Introduction to Criminology Ch 11

Guerilla

-Armed groups operating in rural areas who attack the military, the police, and other government officials. -Mao's People's Liberation Army, Ho Chi Minh's Viet Cong -Replace or overthrow existing government. -Use unconventional warfare and mobile tactics. May grow large and use tactics similar to conventional military force.

Retributive terrorists

Groups that use violence as a method of influence, persuasion, or intimidation in order to achieve a particular aim or objective.

Nationalist terrorists

Groups whose actions promote the interests of a minority ethnic or religious group that has been persecuted under majority rule and/or wishes to carve out its own independent homeland.

What type of terrorism occurs when a repressive government regime forces its citizens into obedience, oppresses minorities, and stifles political dissent?

State sponsored terrorism

Define the term political crime.

The term political crime is used to signify illegal acts that are designed to undermine an existing government and threaten its survival. Political crimes can include both violent and nonviolent acts and range in seriousness from dissent, treason, and espionage to terrorism or assassination.

_____________ is the illegal use of force against innocent people to achieve a political objective.

terrorism

Al Qaeda and Hamas are examples of ____________.

terrorists

_________ is defined as an act of disloyalty to one's nation or state.

treason

___________contributions are funds that are given to friends that are often contributed to a specific campaign in order to circumvent election laws.

conduit

Political crimes can be lumped into three categories. These include all of the following except:a. independent b. consolidated c. organizational d. occupational

consolidated

The practice of obtaining information about a government, organization, or society that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information is referred to as _______________.

espionage

Unethical or illegal activity such as bribing employees to reveal trade secrets (like computer codes or product formulas) is an example of _______________.

industrial espionage

Who represents a popular movement and seeks external support from other nations to bring pressure on the government?

insurgents

_______________ crimes are illegal acts that are designed to undermine, challenge, or damage existing government and threaten its survival.

political

Which type of terrorists use unconventional military tactics like secrecy and surprise, and target civilians, including women and children?

retributive

Which goal of political criminals includes a plot to overthrow the existing government and replace it with one that holds views they find more acceptable?

revolution

Which form of radical political group engages in civil war to gain independence from an existing government?

revolutionaries

Guerillas are armed military bands, typically located in ________ areas.

rural

Insurgent

-Groups who engage in armed uprising, or revolt against an established civil or political authority. -Iraqi insurgent groups; ISIS -Win over population by showing government's incompetence. Force government into political concessions and/or power sharing. -May use violent (bombings and kidnappings) or nonviolent means (food distribution centers and creating schools).

Revolutionary

-Groups who engage in civil war against sovereign power that holds control of the land. -American Revolution, French Revolution, Russian Revolution -Gain independence or oust existing government or monarchy. -Can use violent armed conflict or nonviolent methods such as Gandhi used in India.

Terrorist

-Groups who engage in premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets. -Al-Qaeda, Hamas -Personal, criminal, or political gain or change. -Small, clandestine cells who use systematic violence for purpose of intimidation.

The origin of the term terrorism, the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, began in ______ and was initiated by the revolutionary government. During this period agents of the Committee of Public Safety and the National Convention were referred to as terrorists.

1795

According to the socialization view of terrorism, what percentage of terrorists come from upper or middle class backgrounds?

75%

State-sponsored terrorists

Carried out by a repressive government regime in order to force its citizens into obedience, oppress minorities, and stifle political dissent.

Treason is the only crime mentioned in the United States Constitution.

FACT Treason is considered so serious that it is the only crime set out in the Constitution. Article 3, Section 3 defines treason and its punishment: "Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted." The phrase "Corruption of Blood" refers to the fact that the children of people convicted of treason would not be punished or attainted as they were in England. Today, the United States Criminal Code codifies treason as "whoever, owing allegiance to the United States, levies war against them or adheres to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort within the United States or elsewhere, is guilty of treason and shall suffer death, or shall be imprisoned not less than five years and fined under this title but not less than $10,000; and shall be incapable of holding any office under the United States." Helping or cooperating with the enemy in a time of war would be considered treason; so too would be creating or recruiting a military force to help a foreign nation overthrow the government. After World War II, two women, Iva Ikuko Toguri D'Aquino, a Japanese American born in Los Angeles and known as Tokyo Rose, and Mildred Elizabeth Gillars, born in Portland, Maine, and known as Axis Sally, served prison terms for broadcasting for the Axis powers in an effort to demoralize American troops.

Compare and contrast the terms espionage and treason.

Helping or cooperating with the enemy in a time of war would be considered treason. Espionage is the practice of obtaining information about a government, organization, or society that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Industrial espionage involves unethical or illegal activities such as bribing employees to reveal trade secrets such as computer codes or product formulas.

Lone-actor terrorists

Individuals who carry out terror acts without guidance from a group or organization. They are motivated by a variety of reasons and beliefs, including feelings of alienation, racial hatred, and religious oppression.

According to Randy Borum, a political crime expert, the first stage in the pattern of thinking of political criminals is the __________ stage.

It's not right

Which of the following statements is true concerning the psychological state of terrorists?

Mental illness is not a critical factor in explaining terrorist behavior.

What type of terrorism promotes the interests of a minority ethnic or religious group that believes it has been persecuted under majority rule and wishes to carve out its own independent homeland?

Nationalist terrorism

Eco-terrorists

Political terror groups involved in violent actions to protect the environment.

Political terrorists

Political terrorism is directed at people or groups who oppose the terrorists' political ideology or whom the terrorists define as "outsiders" who must be destroyed.

Ecoterrorism is a form of ______________ terrorism.

Political terrorists

According to your text, all of the following are true except: a. Prosecutions for treason have been a very common occurrence in the history of the United States. b. The number of terrorist attacks has dropped in the last five years. c. Before 1996, there was no federal statute that explicitly penalized industrial espionage. d. Treason is the only specific crime mentioned in the United States Constitution.

Prosecutions for treason have been a very common occurrence in the history of the United States.

What type of terrorists use violence to frighten those in power and their supporters in order to replace the existing government with a regime that holds acceptable political or religious views?

Revolutionary terrorists

Enumerate the various forms of terrorism.

Revolutionary terrorists use violence to frighten those in power and their supporters in order to replace the existing government with a regime that holds acceptable political or religious views. Political terrorism is directed at people or groups who oppose the terrorists' political ideology or whom the terrorists define as "outsiders" who must be destroyed. Nationalist terrorism promotes the interests of a minority ethnic or religious group that believes it has been persecuted under majority rule and wishes to carve out its own independent homeland. Retributive terrorists want to impose their social and religious code on others. State-sponsored terrorism occurs when a repressive government regime forces its citizens into obedience, oppresses minorities, and stifles political dissent. Sometimes terrorist groups become involved in common-law crimes such as drug dealing and kidnapping, even selling nuclear materials.

Terrorist attacks have been increasing every year; the world is becoming more dangerous.

TRUE The number of terror attacks has risen sharply in the past few years.

Distinguish among terrorists, insurgents, guerillas, and revolutionaries.

Terrorism is generally defined as the illegal use of force against innocent people to achieve a political objective. The term guerilla refers to antigovernment forces located in rural areas that attack the military, the police, and government officials. The typical goal of an insurgency is to confront the existing government for control of all or a portion of its territory, or force political concessions in sharing political power. A revolution is generally seen as a civil war fought between nationalists and a sovereign power that holds control of the land, or between the existing government and local groups over issues of ideology and power.

Criminal terrorists

Terrorist groups that become involved in common-law crimes such as drug dealing and kidnapping, even selling nuclear materials.

Assess the cause of political crime.

The political criminal and political crimes may stem from religious or ideological sources. They often occupy a gray area between conventional and outlawed behavior. While common criminals may be motivated by greed, vengeance, or jealousy, political criminals have a somewhat different agenda. There is no set pattern or reason why someone becomes a political criminal. Some use political crime as a stepping stone to public office while others use it as a method to focus their frustrations.

Revolutionary terrorists

Use violence to frighten those in power and their supporters in order to replace the existing government with a regime that holds acceptable political or religious views.

Explain what motivates the terrorist to commit violent acts.

While not all terrorists suffer from psychological deficits, enough do so that the typical terrorist can be described as an emotionally disturbed individual who acts out his or her psychoses within the confines of violent groups. Another view is that because they are out of the political and social mainstream, young men and women are motivated to join terror groups because they suffer alienation and lack the tools to compete in a post-technological society. Yet another view is that terrorists hold extreme religious and/or ideological beliefs that prompt their behavior.

Which of the following would not be considered a political crime?

White collar

According to your text, all of the following are true except: a. Only nonviolent acts can be considered political crimes. b. Political crimes can include both violent and nonviolent acts. c. One goal of political crime is profit: selling state secrets for personal enrichment or trafficking in stolen arms and munitions. d. Political criminals may be motivated by principle, faith, or conviction.

a. Only nonviolent acts can be considered political crimes.

The ______________ view of terrorism compares terror groups to urban street gangs, which provide a family like environment than can nurture an emotionally underprivileged youth.

alienation