Intro to Psychology Modules 11, and 12

Storage

Storage is the process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall.

Information-processing model

The information-processing model states that the ability to retain information over time involves three processes; encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Primary effect

The primary effect refers to better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the beginning of a body of information.

Recency effect

The recency effect refers to better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the end of the body information.

Serial position effect

The serial position effect refers to better recall of information presented at the beginning and end of a body of information, as opposed to the middle.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon refers to having a strong feeling that a particular word can be recalled, but despite making a great effort, we are temporarily unable to recall the particular information.

Amnesia

Amnesia, which may be temporary or permanent, is loss of memory that may occur after a blow or damage to the brain or after disease, general anesthesia, certain drugs, or severe psychological stress.

Amnesia

Amnesia, which may be temporary or permanent, is loss of memory that may occur after a blow or damage to the brain or after disease, general anesthesia, certain drugs, or severe psychological trauma.

Automatic encoding

Automatic encoding is the transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory without any effort and usually without any awareness.

Chunking

Chunking is combining separate items of information into larger unit, or chunk, and then remembering chunks of information rather than individual items.

Recall

Recall involves retrieving previously learned information without the aid of or with very few external cues.

Decay

Decay, which means the memory is lost as a result of not using the memory traces.

Declarative memory

Declarative memory involves memories for facts or events, such as scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or daily events.

Echoic memory

Echoic memory is a form of sensory memory that holds auditory information for 1 or 2 seconds.

Effortful encoding

Effortful encoding involves the transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory either by working hard to repeat or rehearse the information or, especially, by new and old information.

Elaborative rehearsal

Elaborative rehearsal involves using effort to actively make meaningful associations between new information that you wish to remember and old or familiar information that is already stored in long-term memory.

Encoding

Encoding is the process of making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our memories.

Episodic memory

Episodic memory is a type of declarative memory that involves knowledge of specific events, personal experience (episodes), or activities, such as naming or describing favorite restaurants, movies, songs, habits, or hobbies.

Explicit memory

Explicit memory is memory that is consciously known.

Forgetting

Forgetting is the inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in long-term memory.

Iconic memory

Iconic memory is a form of sensory memory that automatically holds visual information for about a quarter of a second or more; as soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears.

Implicit memory

Implicit memory is memory that is not consciously known.

Interference

Interference results when new information enters short-term memory and overwrites or pushes out information that is already there.

Interference

Interference, one of the common reasons for getting, occurs when the recall of some particular memory is blocked or prevented by other related memories.

Explain the network theory

Network theory says that we store related ideas in seperate categories, or files, called nodes. As we make associations among bits of information, we create links among thousands of nodes, which make up a gigantic interconnected network of files for storing and retrieving information.

Levels-of-processing theory

Levels-of-processing theory says that remembering depends on how information is encoded. If you encode by paying attention on to basic features (lengths of phone number), information is encoded at a shallow level and results in poor recall. If you encode by making new associations, this information will be encoded at a deeper level, which results in better recall.

Long-term memory

Long-term memory is the process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Maintenance rehearsal is the practice of intentionally repeating or rehearsing information so that it remains longer in short-term memory.

Memory

Memory is an active system that allows people to retain information over time.

What is photographic memory?

Photographic memory, which occurs in adults, it the ability to form sharp, detailed visual images after examining a picture or page for a short period of time and to recall the entire image at a later date.

Proactive interference

Proactive interference occurs when old information (learned earlier) blocks or disrupts the remembering of related new information (learned later).

Procedural memory

Procedural memory, also called non-declarative memory, involves memories for motor skills (playing tennis), some cognitive skills (learning to read), and emotional behaviors learned through classical conditioning (fear of spiders).

Recognition

Recognition involves identifying previously learned information with the help of external cues.

Repression

Repression is the process by which the mid pushes a memory of some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconscious. Once in the unconscious, the repressed memory cannot be retrieved at will and may remain there until something releases it and the person remembers it.

Repression

Repression, according to Freud, is a mental process that automatically hides emotionally threatening or anxiety-producing information in the unconscious, from which repressed memories cannot be recalled voluntarily, but something may cause them to enter consciousness at a later time.

Retrieval cues

Retrieval cues mental reminders that we create by forming vivid mental images or creating associations between new information and information we already know.

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of getting or recalling information that has been placed into short-term or long-term storage.

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of selecting information from long-term memory and transferring it back into short-term memory.

Retroactive interference

Retroactive interference occurs when new information (learner later) blocks or disrupts the retrieval of related old information (learned earlier).

Sematic memory

Semantic memory is a type of declarative memory that involves knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, and language rules.

Sensory memory

Sensory memory is an initial process that receives and holds environmental information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to several seconds.

Short-term memory

Short-term memory is a process that can hold only a limited amount of information- an average of seven items- for only a short period of time, 2 to 30 seconds.

State dependent learning

State dependent learning means that it is easier to recall information when you are in the same physiological or emotional state or setting as when you originally encoded the information.

Working memory

Working memory is a more recent understanding of short-term memory that involves the active processing of incoming information from sensory memory and the retrieval of information form long-term memory.