intro to public health exam 3

In response to increasing evidence that the U.S. health care system was dysfunctional, even the _______________________ endorsed President Obama's efforts to change the system.

American Medical Association

Americans dispose of how much municipal solid waste each year? A) 100 million tons B) 250 million tons C) 375 million tons D) 500 million tons

B) 250 million tons

Each year between 1991 and 2010, the CDC and the EPA recorded an average of how many outbreaks associated with contaminated drinking water? A) 7 B) 11 C) 16 D) 19

C) 16

If coliform bacteria is present in the water supply, what step in the water treatment process has failed? A) Sedimentation B) Coagulation C) Filtration D) Disinfection

D) Disinfection

Which of the following is the biggest drawback of using sanitary landfills as a method of waste disposal? A) Emits noxious odors B) Toxic chemicals seep into groundwater C) Attract disease-carrying vermin D) Take up a lot of space

D) Take up a lot of space

In the ____________________, the population expands rapidly past the carrying capacity and then crashes.

J curve

Global warming is due to the ____________________, where the energy of sunlight is absorbed by carbon dioxide in the air and turned into heat rather than radiating back into outer space.

greenhouse effect

The Fresh Kills landfill on Staten Island has been closed since March of 2001 except for it use to dispose of debris from the ______________________.

world trade center

The first Earth Day, celebrated in the United States on April 22, ___, marked the beginning of the modern environmental movement with coast-to-coast rallies and teach-ins.

1970

The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act was established in _________.

1988

In which state does the law allow health care institutions to withdraw life support when further treatment is judged futile, even against the wishes of the patient as expressed in an advance directive? A) California B) Oregon C) Washington D) Arizona

A) California

Discharges from industrial sources are the second major category of point-source pollution and were strictly regulated by which piece of legislation? A) Clean Water Act B) Safe Drinking Water Act C) Clean Air Act D) Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

A) Clean Water Act

Predictions about the Earth's carrying capacity have typically centered on which of the following? A) Food B) Water C) Usable land D) Epidemic disease

A) Food

Which of the following has documented extensive evidence that the delivery of medical care in inequitable and that ethnic and racial minorities may receive poorer quality care than white Americans? A) Outcomes research B) Epidemiologic surveillance C) Health services research D) Biomedical research

A) Outcomes research

Because they grow in shallow coastal waters, which are likely to be polluted, which shellfish may carry cholera-related bacteria, hepatitis A virus, and the common Norwalk virus? A) Oysters B) Mussels C) Blue crab D) Scallops

A) Oysters

Which of the following is especially harmful to patients with cardiovascular disease, who are more likely to suffer heart attacks when exposed to higher concentrations of the pollutant? A) Sulfur dioxide B) Carbon monoxide C) Nitrogen oxides D) Ozone

B) Carbon monoxide

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act requires what type of wastes to be accounted for "from cradle to grave" and there are criminal penalties for those who violate the laws? A) Municipal wastes B) Hazardous wastes C) Industrial wastes D) Agricultural wastes

B) Hazardous wastes

What virus is frequently transmitted by food handlers who are careless about hygiene? A) HIV virus B) Hepatitis A virus C) Influenza virus D) Human papillomavirus

B) Hepatitis A virus

Which of the following, released by microbial activity in the intestines of cattle and in paddy fields where rice is grown, also contributes to the greenhouse effect? A) Carbon dioxide B) Methane C) Argon D) Nitrogen

B) Methane

In the mid-1890s, the discovery of which of the following aroused great public excitement and led to extensive human exposures before the danger was recognized? A) Gamma rays B) X-rays C) Natural radioactive materials

B) X-rays

The first emission standards for automobiles were passed in 1965, to take effect with cars of what model year? A) 1966 B) 1967 C) 1968 D) 1969

C) 1968

Businesses with how many employees that do not provide medical coverage are required to pay an assessment of $2,000 per employee? A) 10+ B) 25+ C) 50+ D) 100+

C) 50+

Because of budgetary constraints, how often can the FDA inspect food-processing facilities under its jurisdiction? A) Every 2 years B) Every 5 years C) Every 10 years D) Every 20 years

C) Every 10 years

To confirm that they provide high-quality care, health care institutions may seek accreditation by which private organization? A) American Medical Association B) Department of Health and Human Services C) Joint Commission D) National Institutes of Health

C) Joint Commission

The percentage of children who are uninsured has declined to less than 10 percent because of _________________________.

Children's Health Insurance Program

What percentage of Medicaid beneficiaries are children, their parents, and pregnant women? A) 50% B) 65% C) 75% D) 85%

D) 85%

A Supreme Court decision allowed states to opt out of the Medicaid expansion under the ACA. In states that do not participate, who is left without health care coverage? A) Married adults B) Children C) Elderly adults D) Childless adults

D) Childless adults

Which of the following is the most visible form of air pollution? A) Ozone B) Lead C) Sulfur dioxide D) Particulate matter

D) Particulate matter

A scandal surrounding medication containing what radioactive material led to the strengthening of the Food and Drug Administration's power to regulate patent medicines as well as set specific limitations on radioactive materials? A) Uranium B) Palladium C) Polonium D) Radium

D) Radium

Regulation of the fish industry, which falls mainly under the jurisdiction of the _________________, is especially difficult because most fish are caught in the wild by independent fishermen in relatively small boats.

FDA

The __________ was asked to investigate and recommend a strategy that would lead to improvements in quality of care.

Institute of Medicine

States began to move ___________________ recipients into managed care plans in the hope of providing them with higher-quality care and more continuity of care, as well as controlling costs.

Medicaid

____________________ solid wastes include durable goods, nondurable goods, containers and packaging, food scraps, yard trimmings, and miscellaneous inorganic wastes.

Municipal

__________ provides identification and cleanup of hazardous waste sites.

Superfund legislation

The leading cause of water pollution in the United States is _________.

agriculture

________, "the king of poisons," has been well known as a common means of homicide through the centuries.

arsenic

The general approach to water treatment is directed primarily against__________________ disease, the most common and historically devastating type of waterborne disease.

bacterial

Which of the following energy sources does not use steam to spin a turbine and create electricity? a. Geothermal Energy b. Fossil Fuels c. Hydroelectric Energy d. Nuclear Energy

c. hydroelectric energy

The Clean Air Act and its amendments require monitoring and regulation of six common air pollutants called_______________________.

criteria air pollutants

Which of the following is a reason to avoid using fossil fuels as an energy source? a. Landscape Destruction b. Water Pollution c. Greenhouse Gas emissions d. All of the above

d. all of the above

True or False? A number of studies, including the study of six cities, suggest that the largest particles are the most dangerous because they can invade the body's natural defenses and penetrate deeply into the lungs, becoming a chronic source of irritation.

false

True or False? The Safe Drinking Water Act requires pretreatment of industrial wastes that are discharged into sewers.

false

True or False? The evidence suggests that, for many medical conditions, there is only one appropriate response or treatment.

false

True or False? The rise of preventive medicine contributed to an increasing interest in the measurement of the quality and efficiency, or cost-effectiveness, of medical care.

false

True or False? Until recently, the public health approach has been to focus on economic factors in seeking risk reduction.

false

True or False? Until the early 1970s, the federal government was responsible for the quality of the waterways and the purity of the drinking water.

false

Iodine in table salt helps prevent a condition called __________.

goiter

Fifty-three percent of municipal solid wastes as well as wastes from other sources are disposed of in ___________.

landfills

Over the past three decades, evidence has accumulated that even low levels of _______________ can slow a child's development and cause learning and behavior problems.

lead

Controlled clinical trials are one form of ______________________ research, but there are practical, financial, and ethical barriers that prevent conducting controlled trials aimed at answering many important questions about medical care.

outcomes

In a ______, patients are required to seek care from participating providers who have agreed to provide services at lower rates.

preferred provider organization (PPO)

Immunizations against infectious diseases, monitoring of pregnancies, and the provision of "well-baby care" to ensure that children develop normally are all considered to be_____________ care.

preventive

The 1986 reauthorization of the ___________________ specified 83 contaminants to be regulated by the EPA and set deadlines for action.

safe drinking water act

_____________________ analysis called attention to the lack of scientific evidence on which doctors and patients base decisions about how various medical conditions should be treated.

small-area

Choose a renewable energy source and name one of its pros and one of its cons

solar energy from the sun pro: only have to buy panel once con: depends on hours of sunlight and cloudiness

True or False? All organisms tend to produce more offspring than would be needed to maintain a stable population.

true

True or False? Archaeological evidence shows that the earliest cities were designed with consideration for the health of their inhabitants.

true

True or False? Each year, the Medicare program pays out more money than it collects in premiums.

true

True or False? Even if the U.S. borders are sealed, human population growth threatens to change the environment of the entire globe, posing health threats that no one could escape.

true

True or False? It is clear that the variability in the use of different treatments reflects the degree of uncertainty facing physicians regarding their relative efficacy.

true

True or False? Legal disposal of hazardous wastes is expensive and no one knows how much illegal "midnight dumping" may actually go on today.

true

True or False? Neurotoxins may be even more insidious than carcinogens because the damage they do may mimic common aspects of aging.

true

True or False? Since only the most serious cases of foodborne diseases are reported, the extent of the problem is unclear.

true

True or False? The health status of the American population is poor in international comparison, which is evidence that all the spending on medical care cannot compensate for failures in the public health system.

true

True or False? The most contentious legal cases have concerned the system's insistence on providing expensive, intrusive, and unwanted treatment to patients whose conditions are judged medically hopeless.

true

True or False? Until the 1970s, little attention was paid to what was done with the garbage after it was taken away from residential neighborhoods.

true

True or False? While Americans support most measures to ensure cleaner air, they consistently resist efforts to move them out of their private automobiles.

true

True or false? For the period 2002 to 2011, fruits and vegetables cause more cases of illness than beef, poultry, and seafood combined.

true