Introduction to epidemiology

Which diagram or chart type best displays stacked bar data with equivalent height bars

100% component bar chart

You study a deadly disease in your community; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus a.k.a. MRS a. It is usually contracted an in patient facilities. The following information will help you calculate your data statistics. Total population in your community= 97,432. Total deaths this year in the community= 515. Total deaths from MRSA= 21. Total people diagnosed with MRSA= 107. What is the case fatality rate?

19.63%

You study a deadly disease in your community; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is usually contracted in in-patient facilities. The following information will help you calculate your death statistics. Total population in your community = 97,432. Total deaths this year in the community = 515. Total deaths from MRSA = 21. Total people diagnosed with MRSA = 107. What is the Cause Specific Mortality Rate?

2.16/10,000

Your are studying mortality rates due to malaria in a community where spread of the infection by mosquitoes is high. You use the following information to calculate your death statistics. Total population in your community = 590,118. Total deaths this year in the community = 3,895. Total deaths from malaria = 137. Total people diagnosed with malaria = 4,426. What is the Cause Specific Mortality Rate?

2.32/10,000

You are studying mortality rates due to malaria in a community where spread of the infection of mosquitoes is high. You use the following information to calculate your data statistics. Total population in your community = 590,118. Total deaths this year in the community =3895. Total deaths from malaria=137. Total desk diagnosed with malaria= 4426. What is the case fatality rate?

3.10%

You study a deadly disease in your community; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus a.k.a. MRS a. It is usually contracted an in patient facilities. The following information will help you calculate your data statistics. Total population in your community= 97,432. Total deaths this year in the community= 515. Total deaths from MRSA= 21. Total people diagnosed with MRSA=107. What is the proportionate mortality rate?

4.08%

You are studying of mortality rates due to malaria and a community where spread of the infection by mosquitoes is high. You use the following information to calculate your death statistics. Total population and your community = 590,118. Total deaths this year in the community= 3895. Total deaths from malaria=137. Total people diagnosed with malaria= 4426. What is the crude death rate?

6.60/1000

You are studying breast cancer, which is the most common type of cancer in your state. It is often highly treatable, but can also lead to mortality. The following information will help you to calculate your data statistics. Total state population 2,472,000. Total deaths this year in your state= 16,512. Total deaths from breast cancer= 263. Ternal people diagnosed with breast cancer= 1691. What is the crude death rate?

6.68/1,000

You are monitoring prostate cancer in your state, which has a population of 2,270,000. There were 15,200 deaths in your state due to all causes. The case fatality rate due to prostate cancer last year was 16.81%. A total of 454 deaths due to prostate cancer occurred. How many cases of prostate cancer were there last year?

76

Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for ordinal data? Mean, median, or standard deviation

?

What central tendency measure is best to tell us about the spread of data on non—normally distributed data sets? Range, standard deviation, or interquartile range

?Standard deviation

Mary Mollen was a cook and House servant in New York around turn of the 1900s. Many of the people whom she worked for became ill with salmonella typhi. Mary would move from place to place after being fired when household members became ill. Mary was eventually quarantined On North Brother Island in New York Harbor. Mary never became ill From the same thing the family is dead. Mary was:

A carrier of typhoid

A sufficient cause of disease is something that

Can cause disease without another factors assistance

Between 1948 and 1952, researchers in London selected lung cancer patients in hospital and compared there smoking rates with people who were similar in age in hospital for other medical conditions. This study is an example of a:

Case/control study

The United States Congress authorized a research study in 2000 in order to obtain medical and sociological impacts of war on military members. The department of defense enrolled 140,000 subjects over the next three years, And will monitor the subjects health until 2020. This study design is a:

Case/control study?

A number of passengers on a cruise ship from Puerto Rico to panama canal have recently developed a gastrointestinal illness compatible with the Norovirus ( Formally called Norwalk-virus). Testing for an norovivus Is not readily available in any nearby island, and the test takes several days even where available. Assuming you are the epidemiologist called on to board the ship and investigate this possible outbreak, your case definition should include, a minimum:

Clinical criteria, plus specification of time, Place, And person.

You are working in the epidemiology office at the local health department and have received 7 new lab reports for patients who have norovirus. Your first activity should be to:

Create a spot map to see if there is a trend ?

True or False The onset of symptoms and the usual time of diagnosis occur at the same time on the natural progression of disease timeline

False

True or False- Data tables used in the context of a paper generally just need a sample title

False

True or False- Word and excel are great tools for graphing data, and epidemiologists should just use the default color settings so that most of the population is familiar with the data they are displaying

False

True or false - Heard immunity is irrelevant in public health because humans are not random.

False

Interviewing people infected with influenza to identify others in their circle of friends and family who may have the flu also is an example of using epidemiology to conduct:

Field investigation

Use the following data set and calculate the geometric mean. 7, 9, 37, 66, 102, 318, 444, 686,1075, 1891, 2934, 5841

Geometric mean= 247.55

During the smallpox eradication Effort, workers from the world health organization would receive a notification that a smallpox Cases was diagnosed and would immediately fly to the area and vaccinate everyone in the region for smallpox...Even if they were already vaccinated. The epidemiological principle that was being used in the effort was:

Heard immunity

The fascination rate for mumps Among college students Aged students is now lower than 85%. Into thousand six, there was a multistate epidemic of mumps on college campuses. What principles of infection prevention could have been used to stop this epidemic?

Heard immunity-improving vaccination rates

Epidemiology definition

Include assessment of the DISTRIBUTION( including describing demographic characteristics of an affected population), DETERMINANTS (including study of possible risk factors,) and the APPLICATION to control health problems (such as closing a restaurant) It does not generally include actual treatment of individuals, which is the responsibility of health-care providers.

The rate at which those who are exposed to a pathogen becomes infected is referred as:

Infectivity

What type of data word it the following question collect? "What is your annual income?" 25,000-50,000 50,001-75,000 75,001-100,000 100,000-125,000

Interval

Incidence as a measure of disease

It includes only new cases of diseases over a period of time

If you have a data set with a range of 18-647 and a Median of 315 and a mean of 498, what do you know about your data set?

It is skewed

Which measure of central tendency is the sum of all observations divided by the number of observations

Mean

Using the following data below, calculate the measure of central tendency. 22, 28, 34, 37, 38, 40, 47, 50, 56, 59, 65, 73, 73

Mean =47. 85 Median= 47 Mode=73

Which measure of central tendency has half of the observations below it and half above it?

Median

Which measure of central tendency can have two numbers?

Mode

Which measure of central tendency represents the value in a data set that occurs most frequently?

Mode

When Considering noro virus which phase of the chain of infection is involved when I stare railing of the hospital is not cleaned it daily?

Mode of transmission

Parts of the epidemiological Triad

Mode transmission Agent Host

A necessary cause of disease is something that

Must be present in order for the disease to occur

Cancer can be caused by benzene, high dose radiation or with genetic mutations. Each of these can cause cancer independently (without the help of anything else). Each of these factors is:

Not necessary but sufficient

Elder Uchdorf Told a story about a research study conducted on children. The children were told that they could have a marshmallow right in front of them but if they waited for 15 minutes, they could have two marshmallows. The researchers were conducting a:

Observational study

A term that refers to the proportion of people who are infected with a pathogen who develop disease

Pathogenicity

Which diagram or chart type best displays the proportional contribution of multiple component parts of a single variable (like favorite foods of middle school students)

Pie chart

If you were investigating an epidemiological event and focused on where a subject worked, which component of "person, place and time would you be dealing with"

Place

Developing guidelines/criteria about which patients coming to the clinic should be tested for influenza is an example of using Epidemiology to contact:

Policy development

Developing guidelines/criteria about which patients coming to the clinic should be tested for influenza is an example of using epidemiology to conduct:

Policy development

When considering Norovirus (Typically transmitted through indirect, fomite transmission), Which phase of the chain of infection is involved when a sick person sneezes on the stair railing of a hospital

Portal of exit

Reviewing weekly reports of test results for influenza from global Sentinel site is an example of using epidemiology to conduct:

Public health surveillance

Using the following data set (of mean arterial pressure values), Calculate the values of each quartile (Q1, Q2, Q3, MAX) And a report the interquartile range

Q1= 105 Q2= 116 Q3=130 Interquartile range= 19

If you are comparing university enrollment BY MAJOR from two similarly sized universities, which chart type would best help you display the data?

Stacked bar chart

Using it the following data set ( of hematocrit values), calculate the following items for this data set. 181, 448, 510, 670, 670, 824, 831, 844, 918, 920, 1000, 1041, 1051

Sum of the squares = 799223.166 Variance= 66601.97 Standard deviation= 258.07

In the definition of epidemiology "determinants" generally include

The causes (including agents) risk factors (including exposure to sources) and modes of transmission of individuals, which is the responsibility of health-care providers •Agents, causes, risk factors, sources

The interquartile range is defined as

The distance between Q1 and Q3

Standard deviation is used to explain

The distribution and variation of the data set from the mean

Heard immunity is:

The threshold at which the probability up to susceptible host coming in contact with each other is very low.

relative risk?

This measure is used with a cohort study.

A state highway patrol man rescues a truck driver from a major accident. Both the patrol man and the driver are covered in blood. The State patrol man test positive for HIV six months later. What is the most reasonable Pathway that the HIV virus entered the patrol man's body.

Through the skin because of cuts and abrasions of both people

Descriptive epidemiology typically includes:

Time, place, person

True or False- Attributable risk is important because it can help health professionals to know how much of a disease can be prevented by eliminating contact with a related exposure.

True

The Hallmark feature Of an analytic epidemiological study is:

Use of an appropriate comparison group

In 2017, hundreds of salt lake city teenagers were vaccinated for rabies because their Hi schools Where are Infested with the bats. Even after being warned not to touch the animals, the students played with the bats. Thinking about this infectious process, the bat is considered the:

Vector

When calculating relative risk

You compare the risk of disease in the exposed to the risk of disease in the unexposed. -This measure is used with a cohort study.

A box plot with whiskers displays median and range data. The whiskers display

the minimum and maximum of the range

Proportionate mortality rate

•All debts for the period of study are included in the denominator •proportion of death in a defined population that is attributable to a specific cause •Expressed as a percentage of all deaths

John Snow's investigation of cholera is considered a model for epidemiologic field investigations because it includes a:

•Biologically plausible hypothesis ( but not popular at the time) that cholera was water-Bourne. • Comparison of a Health outcome (death) among exposed and unexposed groups • Spot map • recommendation of public health action ( Snow's elegant work predated multivariate analysis by 100 years)

Public health surveillance includes

•Collection •analysis •dissemination of public health information to help guild public health decision making and action, but it does NOT include individual clinical diagnosis, nor does it include the actual public health actions that are developed based on the information.

Creating a spot map and reporting rates by county for west Nile virus is an example of:

Distribution of disease

Epidemiologist find new cases with a case definition so that they can count individuals with the disease and then...

Divide by an appropriate denominator to get disease rates

In 2006, there were over 800 human cases of West Nile virus in Idaho the previous year there were 10. Since then there have been between two and 128 cases per year. West now virus is now considered_____________________In Idaho

Endemic

Which of the following parts of epidemiologI also Triad is not involved when you fascinate people for meningitis? Environment, host, motor transmission, or agent.

Environment

In 2006, there were over 800 human cases of west Nile virus in Idaho (the previous year there were 10). The same year they were Significant increases in cases reported in Nicaragua and Spain. By definition, west Nile virus in 2006 was:

A pandemic

Software that uses Geographic Information System data is very helpful to the epidemiologist because it helps electrically create

A spot map

The "Father of field epidemiology". JohnSnow, used _________ and __________To determine the cause of Cholera Epidemic in London

A spot map; Comparison of death rates in different parts of the city

Which of the following is the best example of using epidemiology to make individual decisions? A. Collecting communicable disease data B. Air spraying for mosquitoes illumination C. Determining the best class of antibiotics to use for pneumonia D. Deciding to wear a seatbelt while driving

Deciding to wear a seatbelt while driving

In the definition of epidemiology, "distribution" refers to ?

Descriptive epidemiology- who, when , where

Pneumonia has been found to be a contributor of heart disease . This is an example of

Determinants of disease