Introductory Biology II Exam 2 - CH 24 Protists

Which statement best describes protists? All are autotrophic. All are eukaryotic. All are multicellular. All are microscopic.

All are eukaryotic.

You are designing an artificial drug-delivery "cell" that can penetrate animal cells. Which of these protist structures should provide the most likely avenue for research along these lines? Nucleomorphs Apical complex Mitosomes Pseudopods

Apical complex

_____ is the green algal clade most closely related to land plants.

Charophytes

Which of the following protist groups are green algae? Oomycetes Charophytes Stramenopiles Rhodophytes Chlorophytes

Charophytes Chlorophytes

Which product of red algae are used commercially to thicken ice cream and cosmetics? Glycopeptide Polypeptides Polysaccharides Glycolipids

Polysaccharides

Which of the following are features of at least some ciliates? Presence of pellicle One or two kinetoplasts Cilia for locomotion A macronucleus and a micronucleus Many short flagella dispersed throughout the cilia

Presence of pellicle Cilia for locomotion A macronucleus and a micronucleus

Mitosis

Somatic cell division; nuclear division in which the duplicated chromosomes separate to form two genetically identical daughter nuclei.

Which structure in a ciliate may contain up to 1000 copies of each chromosome? The pellicle The alveolus The micronucleus The macronucleus

The macronucleus

What feature of dinoflagellates is responsible for flashing effects seen in warm seas at night. The presence of chlorophylls a and c Their silica plates Their bioluminescence The presence of pigments that lead to red tides

Their bioluminescence

Which of the following statements about dinoflagellates are true? Their chloroplasts are similar to those of diatoms or brown algae. They are protected by cellulose plates. Some of them are bioluminescent. They all have a single, long flagellum. They possess kinetoplasts. They have alveoli.

Their chloroplasts are similar to those of diatoms or brown algae. They are protected by cellulose plates. Some of them are bioluminescent. They have alveoli.

Why is the kingdom Protista considered to be a paraphyletic group?

There are distinct clades in the Protista that do not share a common ancestor. Organisms commonly referred to as protists are actually a collection of a number of monophyletic clades.

How are the cilia of ciliates attached to their membrane? They are anchored to proteins in the pellicle. They are anchored to microtubules beneath the plasma membrane. They are covalently attached to lipids on the plasma membrane. They are anchored to proteins on the outside of the plasma membrane.

They are anchored to microtubules beneath the plasma membrane.

Brown algae exhibit _____ of generations. In these species both the sporophyte and gametophyte are _____.

alternation multicellular

In the Alveolata, a common trait is the presence of flattened vesicles below the plasma membrane called ____. cysts discs epimembrane alveoli

alveoli

When fish infected with Saprolegnia are released into lakes, the pathogen can infect _____ and kill millions of their eggs, perhaps contributing to the global decline of this group of vertebrates.

amphibians

Eukaryotes diverged rapidly in a world that was shifting from _____ to _____ conditions.

anaerobic aerobic

Apicomplexans posses a unique arrangement of fibrils, microtubules, vacuoles and organelles at one end of the cell, called an _____ complex.

apical

The _____ complex of apicomplexans is a cytoskeletal and _____ complex that gives them the ability to invade animal cells.

apical secretory

A common way of treating malaria is by using _____-based combination therapies.

artemisinin

The grouping of protists into the kingdom Protista is _____.

artificial, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic

The parasitic oomycete, Phytopththora infestans causes the disease potato late _____.

blight

Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic unicellular protists with two flagella, and they can be found in ____. both marine and freshwater environments marine environments salty lake and humid environments freshwater environments

both marine and freshwater environments

The protist group that is characterized by rows of beating hairs is called the _____.

ciliates

Members of Euglena usually have a(n) _____ vacuole which empties its contents in the reservoir, helping regulate the_____ pressure within the organism.

contractile osmotic

Even though chloroplasts of different algae are not monophyletic, it is thought that all chloroplasts derived from a single line of _____.

cyanobacteria

A _____ is a dormant form of a cell with a resistant outer covering in which cell metabolism is virtually shut down.

cyst

A thick-walled unicellular life stage produced by many protists that can remain dormant during stressful periods is known as a(n) cyst. gamete. apicoplast. sporozoite. egg.

cyst.

Stramenopile protists with double silicate shells are commonly called _____.

diatoms

The ______ are stramenopile protists with elaborately ornamented double shells made of silica. radiolarians foraminiferans dinoflagellates diatoms brown algae

diatoms

Red tides are usually caused by excessive numbers of _____ in the water; these protists produce red pigments that give the phenomenon its name.

dinoflagellates

The flagella of _____ are housed in grooves at the junctions of their plates.

dinoflagellates

Bacteria that live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells are called ____. endosymbiotic bacteria symbiotic bacteria parasitic bacteria infectious bacteria

endosymbiotic bacteria

Some of the earliest free-living eukaryotes with functional mitochondria were the ____. parasitic kinetoplastids euglenozoans diplomonads apicomplexans

euglenozoans

Protists are alike in that all are autotrophic. eukaryotic. monophyletic. unicellular.

eukaryotic.

Some protists, such as amoebas, are surrounded only by their plasma membrane. All other protists have a plasma membrane with an _____ _____ deposited on the outside of the membrane.

extracellular matrix (ECM)

Chlamydomonas cells are small, green, and rounded and have two _____ at their anterior end.

flagella

Organisms in the group Alveolata are distinguished from other protists based on the presence of ____. flattened vesicles called alveoli, stacked in a continuous layer in their mitochondria flattened vesicles called alveoli, stacked in a continuous layer below their plasma membranes flattened vesicles called alveoli, stacked in a continuous layer below their nuclear envelope flattened vesicles called alveoli, stacked in a continuous layer below the membrane of their endoplasmic reticulum

flattened vesicles called alveoli, stacked in a continuous layer below their plasma membranes

The life cycle of the brown algae is marked by alternation of _____.

generations

Chlorophytes and charophytes are two lineages of ___. dinoflagellates green algae brown algae red algae

green algae

In terms of nutrition, protists can be _____ or _____.

heterotrophic autotrophic

Even though it possesses mitochondria, Plasmodium grows best ____. in high CO2, low O2 environments in low CO2, low O2 environments in low CO2, high O2 environments in high CO2, high O2 environments

in high CO2, low O2 environments

The mechanisms of mitosis and cytokinesis most likely evolved ____. in two steps - once in prokaryotes, and once in eukaryotes in a single step in several steps

in several steps

Endosymbiotic bacteria are bacteria that can... live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells. live next to other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells. infect other cells and benefit from their host cells. live within other cells but do not perform any specific function for their host cells.

live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells.

Most ciliates possess numerous cilia which are arranged either in _____ rows or in _____ around the cell.

longitudinal spirals

Dinoflagellates are found in both _____ and _____ environments.

marine (saltwater) freshwater

Amoebas are surrounded only by their plasma _____.

membrane

The _____ of a ciliate is diploid and functions as the germ line for sexual reproduction.

micronucleus

The cilia of ciliates are typically anchored to _____ beneath the plasma membrane.

microtubules

Euglenids are among the earliest free living eukaryotes that possessed functional _____ for cellular respiration.

mitochondria

We cannot see the interiors of dividing cells well enough in fossils to be able to trace the history of _____.

mitosis

Phagotrophs:

organisms that ingest particles of food into vesicles called food vacuoles or phagosomes.

Eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified in the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms are _____.

protists

Mixotrophs:

protists that are both phototrophic and heterotrophic.

Apicomplexans are _____-forming parasites of _____.

spore animals

In the alternation of generations in brown algae, the large individuals (what we refer to as kelp) that we commonly recognize are the _____.

sporophyte

Chloroplasts:

the photosynthetic organelles of plants and algae

In dinoflagellates, ____. one flagellum is housed in a groove two flagella are housed in grooves the body is covered with cilia one flagellum is at the apical end and one is at the basal end

two flagella are housed in grooves

Most dinoflagellates are ____. multicellular and photosynthetic multicellular and parasitic unicellular and photosynthetic unicellular and heterotrophic unicellular and parasitic

unicellular and photosynthetic

Diatoms are ____. colonial organisms unicellular organisms multicellular organisms

unicellular organisms

Ciliates make two types of _____ that function in food ingestion and regulating water balance.

vacuoles

Malaria can be controlled by controlling its ____ using insecticide-treated nets. vector habitat availability causative agent

vector

The first microfossils that show internal membranes and thicker walls are ____. 1.0 billion years old 2.7 billion years old 1.5 billion years old 3.5 billion years old

1.5 billion years old

Polysaccharide

A carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide sugar subunits linked together in a long chain; examples are glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

What type of prokaryote might have formed endosymbiotic relationships with other larger bacteria, eventually evolving into a chloroplast? A photosynthetic cyanobacterium A non-photosynthetic pigmented bacterium A hypothetical archaeon An anaerobic bacterium

A photosynthetic cyanobacterium

Which of the following are structures that protists utilize to swim? Pili Chelicerae Cilia Flagella Flukes

Cilia Flagella

_____ are characterized by having large numbers of tiny beating hairs which are responsible for their locomotion; they all have two different types of nuclei in their cells (macronuclei and micronuclei).

Ciliates

What evidence supports the hypothesis that mitosis and cytokinesis did not evolve all at once? Protists, animals and plants have the same exact mechanism of mitosis, but fungi show different, or possibly intermediate mechanisms of mitosis Fungi, animals and plants have the same exact mechanism of mitosis, but protist show different, or possibly intermediate mechanisms of mitosis Different, or possibly intermediate mechanisms of mitosis are observed in fungi and in some groups of protist compared to animals and plants. The same mechanisms of mitosis are observed in all eukaryotes, but different mechanisms are observed in prokaryotes

Different, or possibly intermediate mechanisms of mitosis are observed in fungi and in some groups of protist compared to animals and plants.

Which of the following groups of protists contains luminous members that contribute to the flashing effects seen in the sea at night? Euglenoids Trypanosomes Kinetoplastids Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates

_____ are protists that possess two flagella, alveoli, cellulose plates, and may be bioluminescent or produce toxins.

Dinoflagellates

These cells are much larger than those of prokaryotes and have internal membranes and thicker walls.

Eukaryotic cells

Which of the following are used by protists to locomote in their watery environments? Flagella Ejection of water Fins Cilia

Flagella Cilia

Heterotrophic marine protists, which make characteristic pore-studded shells (called tests) of organic material encrusted with calcium carbonate, belong to the phylum _____.

Foraminifera

_____ intestinalis is a diplomonad parasite that can pass from human to human via contaminated _____ and causes diarrhea.

Giardia water

Which of the following protozoans is mismatched with the disease that it causes? Trypanosoma brucei—sleeping sickness Entamoeba histolytica—amoebic dysentery Giardia intestinalis—malaria Trichomonas vaginalis—vaginitis and urethritis

Giardia intestinalis—malaria

Select all types of cell surfaces found in protists. Glassy silica shell Plasma membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Extracellular matrix

Glassy silica shell Plasma membrane Extracellular matrix

Charophytes are which type of algae? Red Brown Green

Green

Choose all features of Chlamydomonas. Contain unusual pigments in a phycobilisome Have two flagella at their anterior end About 200-500 μm in size Unicellular microscopic organisms Members of the green algae

Have two flagella at their anterior end Unicellular microscopic organisms Members of the green algae

Which of the following are arrangements of cilia found in ciliates? In circles around the cell In random clumps on the cell surface In longitudinal rows In spirals around the cell

In longitudinal rows In spirals around the cell

Polyphyletic:

In phylogenetic classification, a group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group.

Monophyletic:

In phylogenetic classification, a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all its descendants. A clade is a monophyletic group.

Paraphyletic:

In phylogenetic classification, a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all its descendants.

Which of the following is the primary benefit of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes? It ensures that only the individuals most well-adapted to the environment successfully pass on their genes. It allows for very quick increase in numbers when conditions are unfavorable. It is essential in the process of spore generation by eukaryotes. It allows for genetic recombination, thereby generating genetic variation.

It allows for genetic recombination, thereby generating genetic variation.

Select all features of the feeding phase of a plasmodial slime mold. It has multiple nuclei. It is autotrophic. It does not have cell walls. It has chitin cell walls, similar to fungi.

It has multiple nuclei. It does not have cell walls.

Choose features of charophytes that are also found in land plants. Many species that are well adapted to live on land Large non-motile egg and flagellated sperm more similar to those of land plants than to other algae Mitosis and cytokinesis mechanisms similar to those in land plants Alternation of generations with a dominant sporophyte Presence of plasmodesmata in some species

Large non-motile egg and flagellated sperm more similar to those of land plants than to other algae Mitosis and cytokinesis mechanisms similar to those in land plants Presence of plasmodesmata in some species

Axopodia:

Long, thin pseudopods (protrusions) supported by axial rods of microtubules

Which of the following statements accurately describes the flagella of Euglena? One short flagellum and one long flagellum which is wound up inside the reservoir Two long flagella that emerge from the reservoir Two short flagella that emerge from the reservoir One long flagellum and one short flagellum that is located within the reservoir

One long flagellum and one short flagellum that is located within the reservoir

Choose the 5 main supergroups of protists, according to our current understanding of protist phylogeny. Opisthokonta Rhizaria SAR Archaeplastida Alveolata Excavata Amoebozoa

Opisthokonta SAR Archaeplastida Excavata Amoebozoa

Select all features of dinoflagellates. Multicellular Photosynthetic Prokaryotic Two flagella

Photosynthetic Two flagella

Which of the following are nutritional strategies found in Protista? Lysotrophs Phototrophs Phagotrophs Mixotrophs Carbotrophs

Phototrophs Phagotrophs Mixotrophs

Red algae are grouped in the phylum Euglenophyta Chrysophyta Dinophyta Rhodophyta

Rhodophyta

According to our current understanding, stramenopiles and alveolates are members of the supergroup _____.

SAR - Stramenopiles and alveolates

_____ reproduction allows for frequent genetic recombination which generates genetic variation - the starting point of evolution.

Sexual

Which of the following are characteristic of Foraminifera? They make shells entirely of silica. They have a simple life cycle. They are heterotrophic. They have pore-studded shells. They are marine.

They are heterotrophic. They have pore-studded shells. They are marine.

Select all characteristics of dinoflagellate plates. They are encrusted with iron, which gives them a red color. They are made of a cellulose-like material. They are often encrusted with silica. They are made of lignin. They are made of chitin-like material.

They are made of a cellulose-like material. They are often encrusted with silica.

Which of the following features are found in at least some brown algae? They often produce unique shells from silica. They are multicellular. They exhibit alternation of generations. They have complex tissues such as those found in plants. They have unique reproductive cells with two unequal flagella They can be very large.

They are multicellular. They exhibit alternation of generations. They can be very large.

How are the members of Protists related and what is the implication of their relationship for their grouping in the kingdom Protista? They are closely related; grouping is representative of their phylogeny They are paraphyletic; grouping is representative of their phylogeny They are very closely related; grouping is artificial They are only distantly related; grouping is artificial

They are only distantly related; grouping is artificial

Which of the following best describes apicomplexans? They are phototrophs and can reach very large sizes. They were once classified as fungi due to their appearance. They are spore-forming parasites of animals. They are spore-forming parasites of plants.

They are spore-forming parasites of animals.

Select all true statements about protists. They vary in the way they obtain nutrients. Many are unicellular, but some are multicellular. Most are microscopic, but some are large. Some are eukaryotic and some are prokaryotic.

They vary in the way they obtain nutrients. Many are unicellular, but some are multicellular. Most are microscopic, but some are large.

True or false: Even though large brown algae can look remarkably like plants, they do not possess complex tissues such as those found in plants.

True; brown algae are protists and do not have complex specialized tissues like those of plants.

Select all features of ciliates. Multicellular Unicellular Heterotrophic Autotrophic

Unicellular Heterotrophic

Apical Complex:

a cytoskeletal and secretory complex that enables the apicomplexan to invade its host.

In protists, a cyst is ____. a compressed protein structure used as a projectile in defense a protein strip that interlocks with other protein strips to provide flexibility a life stage that can remain dormant during periods of unfavorable environmental conditions a large mass of mitochondrial DNA

a life stage that can remain dormant during periods of unfavorable environmental conditions

Plasmodium:

a non-walled, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that resembles a moving mass of slime. Stage in the life cycle of myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds); a multinucleate mass of protoplasm surrounded by a membrane.

Many different nutritional strategies are found in protists; they can be phagotrophs (ingest particles), _____ (ingest soluble nutrients), phototrophs, or _____ (both hetero- and phototrophs).

osmotrophs mixotrophs

Coleochaete has cytoplasmic linkages between cells that are called _____. These linkages are also found in green plants.

plasmodesmata

Some slime molds produce a non-walled, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm called a(n) _____.

plasmodium

In order to move, an amoeba ____. expands and contracts a set of muscle-like cells puts a pseudopod forward and then flows into it rolls using a set of spiny projections

puts a pseudopod forward and then flows into it

Members of the phylum Rhodophyta are also known as: red algae brown algae diatoms green algae

red algae

The causative agent of malaria, Plasmodium, has a complex life cycle which involves both _____ and _____ phases inside of different hosts.

sexual asexual