Introduction to Psychology Final

personality traits

A behavior geneticist would be most interested in studying hereditary influences on

very persistent and difficult to change.

A homosexual orientation is:

23 chromosomes

A human sperm cell contains

a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.

A need refers to:

a sexual disorder.

A problem that consistently interferes with one's ability to complete the sexual response cycle is called:

lateral hypothalamus

A starving rat will lose all interest in food if its ________ is destroyed.

the resolution phase.

According to Masters and Johnson, the sexual response of males is most likely to differ from that of females during:

Reduce your weight gradually over a period of several months."

According to health psychologists, which of the following would be the best advice or encouragement to offer someone who wants to lose excess weight?

when a person diets, metabolism decreases.

After an initial rapid weight loss, a person on a diet loses weight much more slowly. This slowdown occurs because:

He will display a preference for sweet tastes.

Ali's parents have tried hard to minimize their son's exposure to sweet, fattening foods. If Ali has the occasion to taste sweet foods in the future, which of the following is likely:

fat tissue can be maintained by fewer calories than can other body tissues.

Although John has been obese for as long as he can remember, he is determined to lose excess weight with a special low-calorie diet. John is likely to have difficulty losing weight while dieting because:

ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed.

An animal's stomach and intestines will process food more rapidly and the animal will become extremely fat if its:

drive.

An aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n):

set point.

An explanation of motivation in terms of homeostasis is best illustrated by the concept of:

lost interest in sex and social activities.

Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet:

fear; similar

At about eight months of age, people across the world start to ________ strangers; as adults, they prefer the company of those whose attributes are ________ to their own.

energy expenditure.

Basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of:

have a lower resting metabolic rate.

By dramatically reducing her daily caloric intake, Marilyn plans to reduce her normal body weight by 10 to 15 percent. Research suggests that after three or four weeks of sustained dieting, Marilyn will:

maintain homeostasis.

By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to:

all these types of cells

Chromosomes are contained within

lower; higher

Compared to European teens, American teens have ________ rates of sexual intercourse and ________ rates of abortion.

molecule

DNA is a complex

cause the rat to become extremely fat.

Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to:

cause the rat to begin eating.

Dr. Milosz electrically stimulates the lateral hypothalamus of a well-fed laboratory rat. This procedure is likely to:

they have just experienced orgasm.

During the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle, people are most likely to experience a rapid decrease in physiological arousal if:

the resolution phase

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?

begin eating.

Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus will cause an animal to:

environment

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, in an aspect of our

originate at about the time of birth.

Evidence that brain differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals influence sexual orientation is provided by the fact that these differences:

obesity is more common today than it was 40 years ago.

Evidence that obesity is influenced by factors in addition to genetics includes the fact that:

need; drive

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.

maintain homeostasis.

For a hungry person, the consumption of food serves to:

a drive.

For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce:

increased; increased

Given an obese parent, boys are at an ________ risk for obesity and girls are at a ________ risk for obesity.

smaller; slower

Having lost weight, formerly obese individuals have ________ fat cells and ________ metabolic rates.

the tendency to maintain a steady internal state.

Homeostasis refers to:

the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state.

Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as:

cause the rat to begin eating.

Hunger is increased by ________ but it is decreased by ________.

stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus; stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus

Hunger is increased by ________ but it is decreased by ________.

decrease in their metabolic rate.

In a classic experiment, obese patients whose daily caloric intake was dramatically reduced lost only 6 percent of their weight. This limited weight loss was due, at least in part, to the fact that their dietary restriction led to a(n):

loss of hunger; overeating

In animals, destruction of the lateral hypothalamus results in ________, whereas destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus results in ________.

greater discrimination against overweight women than against overweight men.

In one experiment, professional actors played the role of either normal-weight or overweight job applicants. Research participants' willingness to hire the applicants revealed:

their own hard work.

In order to encourage achievement motivation in the classroom, students should be taught to attribute their good grades to:

lower blood sugar and trigger hunger.

Increases in insulin will:

decreasing blood glucose levels.

Increases in the hormone insulin lead to:

learning ways to control his urge to ejaculate.

Kamil, a 33-year-old lawyer, experiences premature ejaculation. Through behaviorally oriented therapy, he would most likely learn to minimize his problem by:

need; incentive

Lack of body fluids is to cold water as ________ is to ________.

fat cells.

Leptin, a hunger-dampening protein, is secreted by:

Her prediet weight was near her body's set point.

Lucille has been sticking to a strict diet but can't seem to lose weight. What is the most likely explanation for her difficulty?

they have mistaken ideas about effective birth control methods.

Many sexually active American adolescents fail to avoid pregnancy because:

drive-reduction theory.

Mary loves hang-gliding. It would be most difficult to explain Mary's behavior according to:

food deprivation; hunger

Need is to ________ as drive is to ________.

Alzheimer's disease.

New research has linked women's obesity to their risk of late-life:

Western Europe.

Of the following parts of the world, teen intercourse rates are highest in:

incentives.

On some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice best illustrates the use of:

because some motivated behaviors do not seem to be based on physiological needs, they cannot be explained in terms of drive reduction.

One problem with the idea of motivation as drive reduction is that:

moderately difficult; very easy or very difficult

People who are high in achievement motivation prefer ________ tasks; people who are low in achievement motivation prefer ________ tasks.

incentives.

Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called:

achievement motivation.

Psychologist Henry Murray asked research participants to invent stories about ambiguous pictures. The stories were then scored for content related to acts of heroism, pride, and other signs of:

The extra sugar tends to lower blood insulin level, which promotes relaxation.

Randy, who has been under a lot of stress lately, has intense cravings for sugary junk foods, which tend to make him feel more relaxed. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for his craving?

no matter how carefully people diet, they can never lose fat cells.

Research on obesity and weight control indicates that:

no matter how carefully people diet, they can never lose fat cells.

Research on obesity and weight control indicates that: Student Response

women's sexual interests are only loosely linked to the phases of their menstrual cycles.

Research on sex hormones and human sexual behavior indicates that:

the reported backgrounds of homosexuals and heterosexuals are similar.

Research on the environmental conditions that influence sexual orientation indicates that:

hunger continues in humans whose cancerous stomachs have been removed.

Research on the physiological basis of hunger has indicated that:

enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception.

Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that:

TV viewing habits.

Researchers have observed that the incidence of obesity and diabetes among 50,000 nurses was predicted by their:

mass media standards of appearance.

Researchers use biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis to understand hunger motivation. The social-cultural level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize that eating disorders are influenced by:

a person's enduring sexual attraction toward members of a particular gender.

Sexual orientation refers to

incentives.

Some students work hard in school in order to attain high grades. This best illustrates the importance of:

moderately difficult.

Ted is an amateur golfer who has a high need for achievement. Research suggests that Ted most likely prefers playing golf on courses that for him are:

reduced self-awareness and are less likely to use condoms.

Teens who use alcohol prior to sexual intercourse experience:

ventromedial hypothalamus.

The brain area that when stimulated suppresses eating is the:

hunger.

The concept of a set point is relevant to understanding the experience of:

excitement; plateau; orgasm; resolution

The correct order of the stages of Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle is:

similar; similar

The descriptions of orgasm written by men and women are ________, and the subcortical brain regions active in men and women during orgasm are ________:

bellies.

The health risks associated with obesity are generally the greatest for those who carry their excess weight around their:

the environemnt

The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates the influence of

all of the alternatives.

The number of fat cells a person has is influenced by:

time span after orgasm during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm.

The refractory period is the:

overweight men.

The relative risk of death among healthy nonsmokers is highest for:

testosterone; lowered

The removal of a woman's ovaries may contribute to decreasing sexual interest because her natural ________ level is _______.

incentives.

The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of:

the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time.

The set point is:

behavior genetics

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality

emerged in our prehistoric ancestors as an adaptive response to alternating periods of feast and famine.

The tendency to overeat when food is plentiful:

protected our ancestors from potentially toxic substances.

The text suggests that a neophobia for unfamiliar tastes:

ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus

Two rats have escaped from their cages in the neurophysiology lab. The technician needs your help in returning them to their proper cages. One rat is grossly overweight; the other is severely underweight. You confidently state that the overweight rat goes in the "________-destruction" cage, while the underweight rat goes in the "________-destruction" cage.

drive-reduction theory.

Victims of a famine will often eat unappetizing and nutritionally poor foods simply to relieve their constant hunger. Their behavior is best explained in terms of:

increase in hunger and a decrease in its metabolic rate.

When an organism's weight falls below its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n):

Monkeys will work puzzles even if not given a food reward.

Which of the following is inconsistent with the drive-reduction theory of motivation?

feeling hungry at the sight of an appetizing food

Which of the following is not an example of homeostasis?

Obese people tend to lack willpower.

Which of the following is not necessarily a reason that obese people have trouble losing weight?

With the help of a therapist, most people find it easy to change their sexual orientation

Which of the following is not true with respect to sexual orientation?

New research indicates that sexual orientation may be at least partly physiological.

Which of the following statements concerning homosexuality is true?

"Avoid eating during the day so you can enjoy a big meal in the evening."

Which of the following suggestions would be the worst advice for a dieter?

thrill-seeking

Which of the following was not identified as a contributing factor in the high rate of unprotected sex among adolescents?

Moderately difficult tasks present an attainable goal in which success is attributable to their own skill.

Why do people with a high need for achievement prefer moderately difficult tasks?

In order to treat yourself to one 'normal' meal each day, eat very little until the evening meal."

increase in hunger and a decrease in its metabolic rate.