Introduction To Psychology Practice Exam 4

Caroline has volunteered to work with the underprivileged children who are participants in her professor's literacy project. She is hoping that her professor will take this into consideration when calculating her grades. In this scenario, Caroline is demonstrating an expectation of _____.

reciprocity

Teresa asks herself whether she is as popular as Cathy. This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of:

social comparison

Jasmine believes that she is a poor basketball player, yet she plays with her friends whenever they ask her. Jasmine claims that when she is with her friends she feels like a different person and can play much better than when she practices on her own. Jasmine's change in ability when she is with her friends can best be attributed to the group influence phenomenon known as _____.

social facilitation

Dr. McCall found that student performance was poor when students worked in groups compared to when each student worked on an individual project. In the context of group influence, this difference in performance can be best explained with the concept of:

social loafing

_____ is an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

specific phobia

From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when:

there are few tempting alternatives for the partners

The Freudian term for the tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality is _____.

Defense mechanisms

Self-report tests are most closely associated with the _____ perspective of personality.

Trait

In a recent softball game, Cindy misplayed a ground ball, which was scored as an error, causing her team to lose the game. According to the self-serving bias, Cindy is likely to reason that she misplayed because:

of a bad bounce

Which of the following perspectives of personality assumes that human nature is basically good?

Humanistic perspective

Demi is moody and always grumbles about minor issues in life. According to the five-factor model of personality, Demi is most likely highest on _____.

Neuroticism

_____ is an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

panic disorder

is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world

Personality

Kaylee is in her car at a traffic light waiting for the light to turn green. Just as it does, a man driving a red truck goes speeding past Kaylee and just about misses crashing into her car. Kaylee abuses him and thinks to herself that his license should be revoked. What Kaylee does not know is that the truck's breaks have failed. In this scenario, Kaylee is demonstrating _____ while attempting to explain the man's behavior.

the fundamental attribution error

The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction is known as:

the group polarization effect

According to the _____ theory, the success of a relationship is a function of how a person feels about the equity in his or her relationship.

social exchange

In the context of intergroup relations, which of the following theories best explains why individuals like to think of their group as an in-group?

social identity theory

According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, which of the following statements best indicates that thirty-year-old Gayle is fixated at the oral stage?

He is addicted to smoking cigarettes

Jonathan, a fifteen-year-old, yells at his neighbor, Rhys, for playing loud music through the night. In response, Rhys yells at Jonathan and pushes him to the ground. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, which of the following structures most likely dictated Rhys's behavior in this scenario?

Id

In the context of drug therapy, the widespread increase in the number of individuals taking SSRIs to combat their depression is primarily due to the:

Lesser side effects as compared to other antidepressants

Professor Green has to make an important presentation to his company's board members. He is struggling to choose between a PowerPoint presentation and a short video to get his point across. Which element of persuasion is the professor struggling with?

Medium

When the ego attributes personal shortcomings, faults, and problems to others, it is referred to as the defense mechanism of _____.

Projection

Sean, a psychologist, told his colleague "My client must confront the conflicts he faced in his childhood and gain release from this burdening anxiety." According to this statement, it can be concluded that Sean follows a _____ approach.

Psychodynamic

Megan has a fear of public speaking and therefore visits a behavioral therapist to help her overcome this fear. Which of the following techniques should be implemented by the therapist to resolve Megan's fear?

Systematic Desensitization

The advertising committee for a politician is going door-to-door and asking people to place a big, unattractive election sign on their lawns. Assuming that most people will refuse at first, the advertising committee is prepared to ask them to place a small sign on their lawns, which is the actual plan. Which strategy for successful persuasion is the advertising committee using in this scenario?

The door-in-the-face strategy

Which of the following projective tests is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Jasmine is an attractive, well-dressed female who appears normal to her colleagues. . However, Jasmine may still be considered abnormal if _____.

all of these

_____ involve fears that are uncontrollable, disproportionate to the actual danger the person might be in, and disruptive of ordinary life

anxiety disorders

An individual's psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts is known as:

cognitive dissonance

Hugh buys a new calculator for $125 from the PaperMills stationery store. A week later, he sees an ad from another stationery store, StationMax, selling the same calculator for $65. Hugh feels guilty about having wasted so much money on the calculator but justifies his action by saying that StationMax items are always of poor quality. In the context of attitudes, Hugh's statement reflects an attempt to reduce his:

cognitive dissonance

Affectionate love is also called _____ love.

companionate

In cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), _____ frequently accompany obsessions and appear to serve the function of reducing the anxiety created by such disturbing thoughts.

compulsions

In the context of close relationships, _____ best explains why people are attracted to others who are similar to them.

consensual validation

_____ refers to a disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships.

dissociative identity disorder

Felicia tells her mother that she failed the biology test because her professor made the test too difficult. Felicia is attributing her performance to _____ factors.

external

Karen has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless, Karen, however, cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Karen most likely to be diagnosed with?

generalized anxiety disorder

Brenda is constantly in the habit of arranging and rearranging the things in her house. She feels very anxious when things are not arranged symmetrically and engages in this behavior to dismiss her negative feelings. Consequently, Brenda forbids children from entering her house because she is afraid that they will disturb the balance of orderliness. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, Brenda is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

In the context of attitudes, _____ theory contends that behaviors can influence attitudes.

self-perception

Meyer plans to obtain quick money through gambling, but he realizes that he might get arrested by the police. This prevents him from going ahead with his gambling plan. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which of the following structures most likely stopped Meyer from going ahead with his plan?

Ego

Mr. and Mrs. Lee warn their new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous and must be strictly disciplined. As a result, Alison is over-strict with Dennis and does not let him out of her sight. This facilitates Dennis' aggressive and mischievous behavior. This scenario best illustrates:

The Self-fulfilling prophecy

The main goal of psychoanalysis is to:

provide clients with insight into their unconscious conflicts

Several of Sheldon's friends suggest that the new girl in their class is very pretty. Sheldon does not think that she is pretty. If Sheldon is exhibiting conformity, he will probably:

agree with his friends and say that she is very pretty

_____ is a psychological disorder, commonly diagnosed in childhood, in which an individual exhibits one or more of the following symptoms: a lack of concentration, excitability, and impulsivity.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking anti-depressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the _____.

biological approach

Abigail has noticed that Rose, her roommate, experiences extreme shifts in her moods and behavior. Although Rose doesn't sleep much, she is unusually energetic and optimistic. She is highly distractible and delusional. This period of euphoria has lasted more than a week and is in sharp contrast to the depression and fatigue Rose exhibited in the previous semester. Rose is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

bipolar disorder

Caleb, a mercenary, was tortured for days in an underground cell. When he was rescued by Special Forces, a month later, Caleb could not remember the events of the previous month. To Caleb, it felt like he had just gone to war and, minutes later, was being pulled out of an underground cell. The doctors attributed Caleb's memory loss to the extensive psychological trauma that he experienced during his imprisonment. In the context of dissociative disorders, which of the following best describes Caleb's psychological disorder in this scenario?

dissociative amnesia

The _____ effect means individuals overestimating the degree to which other individuals think or act the way they do.

false consensus

One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups:

give people anonymity.

Dr. Houltin is a therapist who believes that it is important for clients to share information and provide feedback to each other. According to this information, it can be inferred that Dr. Houltin practices _____ therapy.

group

_____ refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

groupthink

Jeremy, a schizophrenic patient, hears multiple voices inside his head; talking to him at the same time and forcing him to do things. Hence, it can be inferred that he is experiencing the symptom of _____.

hallucinations

Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She doesn't eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost 3 weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with _____.

major depressive disorder

Since the war eight months ago, Henry, a 35-year-old soldier, has been experiencing flashbacks that causes him to relive the grievous experiences that he went through during the war. Henry is terrified of these flashback episodes and tries to avoid all reminders of the war. He refuses to talk about his feelings and avoids looking at his uniform. This anxiety interferes with Henry's sleep and social functioning. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Henry is exhibiting the symptoms of _____.

post-traumatic stress disorder

Random acts of kindness, such as helping a visually impaired person cross the street, are examples of _____.

prosocial behaviors