. Perceiver has expectations about how a target will behave. 2. Perceiver then behaves in a way that is likely to elicit the expected target behavior. 3. Target indeed behaves in a way that confirms perceiver's expectations. 4. Perceiver (objective perceiver) sees predicted behavior.

What is self-esteem?

A judgement of the value of yourself

What are the three defensive attributions?

Actor-observer, self-serving bias, and group-serving bias

What is compliance?

Agreement with a request from a person with no perceived authority.

What is an example of positive stereotyping?

All Asians are good at Math

What is an example of negative stereotyping?

All blondes are dumb

What is a positive or negative evaluation that predispose behavior toward an object, person, or situation?

Attitude

What is a continuum of strongly liking to strongly disliking?

Attraction

What is self-consciousness?

Awareness of our own characteristics and the way the self is perceived by others.

What is it called when you match your behavior and appearance to a social norm standard?

Conformity

What does it take to maintain the relationship?

Continuation of self disclosure, participation in joint activities, and communication

What is unfair behavior based on stereotyping and prejudice?

Discrimination (Ex: conviction of PCO and Job Outlook)

What is judgement assigning the cause of a persons behavior to personal qualities or characteristics?

Dispositional Attribution

How do you reduce stereotyping and prejudice?

Exposure increase to the outgroup and cooperative activities (Ex: Jigsaw classrooms and expanded definition of an in-group)

What is a commitment relationship defined as?

Friendship

What is the intensity of an attitude following a group discussion? (Ex: Prejudice Groups)

Group Polarization

What is attitude alignment?

If someone has more attributes and attitudes like you, then you are going to be more attracted to them.

What is deindividuation?

Immersion of an individual within a group and leads to anonymity. The individual would not usual perform these actions if they were alone. (ex: mobs and hate groups)

What is self disclosure?

In the building stage of a relationship it is where you disclose personal information about yourself.

What is the group that the individual identifies with and has the favoritism of the people within the group called?

Ingroup

What is the Milgram Study (1974)?

It was a study performed in order to see how Nazi soldiers could have performed their duties. In this study the participants gave another "participant" an electric shock.

What are attributions?

Judgement about the course of an individual behavior

What is the assumption that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people?

Just-world belief

What is self-awareness?

Knowledge about your internal traits, feelings, roles, memories.

What is the Concept Matching Hypothesis?

Most romantic couples share a common level of physical attractiveness.

What is the Halo Effect?

One trait we focus on to decide if we like the individual or not. (Ex: ratemyprofessor.com and voice pitch)

What is the group the individual does not identify with and has derogation for people outside the group called?

Outgroup

What is love at first site classified as?

Passion only

What is self-concept?

People's descriptions of their own characteristics.

What are some examples of ingroups and outgroups?

Political Parties and Sports

What does attraction need to increase?

Proximity

What is it called when a belief comes true because we are acting as if it is already true?

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

What is it called when you attribute success to dispositional factors and attribute failures to situational factors?

Self-serving bias

What is Stereotyping?

Simplifying a set of traits with membership in a group or category

What is judgement assigning the cause of the person's behavior to the environment?

Situational Attribution

What is it called when the presence of other people change an individual's performance?

Social Facilitation

What is it called when you overestimate how much attention others pay to you?

Spot-Light Effect

What is correspondence bias?

Tendency to view behavior as a result of disposition even when the behavior can be explained by the situation.

What is the self we are around others called?

The Interpersonal Self

What was the study Spencer gave in 1997 about stereotyping?

The Math test study where in one room they told the women that they are typically worse at math than men and in the other they just handed out the test and said good luck.

What is a group-serving bias?

The same as self-serving bias except it is applied to a group.

What is actor-observer bias?

When you look at dispositional factors for others, while environmental factors for us.

What is self-schema?

The way cognitively organize information about ourselves and process self-relevant information.

What is the Big Five Theory (OCEAN)?

There are 5 core traits derived from factor analysis. Openness (thoughtful and open) Consciousness (aware and attentive to other ppl) Extraversion (energy either out or in) Agreeableness (degree for how well you get along with other ppl) Neuroticism (how emotionally stable or unstable you are)

What is a group?

Two or more people who interact with and influence each other.

What is cognitive dissonance?

Uncomfortable state that occurs when our outward behavior and attitudes do not match.

What is a Stereotype Threat?

When an individual confirms the stereotype with themselves

What is Inequity?

When the cost of a relationship is not worth the benefits of the relationship.

What is a romantic relationship?

combination of self disclosure and intimacy, plus passion/sexual attraction and commitment.

What are the six selves?

self-concept self-schema self-awareness self-consciousness self-esteem self-regulation