Intro to public speaking midterm 119

The definition of communication apprehension and the difference between state and trait apprehension

- "Glossophobia" -- fear of the tongue -Communication Apprehension definition: anxiety in speaking situations State -- fear in a particular communication situation Trait -- fear across all or many communication situations

Demographic

- observable characteristics ○ 1. Examples: age, gender, education, group, membership, religion, race, ethnic or cultural identity ○ 2. Finding and using demographic info: ■ Recognize variables ■ Evaluate which factors might affect listeners reception

The 7 Principles of Communication Principle 4

. It is both symmetrical and complementary Symmetrical - communicators minimize differences Complementary - communicators maximize differences

The 7 Principles of Communication Principle 1

. Signals occur in packages a. expect things to go together b. usually only notice incongruities c. have a tendency for completeness

The 7 Principles of Communication Principle 2

. The process of adjustment -- adjust to others to seek shared meaning of symbols a. Communication Accommodation Theory - speakers will adjust to speaking style of listeners; "like attracts like"

The three criteria for judging the reliability of research documents found on the Internet

1) Who is the source 2) What is their bias ? 3) What is their expertise and objectivity?

The Self-fulfilling Prophecy (know this inside and out!!!)

1. Believe - believe something is true or false 2. Act - act according to the belief 3. Observe - it happens due to the action 4. Believe - belief is strengthened

Good speech delivery:

A) Has conversational quality B) Does not call attention to itself

When the main points of a speech follow a time pattern, they are organized in __________ order.

a.Chronological

If the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective? "In order to get a better understanding of how the proposed copper mine will harm the environment, its effects on the land, its effects on the water, and its effects on the wildlife..."

a.Internal preview

What are the four major audience related obstacles?

a.inattention, misperception, lack of motivation, inertia

The psychological makeup of an audience would be?

a.the beliefs, attitudes, and values held by audience members

The four major audience obstacles #1

Inattention - Audience is distracted - Over saturation to the message (too much info) - Selective exposure

The four major audience obstacles #2

Misperception Selective perception Attitudes: - Affect how we see things - Likes/dislikes Beliefs: - Judgement about what is true or probable - Influence attitudes Decoding: - Interpreting message - Difficult due to attitude & belief influence - Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) - Audiences tend to decode and then develop or elaborate on the message

The 7 Principles of Communication Principle 5

Ongoing but Punctuated a. divided into sequences b. communicators perceive sequences differently

Plagiarism: Global, Patchwork, Incremental

Plagiarism: using someone else's words as your own 1. Global Plagiarism: taking an entire document and passing it off as your own 2. Patchwork: taking chunks of text from multiple sources without crediting or showing that these chunks are excepted 3. Incremental: using bits of text or someone's words without crediting them or only mentioning them in passing

How public speaking is similar to and different from conversational speaking

Public speaking is one directional, you are speaking to an audience. It has an organized format: an introduction, main points, and a conclusion with transitions throughout. There is an ethical obligation to analyze and know your audience and you have to control your anxiety. Public speaking main ideas: - Express ideas clearly - Organize messages - Express ideas concisely - Use evidence - Use a speaking voice - Control anxiety - Listen effectively Conversational: sending and receiving, encoder and decoder, no audience, might not know the person, not formal/organized.

Skills Training (also called Skills Learning):

learning approach to communication apprehension - Apprehension is based on lack of skills and knowledge - Teaches communication skills - The process of Skills Training: - 1. Learn speaking skills through: reading, lectures, and modeling good speakers - 2. Practice by speaking in many situations

The Setting

physical arrangements, the occasion, rituals and protocols ○ 1. Occasion (purpose, time, place, length) ○ 2. Physical arrangements (sound, space, configuration, seating, proximity to audience) ○ 3. Rituals & protocol orientation (know the rules, habits and rituals) ○ ** analyzing your audience requires knowledge of its demographics

Systematic Desensitization

physiological approach to communication apprehension - Apprehension is learned, therefore can be unlearned - Teaches relaxation techniques - The process of systematic desensitization: - 1. Learn relaxation techniques - 2. Increase tension-producing situations while practicing relaxation - 3. Achieve relaxation on cue

Cognitive Restructuring

psychological approach to communication apprehension - unrealistic beliefs generate a fear of failure - identifies errors in thinking - The process of Cognitive Restructuring: - 1. Expose unrealistic beliefs for what they are (irrational) - 2. Replace with more rational beliefs - 3. Create coping statements - 4. Practice new coping statements - 5. Practice "performance visualization"

Articulation:

refers to in general, flexible fitting of things together. For example, the bones and cartilages in your elbow are said to articulate. The word is well suited to the action of the speech organs as they interact with one another and help join the various sound units into accepted patterns that we call speech

Emphasis:

special importance, value, or prominence given to something.

Intonation:

the rise and fall of the voice in speaking, is variation of spoken pitch that is not used to distinguish words; instead it is used for a range of functions such as indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between statements and questions, and between different types of questions, focusing attention on important elements of the spoken message and also helping to regulate conversational interaction

Organizational patterns

the way in which we organize our points to show the logical development of our central idea.

Topic Orientation

○ 1. Importance: how important is the topic to audience ○ 2. Knowledge of topic: how much does audience already know? ○ 3. Opinions/beliefs about topics: what's the source of their knowledge and what is their opinion? ○ 4. Audience attitudes towards topic

5 Types of Organizational Patterns

○ Chronological Order - Sequence of events over time - Explain a process (EX: the digestive process) - Demonstrates how to do something ○ Spatial Order - Places locational - Follows a directional pattern ○ Causal Order (logical) - Shows a cause-effect relationship - Typically two main points ○ Problem-Solution (need-plan) - Typically has two main points - Shows the problem and its solution ○ Topical Order - Main points are part or sub-topics of thesis - Main points are equal and consistent

Eye contact, gestures, cultural differences and "object" language to be aware of

○ Eye contact: the amount of direct visual contact made with audience members ○ Gestures: Should be dynamic and spontaneous - Emblems: translate directly to words (ex: thumbs up) - Illustrators: describe words - Regulators: monitor, control, coordinate speaking of others - Adaptors: satisfy personal needs (touching hair, hands in pockets) ○ Affect displays: facial movements that communicate emotional meaning ○ Body position and posture should fit the topic, the speaker, the size of the audience, formality, etc.

The difference between a general purpose, a specific purpose statement, and a central idea

○ General Purpose: is the broad goal of the speech (ex: to inform, persuade, entertain) ○ Specific Purpose: addresses what you hope to accomplish and to whom - Contains the precise idea to impart ○ Central Idea: (thesis) is what you expect to say - Summarize speech in a sentence

When to prepare an introduction and conclusion and what elements they should contain

○ Introduction: written after the body of the speech - Gain audience attention/interest - Orient the audience (what do they need to know before you begin the speech?) - Reveal thesis/ central idea - Preview the speech/imbed purpose ○ Conclusion - Signal the end of the speech - Reference the introduction - Summarize main points - Reinforce belief/ action if the speech is persuasive - End with impact

The difference between main points and supporting points

○ Main Points: usually 2-5, support and elaborate on your central idea - Unified with central idea - Complete declarative statements - Have supporting statements and elaborations - Have relatively equal merit ○ Supporting Points - Evidence to support main point - Examples - Scholarly facts/statistics/quotes

Informative Speech Guidelines, specifically ways in which we develop Interest

- 1. Make your speech informative - 2. Do not make your contributions more informative than necessary - 3. Do not say that for which you lack evidence - 4. Be relevant to your topic and your listeners - 5. Avoid obscurity of expression - 6. Avoid ambiguity - 7. Avoid wordiness - 8. Be well organized - Much of a speaker's interest depends on their style of delivery and use of vocal variety, however, we are more concerned with speech content. Some of the most useful qualities of speech content that stimulate interest are specificity, conflict, novelty, curiosity, immediacy, vital concerns, and humor.

The preliminary bibliography

- A bibliography of all potential sources - Not necessarily what you will use as your final sources but what you COULD use

Which of the following would constitute a primary source?

- An interview with a holocaust survivor

Proper use of one's own previous work in a speech

- Cite yourself to avoid self-plagiarism

In the comm principle statement "transactions are symmetrical and complementary" the term complementary means:

- Communication maximizes their differences (style, power, etc)

Impromptu Speech

- Delivered with little or no preparation - Anticipate the situation - Relate the topic to your experience - When in doubt, summarize - Be Brief - Quit when ahead - If you really have nothing to say then don't speak.

Manuscript

- Delivered word for word, something you have already written

Extemporaneous Speech

- Different from impromptu - Carefully prepared and practiced in advance - Uses a brief set of notes or speaking outline - Offers a spontaneous conversational style (but is not a conversation)

To speak in doublespeak means to:

- Distortion of meaning

The difference between the general purpose, the specific purpose statement and the central idea

- General purpose: is the broad goal of the speech (to inform, persuade, entertain) - Specific purpose: addresses what you hope to accomplish and to whom. Contains the precise idea to impart. - Central idea: (thesis) is what you expect to say and summarizes the speech in a sentence.

The difference between informative and persuasive speeches:

- Informative: achieve clarity and interest - Persuasive: persuade

What are the primary factors to consider when assessing an audience's topic orientation toward a speech?

- Knowledge, importance, opinions, attitudes

· The Ted Talk by Amy Cuddy, on the power nonverbal language has on our perceptions

- Our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves - "So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. We tend to forget, though, the other audience that's influenced by our nonverbals, and that's ourselves. We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology." - Power dynamics

Proper citing of sources within a speech, including rule on journal abstracts

- Proper citing of sources within a speech: if you quote someone, summarize, or paraphrase always attribute the information - Rule on journal abstracts: use for information, never citation aka never cite from an abstract

The conclusion of a speech is an appropriate time to:

- Reinforce commitment to central idea

The difference between a speech preparation outline and a speaking outline

- Speech preparation outline should include full detailed sentences - Speaking outline is just keywords that you can refer to while you are giving your speech to help you remember what to talk about

How statistics, examples, testimonies, definitions, etc. are used to support our points and how they differ

- Statistics: numbers/stats to make your point clearer or more specific they need to be: 1) Meaningful to the audience 2) Related to the point under consideration - Testimony: great use in speeches to persuade but also valuable to clarify - Non-expert testimony: witness to the event that took place (i.e. proving someone ran a red light, causing them to hit your car) - Expert testimony: from people who are recognized authorities or experts in the field, their testimony adds interest, credibility to your own thoughts and indicates you are not alone in your opinions

How to use visual aids effectively

- Use them when: - To enhance speaker credibility - To increase audience interest - To focus attention on specific point - To increase retention of message - Qualities to strive for: - Readability: size - Simplicity - Relevance

Memorized Speech

- We strive to "memorize" our organizational flow - Aristotle's lost cannon

What makes a visual aid effective:

1. Experiential -- audience participation (the most concrete) 2. Demonstrational -- show and tell - Purpose is to show how a skill, procedure, process, or device is used. - Appeals to several senses. 3. Representational -- graphics (the most abstract). - Some examples are pictures, drawings, charts, maps or diagrams. - Rules for graphics: - 1. Don't obstruct - 2. Let them reinforce not distract - 3. Talk to the audience not the chart - 4. Orient your audience to the chart - Rules for charts: - 1. Relate them to topic - 2. Make sure they are visible - 3. Keep them simple and uncluttered - 4. Organize so it helps your memory

The four major audience obstacles #4

4. Inertia: - Tendency to continue what one has always done - Remain at rest - Resistance to change or even participate - Status quo

Visual aids are most effective when they are

:a.Integrated with the rest of the speech, explained clearly

The 7 Principles of Communication Principle 3

Involves content and relational dimensions of communication messages Content - the words being spoken Relational - the relationship between the communicators (power)

The four major audience obstacles #3

Lack of Motivation: - Needs of the audience have to addressed and fulfilled: Maslow's Hierarchy - Values: organize one's orientation to life -- what's important, moral, beautiful, etc. - Message judged based on values - Motivate based on emotions

The 7 Principles of Communication Principle 7

The inevitability, irreversibility, and unrepeatability of communication (will be on test) - Inevitable - you cannot not communicate - Irreversible - you cannot uncommunicate - Unrepeatable - you cannot repeat the exact same message

The 7 Principles of Communication Principle 6

Transactional → communication is a transactional process of skillfully sharing, selecting, and sorting ideas, symbols, and signs in such a way as to help listeners elicit from their own minds a meaning or construction similar to that intended by the speaker - all elements are interdependent and exist in relation to each other - (send and receive) a. linear - S → R b. interactional - S ← → R

The purpose of using visual aids:

Visual aids can enhance feelings of self-confidence, protect your memory, increase audience interest and attention, and generally improve the content and quality of your performance -- all of which lead to greater credibility.

The difference between rate, pitch, tone, quality, and volume

○ Rate: speaking speed ○ Pitch: high - low - monotone - varied ○ Tone: aggressive, pessimistic, optimistic, happy, sad ○ Quality: product of modification and modulation of the vocal cord tone by the resonators. Attribute of tone that allows us to distinguish between two sounds that are alike in pitch, duration and loudness. ○ Volume: loudness-softness

The differences between transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and sign posts

○ Transitions - Indicate the end of one thought and the beginning of the next ○ Internal Previews - More detailed than a transition, acts as an introduction to main point/ overview ○ Internal Summaries - Summarizes a particularly important or complicated point ○ Sign Posts - Brief statements indicating where you are in the speech

Psychological make-up - beliefs, attitudes, and values - that impact speaker choices

○ Value Orientation: basic concepts that organize one's orientation to life ■ 1. Ultimate Values: large value system that holds beliefs and attitudes together ■ 2. Everyday Values: specific, narrower value system, also contributes to beliefs and attitudes ○ Beliefs/Attitudes spring forth from values: ■ Beliefs: convictions about truth and falsehood - Can be fact or opinion - Can be true/false themselves ■ Attitudes: tendencies to respond positively/negatively to people, objects or ideas - Emotionally weighted - Dominant attitudes should guide focus of speech ***We look for shared values -- the common ground

How to go about choosing a topic

○ You should choose a topic that you know a lot about and are comfortable speaking about.