Introductory Sociology Final Review

The American Psychological Association's classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex both reflect Michel Foucault's assertion that

homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interest in asserting their power.

Women are economically dependent on men's incomes.

Conflict theory

Division of labor induces process of forming gender identity.

psychoanalytic theory

Poor parenting styles

"no effect"

genetic endowments

"no effect"

One aspect of society that has been exposed very clearly by globalization is the divide between haves and have-nots. The top one percent of adults in the world hold almost half - 46 percent - of the world's wealth. At the other end, the bottom half holds only 1 percent of the world's wealth. In order to be in the top 10 percent of the world's wealthiest citizens, one must hold at least

$4,000 worth of assets.

Which of the following can be considered culture (choose all that apply)?

-Catholicism -A field of sunflowers -race-car drivers -homosexual people

Match the standards of equality with their corresponding standard. means that everyone ends up with the same amount is the "standard model" in a bourgeois society. means that everyone starts at the same place. means that the rules of the game are the same for everyone. means that the rules might need to be changed to make it happen. means that the game might not be "fair."

-Equality of outcome -Equality of opportunity -Equality of condition -Equality of opportunity -Equality of condition -Equality of outcome

Which of the following are factors that helped to promote strong kinship networks in preindustrial families in America (choose all that apply)?

-Extended family members provided a financial buffer in hard times. -Barter systems facilitated easy exchange of goods. -There was minimal division of labor between genders. -No government agencies existed that could provide assistance to those in need. -Children were seen as small adults and often shared in the work.

What are the strongest predictors of sibling-on-sibling violence (choose all that apply)?

-Fathers with short tempers -Physical punishment by mothers

What are the characteristics of a dyad (choose all that apply)?

-It is the most intimate form of social life. -If one member of the group leaves, the group ceases to exist. -All members must be fully committed to being in the group. -Symmetry must be maintained.

Which of the following are myths about affirmative action (choose all that apply)?

-It takes away opportunities for deserving white students at a significant rate. -It admits underrepresented students such as African Americans and Latinos who then flounder in the college environment.

Match the thinker with the ideas. -Prior to authority, humans lived peacefully as equals. -Humanity is not naturally peaceful. -Individuals are inherently selfish. -Submitting to authority is about money. -Individuals need to help resolving discord. -Humans submit to overarching authority via a social contract. -Absent authority, life is hideous and chaotic. -Everyone has the power to punish other wayward individuals.

-Locke -Hobbes -Hobbes -Locke -Locke -Hobbes -Hobbes -Locke

Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that has which of the following tenets (choose all that apply)?

-Meanings are filtered on the basis of an individual interpretive process. -We act toward ideas, concepts, and values based on meaning inherent in those things. -Meanings are the products of social interactions.

Match the concepts on the left with the descriptions on the right. "race neutral" rhetoric humans as distinct types essential, unchangeable traits reliance on culture and nationality replaces biology with culture some types as simply better than others fear of different cultures ignores individual merit, acts in a harmful manner

-New -Old -Old -New -New -Old -New -Old

Which of the following are features of capitalism (choose all that apply)?

-Property and goods are generally privately owned. -Investments are determined by private decisions. -Prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined primarily by competition. -An unfettered marketplace is the primary vehicle for distribution.

Match the defining characteristics on the right with the term listed on the left. Someone else defines you. There is no implicit hierarchy. I define who I am. It's involuntary - you don't have a choice. Physical differences are of key significance. It's about power conflicts. It's fluid and multiple. It's strongly hierarchical. It's planar. It's cultural. It's exclusive. What you are is great, and what I am is great too.

-Race -Ethnicity -Ethnicity -Race -Race -Race -Ethnicity -Race -Ethnicity -Ethnicity -Race -Ethnicity

An outgrowth of Robert Merton's strain theory suggests a number of different "behavioral templates" that can identify different social types. Match the social type on the left with the characteristics on the right. -rejection of socially defined goals but not the means. -accepts socially acceptable strategies to achieve socially acceptable goals. -rejection of socially acceptable means to achieve goals. -rejection of both goals and means and does not participate in society. -rejects traditional goals and means and seeks to destroy or alter social institutions of which they are a part.

-Ritualist -Conformist -Innovator -Retreatist -Rebel

What are the characteristics of each system? Match the system with the characteristics. -payment for sum total of services -payment related to standard of living -payment not tied to production exigencies -payment even on a bad day -payment in the form of money -payment not tied to productive value of workers -agreed-upon performance levels -payment tied to production exigencies -payment separated from product itself -payment contingent on product delivery -payment received no matter what happens

-Salary -Civil service salary -Wages -Salary -Wages -Civil service salary -Salary -Piecework -Honorarium -Piecework -Honorarium

According to Émile Durkheim's theory of suicide, which of the following factors have the most impact on suicide rates (choose all that apply)?

-Social Integration -Social regulation

Which of the following data collection methods are commonly used in social research (choose all that apply)?

-Surveys -interviews -Historical Methods -Participant Observation -Content Analysis -Census

Which of the following are potentially responsible for the comparatively high levels of inequality found in the United States today (choose all that apply)?

-The federal and state division of power makes a comprehensive safety net impossible. -There were efforts to prevent blacks from political participation.

Which of the following are criticisms of how the poverty line is calculated in the United States (choose all that apply)?

-The formula does not reflect that housing now takes up a much larger portion of family budgets. -The formula misestimates the percentage of income spent on food. -The range of necessities has expanded considerably.

"Thinking like a sociologist" means that you

-apply analytical tools to things you've always done without a lot of conscious thought. -reconsidering your own assumptions about society. -making the familiar strange.

The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race, being able to match bandage colors to your skin tone, and being able to easily find food in a store. Drawing from this and your own knowledge and experience, which of the following could be considered white privilege (choose all that apply)?

-being able to choose any seat you wish on public transportation -not being challenged in a store if there is a problem with your credit card -being immediately approached by a friendly sales associate in a large department store chain

Which of the following are examples of rehabilitative justice (choose all that apply)?

-directing a drug user to participate in a recovery program. -entering a work training program after being released from prison. -requiring a teenager to participate in community service following a shoplifting conviction.

In the Moving to Opportunity study done as a follow-up to the Gautreax project, which of the following were positive outcomes for either children or families (choose all that apply)?

-increased happiness -better test scores -decreased truancy rates -decreased asthma rates -no changes in employment

Which of the following factors have contributed to the development of black ghettos in the United States (choose all that apply)?

-institutionalized housing discrimination -urban renewal programs that sought to rebuild parts of a city -declaring some areas of a city as ineligible for aid due to their poor condition -white flight

Which of the following elements describe feminist approaches to social research (choose all that apply)?

-listening critically and carefully to how social scientists conceptualize and describe both women's and men's lives -taking the role of the researcher into account -engaging in research that may bring about policy changes to help improve women's lives

Which of the following would be found as part of a nuclear family (choose all that apply)?

-mother -father -biological children

Put the following media types in order of their historical appearance and use in society.

1. town crier 2. Printing press 3. movies 4. radio 5. television 6. CDs 7. Internet

Modern social organization began to replace premodern social relations with the rise of

scientific knowledge and the concept of rationality.

Which of the following is an example of recognizing the "generalized other"?

A child is taught to hold the door for her parents or siblings when they are carrying something into the house. While at the mall, she holds the door for a stranger who is carrying several bags.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of the free-rider problem?

A group of six teenagers is trying to get 100 signatures for a petition. They meet three days before their deadline to see how they are doing. Two of the teens have collected 25 signatures each, totaling 50. But the other four teenagers have only collected 25 signatures between the four of them, so the group is still 25 signatures short. The two teens who collected the most signatures are irritated about the poor results from the other four.

Which of the following scenarios involves the use of peer pressure?

A sophomore woman is afraid to report a sexual assault because she believes her sorority sisters will ostracize her.

In what way does a vassal resemble the mechanism of limited liability?

A vassal, the party in the feudal system that was granted land and permitted to reap the harvest in exchange for military protection, effectively shielding the individual from harm. a form of ownership that creates a division between the individual shareholder or executive and the business entity.

Resocialization would be most likely to occur in which of the following situations?

A woman just out of college decides to accept an offer of a full-time job in Saudi Arabia.

Marissa Mayer was appointed the chief executive officer (CEO) of Yahoo Corporation in July 2012. While not the highest paid CEO in the United States, her position suggests that more women are

Able to break the glass ceiling

Which of the following statements about changes in the boy-girl achievement gap during the past 30 years is true?

Achievements among girls have improved in many ways, while boys from lower-class backgrounds have worsened.

The common media myth is that welfare mothers are lazy and wasteful, preferring to remain on welfare than to work. It is also noted that the welfare system traps women who want to move off welfare rolls because they face lower earnings and fewer benefits if they do so. In the research by sociologists Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein, what is the finding that both contradicts the media myth and would seem to encourage single mothers to stay on welfare?

All single mothers prefer self-reliance to welfare.

After several years of rising crime among teenagers in a particular city, citizens of a city band together to create more opportunities for recreational activities, jobs, and leadership training for young people. This is an example of what type of social movement?

Alternative social movement

According to Milton Friedman, what is a corporation's sole social responsibility?

to increase its profits through legal means

Some theorists argue that there can never be an absolute definition of poverty. The text suggests that wealth creates poverty, and this in turn reflects the problem of why poverty is

Always relational

If you're going to college in California, you and your family may have experienced severe "sticker shock" when the tuition bills arrived. The state had a 32 percent increase in the tuition levels in 2010, and another 9.6 percent hike in 2011. There are more increases proposed. All the increases are driving one of the major problems that Michael Hout discusses at length in his interview with Dalton Conley. According to Hout, what is the indirect cause that is holding many students back from getting that college degree?

An increasing proportion of costs are borne by individuals and families as states shift costs away from the general tax base.

Why did the changes brought about during the Industrial Revolution lead to the erosion of kinship networks?

As industry developed, farming and subsistence lifestyles declined, and migration forced restructuring of family units as men left to work in factories.

Science is used to predict human behavior.

Auguste Comte

Why did the barter system, predominant as part of the economic system in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, contribute to the development of the corporation?

Bartering was only viable in small villages, but in the context of large cities, the need for a monetary system emerged, leading to new institutional types.

Prior to the 1800s, it was believed that both male and female orgasms were required to ensure successful conception. When the female could not achieve orgasm, a midwife was sometimes called to assist the woman in achieving orgasm by use of genital massage with essential oils. The idea that both male and female orgasm was needed challenges our current model of a

Binary sex system

Your good friend Judy comes to you in a state of exasperation and tells you that she just left the girl's bathroom and saw what she swears was a man dressed in women's clothing walking in. "Men need to use their own bathroom. There's a reason we have different restrooms for different sexes!" Judy is expressing what many people feel, reflecting ideas about

Biological determinism

There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood that was maintained by a neighbor who lived next to it for years. That neighbor moved away and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Shortly after that, an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a couple of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an example of what theory?

Broken windows theory

In responding to surveys asking them to rank various occupations according to status, people place more emphasis on the __________ of the position than the position's __________.

Education requirements, income level

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Doug McAdam explains that the Internet makes it easy for new social movements to disseminate their information broadly. However, he also notes some drawbacks, including which of the following?

Electronically based movements may not be able to take advantage of existing interpersonal relationships to mobilize behavioral change.

Affirmative action has been found to affect the makeup of the student body primarily at what type of U.S. colleges and universities?

Elite institutions

The division of labor has social and moral consequences.

Emile Durkheim

What does the example of the nadle in Navajo tribes teach us about gender?

Concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging.

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffery Sachs highlights many social, structural, ecological, and historical aspects of global inequality, with a focus on Africa. The legacy of unequal starting places and failed economic development has worsened a growing global inequality, particularly in Africa. For many countries the way out of poverty, disease and economic stagnation is via development. Natural resources, exports, and many other products and services are all possible paths to improvement. Given what you understand about inequality and social stratification, which of the following issues might be least likely to be embraced by African nations?

Climate change

Why are Asians sometimes labeled a model minority group?

Compared to other minorities, the majority of Asians have achieved much success in the United States in terms of educational achievement and income.

Gender is the driving force of history

Conflict theory

The tobacco industry has been closely scrutinized in regard to its advertising practices, which many claim are deceptive. The U.S. surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud - criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco. Despite this, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, 50 years after the initial report, the industry agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns lied. Taken all together, this could be understood as a protracted case of

Corporate crime

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Mario Luis Small notes that the entire "culture of poverty" argument has been rejected both empirically and theoretically due to the problems with the work. Small then goes on to suggest that sociologists cannot ignore what as an explanatory tool in research about poverty?

Culture

Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation, and assumed that all immigrants arrived, settled in, mimicked practices and behaviors of those in the country, and were then fully assimilated. Milton Gordon refined this and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then noticed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted, and his findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of

Culture

Activities such as illegal work, multigenerational living arrangements, multifamily households, serial relationships in place of marriage, and swapping all reflect ideas about the

Culture of poverty

Which of the following is an example of a negative relationship between an independent and a dependent variable?

Employees with more responsibility are less likely to miss work.

Unionization rates in the United States have __________ over the past 60 years, and recent studies show that __________ workers are interested in being part of a collective bargaining agreement.

Declined, more

The changing attitudes toward marijuana use can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In the majority of states, possession is a criminal offense. Penalties often include jail time. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor - similar to a traffic ticket - and in Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. Given the extent of the changing legal attitude, as well as the rise in incarceration rates, what does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time?

Definitions of crimes change over time.

In order to combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law-enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on

Deterrence theory

Discipline? assumes underlying rationality of human behavior

Economics

In his interview with Dalton Conley David Grusky explains why the notion of perverse incentives is old-fashioned. Which of the following is an example of a perverse incentive?

Entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken. In order to increase their chances of being accepted into the program, some students take easier classes the semester before applying in order to boost their grade point average.

You're traveling with a group of people in a foreign country. The people and places are all very different, and your group has chosen to do "homestays" where everyone is invited into the home of one the local inhabitants. You are given a meal and a place to sleep, and then the next day, you resume your group travel. On one particular morning, a member of your group remarks that the meal he had last night was horrifying: roasted dog! "No one eats dog!" he exclaims. "It's almost barbaric!" This person is speaking from a perspective of

Ethnocentrism

The process of choosing a urinal in a men's restroom may seem simple, but there is an underlying, implicit protocol that has actually been studied. In what has been termed "piss stance," one researcher found that the unspoken rule was to always ensure a "buffer zone" of at least one "open" urinal between yourself and another person. Being an intrepid sociologist, you have decided to see what happens when this protocol is ignored. In doing so, you are practicing

Ethnomethodology

How did the post-World War II economic boom contribute to a blurring of the lines between the middle class and the working class?

Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities.

Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since the first Europeans appeared in North America. In the attempt to deal with the so-called Indian problem, one method that has been used with tragic results is the forced use of English in schools provided on reservations for the children. In this setting, children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of the cultural bonds and legacy of their particular group. This policy was used by the Indian Bureau (later the Bureau of Indian Affairs) as an attempt at

Forced assimilation

The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios's experience?

Foucault's panopticon

A __________ response to the question of why there has been a significant increase in the number of high school and college graduates in the United States over the past century might point to the simple rules of supply and demand - a need for a more educated workforce encouraged more people to stay in school longer.

Functionalist

This thinker developed formal definitions for small and large groups

Georg Simmel

This thinker translated the work of others and wrote the first book on sociological method.

Harriet Martineau

History is a master-servant dialectic.

Hegel

Society moves forward toward more freedom and democracy.

Hegel

You have a good friend from India who has done very well as after college. His work in telecommunications has landed him a job that pays over $1,000,000, which in a country like India is an extraordinary amount. He lives in a tiny flat in the suburbs and puts all his money in the bank in his checking account. In addition, he lives off a credit card. Your friend is in the category of people considered to have

High income

Same-sex marriage has been widely accepted in many states, and the numbers of persons marrying those of the same sex has skyrocketed and become easily visible. In Brazil, we see that the travesti take on distinctly female characteristics, declare themselves as men, and yet have penetrative sex with men who have an exclusively male appearance. How do these two different examples help describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior?

Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity.

Which of the following jobs could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the United States?

Hotel maid

The challenge of climate change has evoked a strong polarizing debate, particularly in politics. For many, the cause and effect relationship between human activity and climate change seems obvious. For others, such a claim seems ludicrous and requires a great deal more of protracted study. While it may seem that the debate is a matter of science, underlying it is a deep attachment to a particular

Ideology.

What has the pattern in income growth among low-, middle-, and high-income earners in the United States over the past 30 years looked like?

Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.

You are a freelance graphic designer, and about six months ago you set up a PayPal account so that clients can pay you online instead of mailing you checks, in order to speed up the process. One of your clients has not expressed any interest in using PayPal, and it continues to take up to two months for that client to pay you. The next time this client offers you a project, you decide to turn it down in favor of clients who will pay more quickly. In Adam Smith's terms, your decision is based on finding an unacceptable level of __________ in the proposed exchange.

Inefficiency

How has the timing of the transition to a free-market economy been used as one of several explanations for the great differences between the United States and other advanced democracies in terms of inequality and poverty?

Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States did.

Why might the Occupy Wall Street movement be considered a social movement?

It comprises collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized.

Which of the following is a criticism of contagion theory?

It downplays individual agency.

How did the Ford Motor Company's introduction of the family wage help construct the idea of the traditional family?

It encouraged men to marry and have children, as the wage was not available to single men or married men without children.

Why is NARAL Pro-Choice America representative of a social movement organization?

It has a full time leadership staff, and a large membership base.

Feminists argue that gender matters because ________

It structures social relations between people

Why has the idea of the "traditional family" helped social scientists better understand black families in America?

Its identification as a specific historical phenomenon that has rarely applied to black families helps us better understand the unique characteristics in a less judgmental way.

Of the following social theorists, whose ideas about private property and social conflict could be said to align most closely with those of Karl Marx?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Class conflict drives social change.

Karl Marx

A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and referred to as "slow" by his parents and teachers. He underperforms in school and never thinks about going to college. Ultimately, he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the school counselor that he's just not "book smart." This is an example of which theory of deviance?

Labeling theory

Match the characteristics with the group. Formal Structure Unifocal perspective Status Differentiation Multifocal Perspective Lack of formal arrangements

Large groups small groups large groups parties small groups

In 2011, a Toronto police officer, during a crime prevention talk, said "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The remark prompted formation of a protest movement dubbed SlutWalk, whose stated objective was to stop oppression by slut-shaming and "of being judged by our sexuality and feeling unsafe." While controversial in many respects, the effort sparked a larger debate on rape culture, socially acceptable dress and appearance, and the idea of slut shaming. The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of largely unspoken social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called sluts, speaks to the

Maintenance of a gender order

Geometric versus arithmetic increases mean desaster.

Malthus

Inequality results from having too much.

Malthus

Think for a moment about the story in the text of Marlin, how his life turned out, and how he wound up where he is today. Based on all you have read about him throughout the entire chapter, which of the following seems most likely as a way to understand his life and his story?

Marlin's mother suffered from many problems herself, which led to a detrimental outcome for Marlin.

Which of the following scenarios represents a common gender imbalance of domestic chores in the United States?

Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year.

lack of adequate medical care

Material deprivation

lack of educational toys

Material deprivation

In an attempt to better understand the experience in college - that of the students as well as the teachers - you ask a professor for the chance to lead the class without her being in the room. Your professor grants your request. "Thinking sociologically," this follows the methodology proposed and developed by which of the following early sociologists?

Max Weber

Sociologists must understand the meaning people attach to their actions.

Max Weber

Which of the following statements is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies?

Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace.

Gender is the product of our interactions.

Microinteractionalist theory

Gender roles have open-ended scripts.

Microinteractionalist theory

Make the appropriate connections between stratification types with the listed characteristics. Note that not all characteristics are agreed upon in sociology. Some may represent past thinking, and others may represent present thinking. Pay above the poverty line income from investments and/or white collar jobs low-wage service sector and/or manual jobs unemployed or pay below the poverty line

Middle class Upper class Working class Under class

We often think that the role of women in Western societies prior to the 1960s was pretty much the same thing - a matter of doing what women were expected to do. During World War II, however, the role of women silently upended conventional ideas about gender roles. Women worked as bomb makers, in factories, and were later revealed as having been a key part of the code breaking effort that won the war. These examples lend insight into how we create our identities through interactions and not through fixed definitions. As such, they reflect ideas posited by

Mincrointeractionist society

The achievement gap between black and white students decreases significantly when students from similar socioeconomic background are compared. What does this tell us about the connection between race, class, and educational outcomes?

Much of the achievement gap can be attributed to class.

We often see sex and gender as immutable - sex is a biological fact that in turn determines the gender of an individual. As the examples of Deirdre McCloskey and David Reimer demonstrate, however, neither sex nor gender are as straightforward as many people would like to believe. A lot of how we understand sex and gender is found in how we understand the differences between

Nature and nurture

Today, some persons engage in open relationships, or polyamory, wherein all partners are completely honest about relationship details such as sexual health. In some relationships, the size of the group may be as large as a dozen persons who all share common links to one or more of the others in the group. The transmission and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a very important part of their lives, so everyone agrees to share information in the event someone contracts an STD. In the event that someone fails to do this, or simply does not know he or she has an infection, the group could employ what to try and determine what happened?

Network analysis

Which of the following factors played a role in the development of capitalism?

New farming technologies

In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson declared a "War on Poverty." This ambitious plan led to the creation of numerous agencies, some of which persist today. These include which of the following (choose all that apply)?

Office of economic opportunity Head start job corps

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a combination of parents' level of education, parents' jobs, family income, and wealth, which has a lot to do with educational opportunity and success. While the money aspect might seem obvious when we realize that SAT preparation services can run $1,000 or more, less clear is how the parents themselves play a role. What might one reason be for a parent or parents to be an active part of improved SES for a student hoping to go to college and not just pay more to get them there?

Parents with less education might not feel able or be willing to help with a child's more challenging homework.

According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm?

People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely in order to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior.

How might the rise of online associations be affecting the tradition of volunteerism in the United States?

People may actually be joining more organizations, but their participation may be more passive, involving less hands-on work and face-to-face interactions.

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin states that the most politically and religiously conservative states in the United States have the highest levels of divorce. How does he explain this seemingly contradictory finding?

Personal economics, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor.

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. government decreed that all persons of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. While this effort was directed primarily towards those living west of the Mississippi, all Japanese were affected. At that time, many enclaves of Japanese-Americans thrived in American cities, managing to build a life that fit into the surrounding society. The subsequent fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry reflected a decline in

Pluralism

Discipline? focused on power and power relations

Politcal Science

In the financial crisis of 2008, numerous large financial institutions were implicated, all indirectly, in the events that precipitated the crisis. Among those firms was Goldman Sachs, one of the world's larger investment firms. Some have alleged that the firm's deep ties to the U.S. government made it possible to capitalize on gains by the use of

Political arbitage

Gender develops via family socialization.

Psychoanalytic theory

Mothering is reproduced in a cycle of role socialization.

Psychoanalytic theory

Discipline? focus on the individual

Psychology

In the United States, the one-drop rule lumped together anyone with any amount of "black blood" into one category, setting up an essentially binary racial system of black and white with little thought for other minorities, such as Asians or Native Americans. Under Apartheid in South Africa, on the other hand, there were four racial categories; and in Brazil there are up to a dozen racial categories, depending on whom you ask. What conclusion can we draw from these differences in racial categories?

Racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place.

The text discusses the plight of the Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward the Irish populations. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against the Roma, a people who have been the subject of attack for hundreds of years. The Roma are sometimes called Gypsies, now a pejorative term. The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that they reflect the same kind of __________ as was directed against the Irish a hundred years ago.

Racism

Family wealth means debt subtracted from salable assets. Given the prevalence of debt for those in poverty, what are the possible implications for those in poverty as regards their children when they die?

Since those in poverty rarely have salable assets such as a house, there is usually anything to pass on to their children.

Why do the three partners who own a small graphic design business fit into what Erik Olin Wright calls contradictory class locations?

The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others.

A thermometer that consistently gives readings that are five degrees cooler than the actual temperature is

Reliable but not valid

The decision to marry is a major life step. We do so with certain expectations - that our partner will love and care for us, will share the duties of managing a household based upon which partner is willing to do what tasks, and will support us in our lives with challenges such as a difficult job or family problems. When that partner completely steps away from any of these things, our ability to understand them may be challenged as their behavior is suddenly out of keeping with what we expected at the outset. This is an example of

Roles

Both physical and social inequality exists.

Rousseau

People lack any notion of personal ownership.

Rousseau

Thinker? Smallpox, slavery, and child murder are defensible.

Rousseau

Why might same-sex married couples spend twice as long doing domestic chores as their heterosexual equivalents?

Same-sex couples see domestic work as legitimizing their households, which makes domestic work a validating activity.

In many urban environments surrounding large American cities, it is nearly impossible to obtain basic foodstuffs without resorting to a lengthy journey to some other part of the city. This is referred to as a "food desert" and is a significant problem for people whose personal resources - money, cars, and so forth - are limited. Often, a lack of public transportation exacerbates this problem. Based on what you have read in the text, the food desert can be seen as a possible marker of

Segregation

Wellesley College has recently experienced a surge of students who, when applying for admission, did so as women - persons born as females. After they arrived on campus, they made the decision to transition to male. At a college that is built as an all-women's college, this presents a challenge. One of the central challenges that the college faces now is reconciling what kind of difference between these two student populations (choose all that apply)?

Sex Gender

Nuclear family reproduces workers and is ideal.

Sex role theory

Sex, sexuality, and gender are stable and dichotomous.

Sex role theory

The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids. Dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this Father Knows Best model, we can clearly see the structure of

Sex role theory

At a party, you listen in on a conversation about sex. One person states that he has had sex in some pretty far-out places. He is referring to

Sexuality

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffrey Sachs notes that the idea that women in Africa should be provided with free access to birth control has been suggested as a way to speed up a demographic transition and thereby help reduce

Stratification

The Coleman Report, issued in 1964 soon after the Brown v. Board of Education decision about desegregation, found that differences in achievement among schools depended primarily on students' family background and their classmates and not on differences in school resources. This had significant implications for equality in education, but no obvious solutions. Studies done following the Coleman report demonstrated that smaller class sizes benefited students significantly. Why might this finding contradict the Coleman report?

Smaller class sizes would mean that more resources - teachers, classrooms, books and so forth - would be needed.

What fundamental question about the nature of society was Adam Smith interested in that led him to reason out his ideas found in The Wealth of Nations and lay the foundation for capitalism?

Smith wondered how societies could remain intact and avoid devolving into chaos.

When you board an airplane, the boarding order generally starts with first class passengers, then makes its way down to the coach class. Let's imagine we are boarding an aircraft, and we are in coach class (all the way back in seats 33E and 33F). As we search for a place to store our luggage, we notice that the people in first class are already getting free wine and snacks. Casually dressed people are sitting in some of those first-class seats. This is an annoying but very real example of

Status hierarchy

Devah Pager's research on how criminal records deter potential employers illustrates the consequences of

Stigma

The chapter includes an example of a very poor, frugal man who wins the lottery, and is left with a deep feeling of anomie. His formerly successful patter for living is rendered moot, and he lacks a behavioral template with which to guide himself. The man is now a social deviant. According to Merton, this is an example of

Strain theory

Women are property.

Structural Functionalism

Women identified with danger of nature.

Structural Functionalism

The sex-gender system is the result of human interaction.

Structural functionalism

Your introductory sociology professor believes that gender roles serve a purpose in society to fulfill certain functions. What type of theoretical background is your professor espousing?

Structural functionalism

According to William Julius Wilson, how do factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination contribute to high rates of welfare-dependent, single-mother families?

Such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner.

A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of

Symbolic ethnicity

The text discusses the concept of the "second shift" - the extra domestic duties that women do to take care of the family in addition to the full time paid job they have. Why, then, have the time-saving devices and products such as dishwashing machines, disposable brooms, and so forth, resulted in a continued housework gap between women and men (with women doing more)?

Technology advances have raised the bar on levels of acceptable cleanliness, and domestic housework has long been seen as "women's work."

When a child is born, doctors make a decision about what sex they are. Usually, this is very straightforward. When a doctor is faced with a decision based on the size and configuration of the genitalia, such decisions usually require a number. As noted in the text, a phallus less than 2 centimeters in length is considered a micropenis, and the doctor may recommend that the infant be raised as a girl. While this decision may or may not be a good choice, a sociologist might view the doctor's rationale as resulting from

The belief of a binary sex system

While functionalists would argue that the increase in the numbers of people getting a better education is a matter of supply and demand, it's hard to understand that idea when we recognize that so much of what we learn in school has nothing to do with what do after we graduate. If we must learn on the job, why bother with school? If you think about writing your resume, how might you rethink the question of why so many are getting - and paying for - more and more education and training?

The expansion of the education system drew more people who wanted to remain or become members of the elite.

According to the text, what is one way that wages were related to marriage in the early twentieth century?

The family wage impelled women to stay married, even if their marriages were oppressive.

According to the text, what is one of the reasons why many women often "bite the second shift bullet" when the threat of a divorce looms?

The financial shock following a divorce leads them to this decision.

In 2014, the top 10 models in the fashion industry all had earnings well over $1 million, with a few - Kate Moss and Heidi Klum - earning over $10 million. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Ashley Mears points out that top male fashion models quickly hit a limit as to how far they can go in modeling work, while a small number of women can continue on to be top, obviously well paid, models. According to Mears, this particular career is an example of what in reverse?

The glass escalator

Why did the negative income tax experiment lead to more women leaving their marriages?

The guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer financially dependent on a man.

The hijra or kushra are a marginalized group of people in South Asia (India and Pakistan primarily) that consider themselves to be a third gender. Long castigated as social outcasts within India and Pakistan's strict caste system, the hijra have generally been tolerated. As we have seen in earlier chapters, the nature of social inequality often pushes social issues to the fore. Given the sheer numbers of people in the area, and that so many are lacking basic resources, it is not surprising that both the Indian and Pakistani governments finally conferred legal recognition of the group as a third gender, making it possible for them to vote. Why might we see this as an example of the classical model of social movements?

The hijra did not, initially, actively lobby for political gain, and at the same time, the entire structure of the caste system was leading to significant social pressure in other areas of life.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Nitsan Chorev discusses some of possible approaches to solving the problems that globalization has brought. This includes negotiating trade agreements that include both labor and the environment. Why might such negotiations impact climate change?

The inclusion of environment in trade agreements could help bring more countries into the process of addressing climate change.

According to Marx, capitalism is doomed to fail because of a self-made crisis of overproduction, leading to goods becoming unaffordable by all. This in turn gives rise to socialism, where the needs of the population are met very differently. The fundamental mechanism of distribution that is different in both of these systems is

The market

The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from

The notion of social Darwinism

Resource-mobilization theory suggests that social movements rarely emerge without necessary resources, and that this means that only those who possess such resources - usually the elite - are able to mobilize and form a successful movement. The text notes a few movements that emerged in spite of a lack of resources. The Anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa, led by Nelson Mandela, and the civil rights movement in the United States are two such examples. What major factor in these two examples runs counter to the idea in resource mobilization theory that the elite are the most likely members of a group to initiate a social movement?

The people with the most at stake are most likely to create success.

Stereotype threat, the fear that one's behavior will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which one identifies, is a pervasive problem for minority group members. In a college environment, it can be even worse than usual. After she graduated from high school in Galveston, Texas, in 2008, Angelica Gonzalez applied to prestigious Emory University and was admitted on the basis of scholastic ability, but after her second year, she found herself drowning in a debt she knew she could probably never repay. A well-meaning professor reached out to her, wondering if she had considered cheaper schools. How might this query by her professor have contributed to her sense of being stereotyped?

The question simply reinforced what Angelica already had come to learn about herself as being too poor to attend college.

A group of people is waiting to be helped at a customer service desk in a store. A woman in the waiting area suddenly clears her throat and spits on the floor. Everyone else in the room is taken aback and gives her horrified looks. How can this reaction be explained in sociological terms?

The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room.

Max Weber asserted that capitalism would not have arisen without the Protestant Reformation. Why is this the case?

Theological insecurity and predestination, coupled with accounting advances, led people to see monetary fortune as a sign from God.

Voter turnout in the United States for national elections has never been stellar, with about half of eligible voters, on average, not showing up at the polls. At the local level, though, things are far worse, with estimates suggesting that less than a quarter of eligible voters turn out. Given that these local elections can have a big impact in things like property taxes, ordinances about being on the street late at night and even where you can skateboard, it's a bit of a surprise. What larger social trend does this suggest?

There is a decline in the amount of civic engagement.

How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece?

There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.

Which of the following represents the highest amount of embeddedness? (Any relation of knowledge is reciprocal; that is, if A knows B, then B knows A).

You know Ted, Alice, Bob, and Carol. Bob knows Carol, Ted, and Alice. Carol knows Ted and Alice. Ted knows Alice.

Tina believes that inequality is necessary to keep Earth's population in check. Her view is most consistent with the views of which theorist?

Thomas Malthus

You are visiting relatives, and you are invited to play Hide and Seek with their three children: identical twins (a boy and a girl) aged about three, and an older sister aged about nine. In the spirit of fun, you offer to be "it." The search begins, and you immediately find that the twin boy has simply run into the other room, sat down in a chair and covered his eyes. You discover that his twin sister has hidden behind the couch (giggling, but hidden). Finally, the older sister is well hidden, and after a bit, you give up searching and call her in. From G. H. Mead's stages of social development perspective, the children are where in their respective stages of development?

Twin boy - "I" or "self," twin girl - "other," older sister - "generalized other"

Which of the following American sociologists applied Émile Durkheim's theory of anomie to explain African American crime rates?

W. E. B. DuBois

The sense of self and identity are influenced by historical and social circumstances.

WEB Dubois

What is ironic about how we define ourselves as individuals?

We generally define our individuality in terms of our association with various groups.

What are the commonly associated indicators of socioeconomic status that sociologists use today (choose all that apply)?

Wealth Income Education

Which of the following statements offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences?

Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.

Which one of the following is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences?

You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning and then wonder what people there would think of eating chocolate-flavored cereal and milk for breakfast.

Which of the following is an example of mass collective action?

a boycott of a clothing manufacturer that has factories overseas where child labor is used

The chapter notes that Duke University has changed its name twice and yet remains the same institution, and that the tobacco company Philip Morris changed its name to Altria in order to remake itself into a different institution. These two examples explore the idea of social identity as

a collection of individual stories told between individuals.

Which of the following is an example of a total institution?

a convent

One of the classes you are enrolled in is not only full, but the other students seem to rave about it. It's not due just the subject and it's not due to the professor, and that makes you curious. You have a theory as to why this is so, and you decide to test your theory by building a hypothesis, asking other students a few questions, and then seeing if the results fit your theory. As a sociologist, you are employing what kind of research in your search for answers?

a deductive approach

What is a moderating variable?

a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

a family in which the parents live in California and their children live around the United States

Nursing is a profession that has seen a significant increase in the number of men as nurses. Since 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reports that there has been about an eight percent jump in the number of male nurses. The pay disparity also exists, with male nurses being paid about 20 percent more than their female counterpart. This change in gender balance in this profession seems counter to the idea that

a female dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field.

Residents of a small city learn that a big-box retailer is considering opening a new store near their community. Advocates on each side of the issue organize to promote their point of view - they hang banners and signs around town, write letters to local officials, make presentations at community meetings, and conduct research about how such stores have impacted similar communities. All of this is an example of which type of social movement organization?

a grassroots organization

You're a Facebook user, and are interested in investigating the extent to which users can really "say what they feel" online. You've recently learned that many of your family members are now online too, and you have accepted your mom and dad, your sisters and a brother, a cousin, and an uncle and aunt as your Facebook friends. You decide that it would be useful to start your investigation by interviewing all your family members. What is one of the significant factors you are likely to encounter with such an approach?

a lack of reflexivity in conjunction with interviewing family members

Think about your own experience of going to school. More than simply "what you learned in school today," much of your life has been shaped by that entire experience: what you choose to wear, whom you make friends with, whom you avoid, and how you respond to authority figures such as teachers. Overall, your experience of school is

a major part of your own socialization.

Which of the following is an example of a reformative social movement?

a movement that promotes a switch from standard incandescent light bulbs to energy-saving compact fluorescent bulbs in all American households

A friend of yours spends a lot of time on Facebook, as he has a lot of close friendships there. He is somewhat alienated from his family, who lives far away and most of whom he sees perhaps once a year. Lately, he's been very involved - electronically, of course - with a special, secret group on Facebook whose members share the same common concern about their families and the emotional distance they all seem to experience. Your friend's family would be considered

a primary group.

Suppose you are a member of a six-person cycling team with a strong winning record. After reaching the final round competition, your team faces the prospect of going up against a French team ranked first in the world. This is your team's first ever championship slot, and you are all feeling anxious. Your team leader decides that one way to prepare is to see how you all compare to other French teams, none of whom are in the finals. Your team leader has drawn upon a good sociological idea and is using what to make the comparison?

a reference group

What is the collective conscience?

a set of norms by which members of society abide

Our birth families - mother, father, sister, and so on - are a central part of our life. Your family decides to host a foreign exchange student for a year. It goes well, and, the next year, the student's entire family (all nine of them) decides to visit America and you and your own family. It's not all smooth sailing during the visit, but it's surprisingly pleasant. In the ensuing year, various members of the two families stay in touch. You share this relationship with your own friends. In the context of social networks, what's happening between your two families, as well as the way you share the experience with your friends, is what sociologists call a tie, and despite the fact that you are completely unrelated, this "tie that binds" is made real because of

a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network.

Which of the following is an example of a panel survey?

a study of 1,000 high school seniors who are then contacted every 2 years for a 10-year period to participate in a follow-up survey

In her interview with Dalton Conley Julia Adams talks about the differences between sociology and history. As a self-identified historical comparative sociologist, Adams makes the point that sociologists are less concerned with uniqueness than they are with commonalities. Consider Henry the VIII of England during the mid-1500s. Henry's succession of marriages - six wives in all - is often seen as a unique case. Six wives is a lot, and by many European standards, it is a unique case. A sociologist, however, might well look at it by considering the ways in which Henry's marriages

affected religious life in England then and now.

Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. For many black feminists, Freidan's book ignored thousands of working women and instead suggested that

all women experience oppression in the same way

According to Georg Simmel's view of monetary payment systems, which of the following people is in the best position?

an analyst for a federal government agency

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own personal life experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended the daily lives of himself and his friends, and the ensuing sense of despair, chaos and being disconnected from society are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called

anomie

One of the trends in the current era of globalization is the establishment of trade agreements that

are multilateral

How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families?

as a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities

In India, there is an elaborate system of social classification called the caste system. This has existed for thousands of years, and still dictates, to a great extent, the social and economic status of an individual. This particular status is an example of

ascribed status.

You are on an overseas trip with friends, and enjoy finding a place to stay as a guest in someone's home. At one such place, the hosts invite you to dinner, and serve up a meal of couscous, steamed veggies, and roast dog. You are unprepared for this, and you have a beloved pet dog at home. You recognize that this as a case of differences in

assigned meanings.

According to the bell curve thesis, a theory developed by two academics, genes have a key impact on children's outcomes. This argument is an updated approach to the idea that _________ is the dominant factor in the creation and persistence of poverty.

biology

There have been many cases of what are termed feral children. Many of these are simply stories, but more recent cases have provided concrete substance to the way children develop. The case of the young girl named Genie is the most carefully documented and well studied instance of what happens to a child who does not experience adequate contact with other people during infancy and childhood. Genie was locked in a room alone for nearly 13 years and never developed language skills the way most children do. Obviously, part of this case is due to severe parental neglect, but the other question is whether abilities like language are innate. Fundamentally, this case is about nature versus nurture and whether

biology or socialization shapes human behavior.

This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are

black

Josephine's parents divorced when she was five years old. By the time she was eight, both her parents had remarried and she had two step-siblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. Josephine's two new families are examples of what type of family?

blended family

In India, marriages are often arranged, often when children are young. Parents must consider many factors before approaching either a matchmaker -who can make the most informed choice - or the potential spouse (usually the parents of the potential bride). Religion, culture, horoscope, profession, and status all figure into the decision. One of the larger obstacles that both parents and newlyweds-to-be must face is a cultural expectation of endogamy - marriage within one's group (in this case, their caste). This is a manifestation of which form of social stratification?

caste system

Both quantitative and qualitative methods - the way sociologists can gather data about a social issue or problem - are approaches that attempt to establish a __________ between social elements.

causal relationship

In the United States, media ownership is

centralized in the hands of a few big companies.

Definitions of deviant behavior tend to

change over time and vary from one context to another.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Nitsan Chorev discusses the reasons why developing countries resist trade agreements that include labor and environmental protections. One reason is that

cheap labor in developing countries often gives them a comparative advantage.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Annette Lareau discusses the work found in her book, Unequal Childhoods, and gives numerous examples of the ways in which different parenting strategies play out in the home, and the results of those different strategies. Socioeconomic class differences - middle-class, working-class, and poor - figure prominently into the results, and she notes that the success of the child often hinges upon the knowledge and acceptance that what matters is that

children enter institutions, and institutions have rules.

You go to a party and across the room you spot your best friend's former girlfriend, someone you have really wanted to meet and get to know well. You're unsure how to start the conversation, and feel that it's best to wait for a signal that it's all right to have a conversation. You're exercising what is called

civil inattention.

One of your closest friends works as a repairman for an elevator company, and he pulls in a good six-figure salary. While at a social event together, you overhear a conversation in which your friend is jokingly dismissed as a "common laborer" and a "member of the proletariat." The people making these rude remarks are misconstruing their views on what form of social stratification?

class

The text discusses the way in which the feudal system under the Tudors in England gradually removed the commons area - the place formerly accessible to those choosing to graze animals - which led to migrations into cities and the appearance of the wage system. Though this was the demise of the feudal system, one significant part of that system continued until the present day. That part was the

class structure.

Which of the following is an example of a service sector job?

cleaning someone's home

A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize and participates in a march protesting discrimination against Muslim Americans on campus. Over 300 Muslim American students from area colleges show up to participate. What type of action is this representative of?

collective resistance

Kalani has busy summers planned for her daughters. They take music lessons, soccer lessons, and basketball lessons and attend summer school classes. This is an example of

concerted cultivation.

Which of the following is the best example of a quantitative research method?

conducting a survey of how often people read

In the Sociological Conversations video, Allison Pugh discusses how parents in very different socioeconomic strata decide on whether to purchase the current popular toy for their children and introduces us to the idea of symbolic indulgence and deprivation. In addition to the obvious parenting that is taking place, the families are all participating, willingly or unwillingly, in

consumer culture.

Amber is conducting research on the negative portrayal of Hispanics in the media. She searches through newspapers to document instances of discriminatory language toward Hispanics. What type of research is Amber conducting?

content analysis

After almost a year and half in college, you notice that lack of sleep seems to yield poorer grades. That is, when you (and your friends) don't get enough sleep, your grades seem to go down. It makes sense, right? But if you wanted to do a little research on this and really "tell the story," you might also notice that for some students, lower grades leads to lack of sleep - the worry over those sinking grades keeps them up at night. What kind of relationship between the two variables - lack of sleep and lower grades - are you noticing here?

correlation

What three factors are needed to establish causation?

correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations

The ability to deal with bureaucracies and confidence in public social settings allow Liam's parents to be actively involved in the Parent Teacher Association at his school. These traits are an example of

cultural capital.

Every year, as many as 20,000 devotees of Harley Davidson motorcycles convene in Sturgis, South Dakota. Their numbers frequently overwhelm nearby towns and cities, including that of the Mt. Rushmore National Monument. For the typical American tourist visiting the monument at that time, the cultural collision with the Harley biker crowd can be jarring: they can be rebellious, tattooed, openly use marijuana, and more. For the respectful and observant tourist and the emergent sociologist, though, such an encounter is an opportunity to consider a very different group of people by applying

cultural relativism.

Your friend Jerome tells you he believes that culture is an innate biological aspect of human societies. Having already taken an introductory sociology class, you argue that modes of behavior and understanding are not universal or natural. Your supporting argument is based on the idea of

cultural scripts.

One reason that IQ tests correlate highly with academic performance is that the tests were

developed to assess one kind of intelligence found in schools.

In the book, we are presented with a mobility table. As you look at this table, you can begin to see what happens to the sons- the rate of occupational change is surprisingly low. That is, the sons largely wind up in the same occupational category as the fathers. One of the conclusions from the mobility table analysis suggests that

despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades.

Sociology is distinct from other academic disciplines in its attempt to

detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena.

Using the sociological imagination helps sociologists

develop the ability to see the connections between our own personal experience and the larger forces of history.

In What Money Can't Buy, sociologist Susan Mayer challenged the common assumption that poverty directly causes poor health, behavioral problems, and many other problems for children. One important result of Mayer's work is that it clearly demonstrates how

documenting an association between two factors is very different from showing that poverty caused these social ills.

We know little about the secretive nation of North Korea. Ruled for more than 50 years by a single powerful family, the citizenry, as best as can be determined, is highly regimented in daily life. The country also suffers frequent famines, and blocks all access to outside information sources. Regular and flamboyant displays of their military power show throngs of happy, supportive citizens. To most observers, the leadership is

dominating.

Adekunle enters a clothing store and a security guard immediately notices him and follows his actions on a security monitor. Adekunle is aware of the security guard's actions and adjusts his own behavior to avoid a potential confrontation. This is an example of which sociological concept?

double consciousness

A friend of yours has invited you to a big social event, and knowing you might meet people who can offer you interesting jobs after graduation, you elect to dress really carefully in order to make a really good, strong impression. In sociological terms, you're operating within what theoretical framework?

dramaturgical theory.

If you use Facebook, you probably have a lot of online friends whom you have never met in real life. And chances are you're a member of a number of different groups that reflect your various interests. Maybe you like violin collecting, so you join that group. And don't forget the fans of Hannah Montana (which no one but you is aware of!). And there's your mom, and dad. You get the idea. When you log on, and decide to post a picture of a rare Stradivarius you just spotted, and then drop in on the fan club to ogle some celeb photos, you're "you" in each case. But what you post about violins is not the same as what you'd likely say in a Hannah Montana fan club, and you're going to be careful about what you let mom and dad see. All this fluidity around who you "are" and who "you" are is representative of your

dynamic identity.

Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance?

economic opportunities and crime rates

Which of the following is an example of a social institution?

education system government marriage

In the last few decades, women have joined the workforce in greater numbers and their earning power has increased. Concurrently, the sharing of domestic responsibilities between men and women has changed only slightly, with women continuing to take on a larger share. The text notes that as women's earning go up, the husband becomes more likely to take on more of the domestic responsibility. However, when the woman's earnings surpass that of the man's, the man often drops out of the domestic picture entirely. From a sociological perspective, we might attribute this to

entrenched norms and values around masculinity and femininity.

In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the state of Michigan's ban on affirmative action. In a passionate dissent, Justice Sonya Sotamayor argued that the Michigan law placed an undue burden on minority students not faced by other applicants. What type of equality was Justice Sotamayor arguing in favor of?

equality of condition

Which of the following standards of equality was key to the arguments of civil rights leaders in the 1960s?

equality of opportunity

As originally framed, the U.S. Constitution did not define who was actually eligible to cast a vote - this was left to each state to decide. At this point in U.S. history, many of those considered eligible to vote were property owners or very wealthy. The gradual inclusion of African Americans, women, and other groups took a long time. More recently, voter ID laws have been challenged and enacted, and many would argue that such laws as restrictions to who can and cannot vote are an extension of this long history, which is largely what kind of stratification system?

estate system

In the United States, the poverty line is established by

estimating food costs based on meeting minimum nutritional requirements and assuming that different types of families spend about one-third of their budget on food.

Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals who were deemed "unfit." This categorization of people included those with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of

eugenics

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Matthew Desmond talks about the "Aspen Effect," wherein those who must work to live at fashionable places like Aspen, Colorado, are forced to commute long distances to make it work. But Desmond notes another factor that has a major impact - eviction. Families that cannot pay their rent must move and find a new place to live. The major challenge faced by those being evicted is that

eviction takes a lot of time and forces you to miss work.

Offshore outsourcing is an increasingly popular approach by industry to reduce costs. While the displacement of jobs in such industries as automobile and steel making has been unfolding over the past 40 years, more recent trends reveal a shift in what are termed white-collar jobs - computer systems design and similar work. What is left behind when companies do this are the low-paying service sector jobs - baristas, wait staff, and the like. This is an example of what kind of mobility?

exchange mobility

Which of the following is an example of an application of midrange theory?

exploring the role of churches in rural areas

Another early sociological writer, Harriet Martineau, wrote a book in 1838 that examined the institution of marriage and the assumptions about women's inferiority. In this respect, Martineau adopted what kind of theoretical position in her writing?

feminist

Allison is concerned with the messages that her little sister receives from her elementary school teacher about suitable careers. For example, class lessons portray nurses and secretaries as female but doctors and engineers as male. Allison's concerns reflect her own outlook as a

feminist.

Some Enlightenment thinkers felt that preserving current resources and transforming them into assets was a good thing for society. Part of the thinking was that an individual preserving and accumulating resources, and then storing them as assets would provide an incentive to work in order to build up society. Today, some might wonder about this concept. Consider the president of Equatorial Guinea, one of the world's poorest nations. In 2003, president Teodoro Obiang took full control of the treasury under the pretext of controlling public corruption, and then promptly moved most of the state's money into his own private accounts. In the eyes of the Enlightenment thinkers, these actions might be seen as a good thing because it

fosters inequality based on the emergence of private property when resources are preserved.

Talcott Parsons's claim that the nuclear family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (men) and child rearers (women) is an example of a functionalist approach to sociology. The main problem with this idea is that the

function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is not exclusively that of a single institution.

Every four years, the United States elects a new president. The entire process of swearing in and recognition of the new office holder is an elaborate ceremony, with a great deal of symbol and pomp. Despite the enormous expenditure of time and resources, we continue to hold this ceremony, suggesting it has a crucial purpose in our society. A sociological examination of this particular American rite might well apply ideas from what branch of sociological theory?

functionalism

Transgendered students have created an interesting challenge for some colleges that are founded as all women's or all men's colleges. Wellesley College, a women's college, is trying to figure out how best to deal with the increasing numbers of students admitted as female who, while attending, decide to transition to male identities. Now, from bathrooms to books, Wellesley and other colleges are trying to adapt, sometimes over the voices of the very students they serve. The meanings of "male" and "female" are changing here, challenging what we understand as

gender roles.

Which of the following is an example of a given off gesture?

glancing at your watch while someone talks to you

The Asch test provides insight into what concept?

group conformity

Most would agree that the most popular social media site in the world today is Facebook. It wasn't the first social media site - it had early competition from others like Friendster and MySpace. Today, though, Facebook is virtually the "only game in town" for many social media users. The power of the product is a good example of

hegemony.

The level of income inequality in the United States is

higher than that of all other advanced democracies.

The Tobachnik family has one son and two daughters. The children are assigned chores around the house. The son mows the lawn and takes out the garbage. The daughters do laundry, help with house cleaning, and clean up after meals. This distribution of the chores is an example of

how gender roles are learned at home

Hypothesis: Children in families that eat dinner together at least four times per week experience fewer behavior problems in school. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable?

how often children misbehave in school

If you were to tell someone that you were conducting breaching experiments, you would be telling them that you were intentionally

ignoring social norms to see what happens.

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first start to learn to recognize an "other" through

imitation.

A researcher observes that most women entering a café choose to sit near other occupied tables, whereas most men choose a table that is farther away from other customers. The researcher then theorizes that women like to feel part of a larger group of people, whereas men are more comfortable being alone. This is an example of which kind of research approach?

inductive reasoning

You are a participant in an online forum where the many participants express opinions about online gaming and the things they like and don't like about it. One participant recently posted a mildly irate rant in all caps, evoking a harsh rebuke from large numbers of participants. Such a rebuke is a kind of

informal social sanction

In an interview with the Dalton Conley, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated?

informed consent

You and a friend stop by a convenience store on the way home to buy some food, and at the register, you hand the clerk a $20 bill for your $13.95 purchase. The cash register display is malfunctioning, and when the cash drawer opens, the clerk must figure out your change in his head. As you get in your car, your friend, who is holding the change, realizes that you were given a $5 bill and a nickel - a dollar short of what you should have received. What you've seen in the clerk is his

innumeracy

Many cell phone companies have similar offers and restrictions for changing numbers, adding numbers to a plan, getting a new phone, paying for minutes used beyond the allotted minutes, and so on. These similarities are due to which of the following processes?

institutional isomorphism

One of the difficult problems faced by many colleges and universities is the increase in binge drinking on campus. Pretend you are part of a group seeking to develop approaches to understanding and reducing this problem. Putting on your sociology hat, you suggest to the group that it would useful to understand the meaning placed on the binge-drinking parties, and thereby develop solutions based on an understanding of the experience itself. Your approach uses the methodology embodied in

interpretive sociology.

A company changes from a hierarchical approach to product development to a team-based approach. This involves a fundamental change to the company's

organizational structure.

José goes to a training session for election volunteers in his precinct. There are 15 participants and two trainers. This type of group is known as a

large group

Which of the following is an example of what sociologist Phillip Jackson called the "hidden curriculum" in schools?

learning not to talk when the teacher or a classmate is talking

You are part of a research team that is stationed in Uganda to do sociological surveys on HIV/AIDS. It is a two-year assignment, and you are there with your spouse, a same-sex married partner of eight years. You are aware that in Uganda, the parliament passed a bill in 2009 criminalizing homosexuality, punishable by death. This was later changed to life imprisonment. Attitudes in the country are not favorable toward homosexuality, and while you are safe in your living quarters and have not experienced difficulties in daily life, you are always on guard. As you complete your work, and begin the write-up, you have to work hard to

letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing.

Under Adolf Hitler, the Nazis developed a carefully planned network of concentration camps. These were designed to hold all those deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi leadership. An individual consigned to a camp was forced to work, given a specific uniform that was the same as all other prisoners, given a limited ration of food, no access to amenities, and faced a near certain death by poison gas. This tragic episode in human history is an extreme example of

life in a total institution

In his experiment, Duncan Watts created a website where respondents could rate songs. His sample size was 14,341 respondents. If Watts selected a new sample of 14,341 different respondents and their average ratings of each song were significantly different than the first sample, what problem would Watts's research suffer from?

low reliability

Justin decides to conduct research for a class project by recording and assessing how public transit companies can persuade people to take a public bus to and from work. Which type of sociology is this?

macrosociology

Same-sex marriage has been at the forefront of America's "culture wars" for over a decade. The striking down of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) has further changed the marriage landscape and created a new problem. While same-sex couples enjoy greater marital freedom than ever before, one major limitation is that

marriage is not recognized as legally binding in all states in the same way.

In the model of premodern societies, Georg Simmel suggests that they are characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation. At the center of this circle of affiliation is

me

There are many different student organizations on a college campus. Think about your campus for a moment. Can you think of a student-run, student-led organization? Now stop and consider the ways in which this organization shares their beliefs and behaviors. Like a larger society, such organizations have

organizational culture.

An interesting innovation created quite a stir in 2003. The Schipol airport in Amsterdam fitted the men's restrooms with urinals that had a detailed picture of a fly on the inner wall. The idea was to reduce the mess - and it worked. In order to understand how this could work, the company that made the urinals would have had to do some careful research - focus groups, interviews, and the like - and apply the methods of what kind of sociology?

microsociology

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Paula England highlights the changing gender dynamics of relationships for college students. England's research found that students hook up rather than date, and that when they did, "something sexual happens" (which may or may not be intercourse). Furthermore, the whole idea of a relationship is very tenuous. Dating has a very different meaning, with an expectation that it might mean a relationship, and that it is

monogamous

In the Moynihan report, The Negro Family, released in 1965, it was found that 25 percent of black wives outearned their husbands, leading the report to conclude that there was a "pathological" matriarchy. One of the chief suggestions that emerged from this report was that black women

needed to be more feminine in order to be successful wives.

Research shows that the closer in age siblings are, the more they compete for family resources, which

negatively impacts their educational outcomes because they receive comparatively less attention.

A friend tells you about her experience attending a midnight screening of The Rocky Horror Picture Show. Nearly everyone in attendance was dressed in skimpy clothing such as leather hot pants, corsets, or knee-high platform boots (although all were "street legal"), despite the well posted sign in the theater lobby that required a minimal dress code - "appropriate, everyday attire." Could this be seen as an example of collective action?

no, because social norms at the screening did not diverge among those who were present

You and a date are enjoying time at a fancy cocktail party, schmoozing it up with lots of people. As you pluck a drink off a tray, you turn and almost run into actor Kevin Bacon! You discover after a short chat that you both know your date. With perfect calm, you remark that it sure is a small world and that maybe that six degrees thing was true. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Duncan Watts confirms the work of Stanley Milgram, but also notes that the "six degrees" idea can apply to

nonhuman networks.

Studies show that a primary concern held by U.S. workers about unionizing is related to management hostility. In this age of technology, there's another consideration - employee monitoring. In this scenario, a corporation may require that all electronic communications by employees be subject to oversight, placing a damper on the willingness of employees to speak up or share with others. Underlying all of this is the fear

of loss of livelihood.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen'nan Read discusses the meaning of Arab and Muslim. Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab Americans were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since then, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and have now been effectively racialized because

of the tendency to conflate Arab and Muslim as the same thing.

In the effort to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS, organizations and countries have marshaled a vast number of resources, including research designed to understand how the virus is spread among a population. Often, this research involves an investigation into the nature of "having sex." Here, one the challenges is to precisely define what exactly is meant by having sex in order to then consider the variables related to such a study and the methods needed to gather the data. This challenge is crucial to any good sociological study and is called

operationalization.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her fieldwork in Milwaukee and New York in which job applicants, both having a fake prison record, differed in race. The white applicants were far more likely to be called back for an interview. Stepping past racism, Pager talks about unconscious stereotypes that are part of the mindset of the persons doing the hiring. The link between prison, race, and anticipated behavior formed in their mind is almost an expectation, part of how things are. This can be understood as a manifestation of

organic solidarity.

feelings of inferiority

parental stress

lack of reliable social networks

parental stress

Winona is picking up her children at day-care center. Her nine-hour minimum-wage shift as a temp leaves her exhausted. As she piles her two kids into the car, she loses her temper after one of them refuses to sit still for her to fasten the seatbelt and throws a tantrum. Winona's solution is to yell at the child until he calms down and does what she asks. A sociologist might say that Winona's situation is an example of the

parenting stress hypothesis

The practice of tracking - sorting students according to ability - is controversial. Some research suggests it is beneficial, other research that it is not. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Steven Morgan describes his work with non-Catholic students attending Catholic schools. He casts doubt on the benefits of tracking and instead suggests that

parents' goals for their children may play a large part in their success.

Lisa is a Christian student who lives in Saudi Arabia. When she first moved to Saudi Arabia, she was sometimes denied service at restaurants for not wearing a headscarf. Now, when she leaves her apartment, she wears a headscarf. What is this an example of?

passing

Studies show that when low-achieving students are placed in a class with mostly high-achieving students, their academic performance tends to improve. This is an example of the importance of

peer-to-peer dynamics.

The recent American television show Sister Wives tells the true story of Kody Brown, a man living in Utah who has four wives. After the series began, prosecutors in the state began to investigate whether Brown and his marriages were violating the law. After a lengthy legal challenge, the court held that they were both legal and plural in the state of Utah. The challenge that the Browns overcame was based on the existing legal sanctions that prohibited polygamy, but in Brown's case, it was a specialized case of polygamy referred to as

polygyny

Gender, a topic that will be covered in greater detail in the chapters ahead, frequently poses a challenge to many, even leading to violent reactions. Seeing someone dressed as a male who also has obvious, visible secondary sex characteristics such as breasts and yet insists on using the personal pronoun he is a good example of how meaning is subjective. This is an example of

postmodernism.

In the text, we read about the case of Marlin, whose life seems to reflect the entire scope of government programs and social ills in America. Fed by food stamps, housed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and moved through education and prison systems that have left him almost as he started, Marlin is a case study of the human scope of the problem and a reflection of the underlying question about

poverty as the cause or result of social problems

Ray is very disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos are not supportive of women having successful careers. This is an example of

prejudice

Women's bodies have been a central preoccupation in the United States for quite some time. Certain ideals seem the most highly valued: thinness, fitness, skin tone, and so forth. Reflection theory suggests that this obsession with the "perfect female body" emerges from the innate nature of our social structures and the kinds of relationships we seek and value: we want to be with people who meet this standard of perfection. That is, the culture of women's bodies is a result of our own proclivities, and not of the way in which women are depicted in the media. The primary difficulty with this idea is that it

presumes culture is a one-way process.

You're at a friend's house, enjoying a party with others. One of the guests strikes up a conversation about apathy in voters and claims he has a pretty good idea as to why voter apathy is so high, calling it a "well-educated hypothesis." You point out that his idea is really nothing more than a guess (much to his annoyance). He would need to do what in order to call it a hypothesis?

propose a relationship between two variables

The Industrial Revolution had a dramatic effect on the division of labor between men and women, changing the nature of gender roles entirely and shifting kinship networks. This represents a major shift in the

realms of the public and private

Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of?

recidivism

In the Sociological Conversations video, Allison Pugh discusses her work on consumer culture and socioeconomic class differences. Where their children were concerned, low-income parents tended to strive for symbolic indulgence and high-income parents tended toward symbolic deprivation. These actions are an attempt to ensure that their kids "fit in" at school - their parents were afraid of difference. The actions that a parent takes in deciding whether to provide their child with something can be understood sociologically as

reflecting values.

Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post a sign that reads, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." This is an example of which of the following?

reinforcement of a cultural norm

A classmate has been talking for weeks about trying out for the school dance team. The day after the tryouts, you ask her how it went, and she answers that she didn't go because she was sick. In reality, however, she did try out but wasn't selected. The way your classmate handled the situation is an example of what?

saving face

As a budding sociologist, you decide to undertake a study of American politics by attending presidential caucuses. Your personal affiliation is that of a liberal independent, and you are interested in the process from many different perspectives. Your first stop is at a caucus for the Republican candidates. Everyone in the audience is passionate about their beliefs, and you find yourself swept up in the process, reacting somewhat strongly to ideas that you see as extreme. In developing the paper discussing your study results, what is one of the major obstacles you must overcome in order to produce a well-balanced, objective study?

remembering that everyone, including yourself, is raised into a system of beliefs that influences our thinking and perceptions

In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system

represents a transformation in social control.

HIV/AIDS has devastated many different populations. Efforts to reduce the spread of the disease have often focused on sexual behavior. Many studies in Africa have presumed that awareness of high HIV rates would lead to a change in sexual behavior - the higher the prevalence rate, the fewer risky sexual behaviors should be observed (the dependent variable). Following widespread educational efforts (the independent variable), the actual change in HIV rate showed little to no change. This is an example of

reverse causality.

Since the 1970s, both violent and total crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have

risen dramatically.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, C. J. Pascoe talks about the ways in which boys in high school police the boundaries of masculinity, specifically by using the term fag; that what is at stake is not sexual orientation, but norms of what is perceived as "masculine." In 2010, Billy Lucas, a 15-year-old high school student, hung himself after repeatedly being called a "fag" by his peers for "looking different." The persistent use of a pejorative term against a student who does not obviously cross the masculine boundary can lead to what sort of sociological problem for the student?

role conflict

As a mother, Janelle sometimes feels torn. She knows she should be loving and supportive, but sometimes she needs to be firm and discipline her children. These seemingly incompatible expectations are an example of

role strain.

In the United States, public nudity has generally been seen as socially unacceptable. Women, in particular, who have tried to change this by going topless have been arrested, summoned to court, and evaluated by psychiatrists for their mental stability. Having transgressed this boundary once, with consequences, those who continue to transgress might be seen as expressing

secondary deviance.

A television ad campaign for a new car starts playing nationwide. Within weeks, people are bombarding the car manufacturer for information about a song that is featured in the ad and trying to find it online. This is an example of a

short-term, unintended media effect.

While Shamus Khan's research sheds light on the nature of some private schools, other researchers find that Catholic schools, which are also private schools, were among the most successful in preparing students academically, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Several researchers suggest that students at Catholic schools make beneficial connections with people, which is an example of

social capital

You attend a dinner party with a dozen people. The invitation was from a close and valued friend trying to help you land a job in your chosen field of human resources. Your friend was unable to attend, and you knew nobody at the dinner, even though the guests were all employed in human resource departments in the area. During the dinner, you were quiet and reserved, and never really got to know anyone at all and you had no meaningful conversations with anyone. Afterward, you worry you have lost the chance to expand your

social capital.

Bathrooms are usually divided between men and women. We are expected to use the bathroom that reflects our self as either a man or a woman. For transgender persons, however, this can present a conundrum. To choose which bathroom to use, a transgender person is often called on to ignore learned, preexisting

social norms.

At a friend's housewarming, you meet a nice couple from India. They are engaged and tell you that their marriage was arranged - the young woman was "given" to the young man when they both very young (she was 12, he was 14). They seem happy with this arrangement, but you're quite taken aback. Later on, you have the chance to be alone with the young woman. You ask her about the arranged marriage, and indeed, she seems very happy about the impending nuptials. By your standards, this all seems very hard to take, but since the couple is happy, you let it go. This is an example of

socialization.

The two primary functions of schools are to educate and socialize students. In the beginning of the chapter we read about Patrick, a young Liberian man who enrolls in a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)-based school. What might be one of the things that the MOOC coursework cannot offer Patrick and other students?

socialize them

You have decided to conduct a study on your campus that examines sexual assault with the hope of offering recommendations to the administration for policy changes. You have selected as your sample the members of all the campus fraternities, as this is a subpopulation of the entire campus and seems to often be at the center of the cases. While this is an interesting approach, your results are quite clearly

speaking beyond your data.

Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?

spirituality

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States undertook the mass incarceration of all persons living in the United States who were of Japanese ancestry. The government stated that this action was to preserve national security. Many of those sent to these concentration camps were U.S. citizens, even though their parents or grandparents may have been born in Japan, because of the feeling that all Japanese were dangerous. This action is representative of the use of

stereotypes.

Birth and children identify women with domestic life.

structural functionalism

Someone you knew at college came from a small town in the country, and her parents operate a farm. She graduated when you did and now holds a job in retail clothing. From a sociological standpoint, she has experienced what kind of mobility?

structural mobility

Examining the interactions between people with a focus on how the people talk, dress, and use body language is an example of which theory?

symbolic interactionism

Skateboarding is a very popular pastime among youth in larger urban settings. Even within the activity, there are distinct variations on how it's done - street versus vert, and so on. There is a large lexicon of terms and phrases, and these can vary over locale. Skaters are a kind of

subculture.

Many states in the United States have special court diversion programs that are designed to help youth avoid the consequences of what society agrees are criminal acts: theft, robbery, drunken driving, and so forth. The application process involves a meeting between the offender and a case manager, who strives to get to know the offender, their strengths and weaknesses, and what led to the offense. This level of individual interest is an example of

symbolic interactionism

The text recounts an example of the difficulties in the classroom around discipline when the students become rowdy and hard to manage. The teacher so identified in the work of Amanda Lewis, Mr. Ortiz, uses classroom time to encourage students to insult one another. What kind of approach is Mr. Ortiz failing to use in this case?

teaching methods that are supported by extensive research

Which of the following is an example of informal deviance?

telling the hostess of a dinner party that you didn't like the main dish

Melinda and Alex are co-leads on a project at work, but their working styles differ greatly and they are having trouble agreeing on procedures and objectives. Elena, a member of their team who is relatively new to the company, steps in and pulls together a crucial part of the project to meet a tight deadline. The account manager is impressed with Elena's work, and she ends up getting a promotion after the project is completed. In this triad, Elena could be said to have assumed what role?

tertius gaudens

For a research project in your introductory sociology course, you decide to compare the coverage of health and beauty topics to that of career and professional topics in magazines created for women. You are conducting

textual analysis.

Leticia, a high school student who has been in remedial math classes for years, changes schools and is placed in a regular math class. She is sure she will fail and tries to switch classes, but the remedial class is full. Her new math teacher encourages Leticia and tells her she shows promise with math skills. Halfway through the semester, Leticia is surprised to find that she is doing well in the class. This scenario is an example of

the Pygmalion effect.

One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been

the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons.

The Gautreaux Assisted Living Program in Chicago and the Moving to Opportunity study provided opportunities to explore

the effects on families of living in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood.

Vilfredo Pareto felt that a few select elite leaders could successfully hold power in a society, as long as they were able and knew what they were doing. This has become known as the Pareto principle and is one of the basic ideas behind what we refer to as a meritocracy. In 1961, outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered a now famous farewell address in which he forewarned of the rise of the "military-industrial complex" which had the potential for a "disastrous rise of misplaced power." This concept is strongly reflective of what concept disparaged by C. Wright Mills?

the elite-mass dichotomy system

Which of the following is an example of soft power?

the expansion of American corporations into the global Third World

The gender pay gap generates considerable discussion. As defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), this gap is the "difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings." Critics of the pay gap note that women do not work as many hours as men, that children necessitate women as primary caregivers (as the sole persons able to bear children), and that the entire problem "can be explained away by simply taking account of college majors." All of this debate underscores what basic idea?

the extent of male dominance in society

What is the primary difference between a participatory movement organization and a professional movement organization?

the level of involvement of rank-and-file members

In 2013, the tragic situation of 32 mentally disabled workers at a turkey-processing plant in Iowa resulted in a jury awarding them $240 million dollars in damages and back wages. The workers had been forced to work despite illness or injuries, were denied bathroom breaks, locked in their rooms, and worse. This kind of modern-day slavery is not uncommon, sadly, and is an example of what sociological concept?

the master-slave dialectic

According to the sociologist Georg Simmel, what can you use to predict the behavior of members of a social group?

the number of people in the group

Interest in determining "racial purity" was not, and is not, a problem found exclusively in any society. As we have seen, numerous methods were devised in an attempt to ensure that one's racial makeup was exact and clear. The "one-drop" rule was one method, arising out of miscegenation laws forbidding interracial marriage. The fundamental flaw with the "one-drop" rule is that

the one-drop rule depended on a nonexistent ability or test to detect, biologically, the presence of racial impurities.

The divorce rate in the United States has been rising steadily since the nineteenth century. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin suggests that one of the primary reasons for this paradox of the "love of marriage" and the increasing divorce rate is due to

the pervasive idea of individualism in America since the colonial period.

Auguste Comte developed very early ideas about sociology at a time when concern for proper behavior was a dominant part of life. A major part of his approach revolved around the idea of a secular morality. What aspect of life at that time would likely have made acceptance of Comte's ideas difficult?

the predominance of religion in daily life

Studies have shown that academic performance in private schools outperforms those in public schools. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Shamus Khan talks about St. Paul's School, a private boarding school costing almost $40,000 per year. Khan notes that students attending essentially convert their "birthright into credentials." What important aspect of education in the U.S. is reflected in his comments?

the problem of addressing inequality in schools

According to Karl Marx, workers in a capitalist economy are alienated from the products they produce because

the production process is distributed among many different people.

Ben is the fifth child in a family of nine and has five brothers. When he started college, his parents told him he had to get a job on campus if he wanted to pay for his education as they could not afford a car and his financial aid only covered tuition and basic supplies. Ben's parents are an example of

the resource dilution model-- Parental resources are finite, so more children in a family result in fewer resources available to each child.

The Chicago School of American Sociology emphasized the importance of

the social environment in shaping people's behavior and personality.

Martha wants to get a highly competitive internship with a state legislator. She has talked to her family members and friends, but no one seems to have any useful contacts. One day she runs into a former classmate she has not seen for several years and learns that the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for a state senator in the most recent election. The classmate then offers to put Martha in touch with his cousin. This is an example of what concept?

the strength of weak ties

We often forget that while many of the truly ugly manifestations of racism were highly visible 100 years ago, attitudes, unfortunately, change very slowly. It was not until 1967 that the idea of a white man marrying a black woman overcame legal barriers in the case of Loving v. Virginia. Both husband and wife were born Americans, but for many people, their union represented a violation of social norms because

they married outside the group

Which of the following is an example of using one's sociological imagination?

thinking about why people in a particular country greet each other in a certain way

The SAT is a controversial topic in higher education these days. The SAT has long been considered to be a way to provide an objective look at student ability and help predict success, but many researchers have noted that the SAT does not do this. What might one of the underlying reasons be for the College Board - the organization that currently administers and controls the SAT - be for continuing to advance the merits of the test?

to maintain their position as a viable company

In August 2014, police in Ferguson, Missouri, shot a young black man. The incident sparked a wave of riots and civil unrest, and elicited a dialog about both police and race relations nationwide. The town of Ferguson is predominantly African American, having shifted over the years as the white population moved to the suburbs. Some have argued that part of the problem in Ferguson originated from the disparity between the residents and police department, where the city was comprised of one population (black) and the police department another (white). This underlies a more fundamental problem faced by many communities, in that the decline of communal ties has lessened the amount of

trust

Comparative research usually involves studying which of the following?

two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest

Poverty is a persistent problem in nearly every human society. In the United States, it is usually thought of as a condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is so severe as to prevent the individual from living with dignity. Despite decades of effort and billions of dollars, poverty continues unabated. Recent research suggests that poverty is a kind of proxy - a "stand-in" - for the

underlying social disease of inequality and economic segregation.

Nonmaterial culture includes

values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms.

In an effort to understand how group dynamics change under duress, a research team gathers 100 people at a very remote mountain location, bringing them all in by helicopter. Using carefully designed interviews, the researchers begin the lengthy process of interviewing the participants. After the second day, however, there are a dozen participants who express unhappiness and want to leave. The research team reminds them that they signed an agreement agreeing to be interviewed knowing what it entailed, that leaving is not practical and that they need to continue with the process. The research team is overlooking what aspect of research?

voluntary participation

With the advent of Internet, smartphones, and information technology, we are awash in imagery. Facebook, FourSquare, and Instagram all give us instant access to see into the minutiae of others and to share our own lives through text and images. Food and fabulousness abound on a worldwide scale. We need no connection to those far flung others, nor know of their culture or history - a photo or image will do. For the postmodernist, this embodies the idea that

we should question whether or not there is a history.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jennifer Lee observes that the white-black divide is now the black-nonblack divide. Much of her data stems from the experiences of first- and second-generation Asians and Latinos, where each successive generation's outcome improves. Among black Americans this is not the case, and much of that problem can be seen through disparities between blacks and all other groups in

wealth and educational attainment.

Your good friend Narayan is visiting from India. You both have just finished checking out in the department store. As you walk to the exit, the burly white security guard stops Narayan and insists that he open his parcel for inspection. However, you, a white person, are allowed to continue. One of the likely reasons for this is that people

who are white are usually ignored in situations like this.

What are the two factors that are used to distinguish between different types of social movements?

whose behavior they seek to change; whether the change sought is limited or radical

For almost a decade, an annual event to protest oil use attracts millions of people in cities all over the world to what is billed as the annual world naked bike ride. Riders gather, disrobe and then ride together on a planned route through a busy part of a city, watched and cheered and jeered by nonriders. Is this consistent with the idea behind convergence theory?

yes, because all participants have the same idea

You would like to understand why middle-school children in an inner-city school are drawn to drug use. After thoroughly operationalizing the terms, developing well-honed variables, and identifying a sample, you must apply to an institutional review board in order to conduct the research. One of the main concerns is that

you are dealing with a protected population group.