I/O CH9: Employee Motivation

profit-sharing

As its name implies, ___________ pro- grams provide employees with a percentage of profits above a certain amount.

SMART

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely

Valence

The extent to which an employee values a particular consequence.

instrumentality

The extent to which the outcome of a worker's performance, if noticed, results in a particular consequence.

group based incentive plans

The idea _________________ is to get employees to participate in the success or failure of the organization. Rather than encouraging individual competition, these plans reward employees for reaching group goals.

Pygmalion effect

The idea here is that if an employee feels that a manager has confidence in him, his self-esteem will increase, as will his performance. Such a process is known as the _______________.

Galatea effect

This relationship between self-expectations and performance is called the _________.

feedback

To increase the effectiveness of goal setting, ______________ should be provided to employees on their progress in reaching their goals

intrinsically motivated

When people are ____________, they will seek to perform well because they either enjoy performing the actual tasks or enjoy the challenge of success- fully completing the task.

ego needs

When social needs have been satisfied, employees concentrate next on meeting their ________________. These are needs for recognition and success, and an organization can help to satisfy them through praise, awards, promotions, salary increases, publicity, and many other ways.

extrinsically motivated

When they are ______________, they don't particularly enjoy the tasks but are motivated to perform well to receive some type of reward or to avoid negative consequences

goal setting

With _____________, each employee is given a goal such as increasing attendance, selling more products, or reducing the number of grammar errors in reports.

stock options

With _____________, employees are given the opportunity to purchase stock in the future, typically at the market price on the day the options were granted.

Outputs

________ are those elements that we receive from our jobs. A list of obvious _____ includes pay, benefits, challenge, and responsibility. Less obvious _________ are benefits such as friends and office furnishings.

Inputs

__________ are those personal elements that we put into our jobs. Obvious elements are time, effort, education, and experience. Less obvious elements include money spent on child care and distance driven to work.

gainsharing

___________ ties groupwide financial incentives to improvements (gains) in organizational performance.

Hygiene factors

______________ are those job-related elements that result from but do not involve the job itself.

ERG theory

______________ is that Aldefer suggested that a person can skip levels. This explains why a higher-level need sometimes does not become more important once a lower-level need has been satisfied.

Motivators

_______________ are job elements that do concern actual tasks and duties. Examples of this would be the level of responsibility, the amount of job control, and the interest that the work holds for the employee.

Social needs

_______________ involve working with others, developing friendships, and feeling needed. Organizations attempt to satisfy their employees' social needs in a variety of ways.

merit pay

________________ systems base their incentives on performance appraisal scores rather than on such objective performance measures as sales and productivity.

Individual incentive plans

_________________ are designed to make high levels of individual performance financially worthwhile and the research is clear monetary incen- tives increase performance over the use of a guaranteed hourly salary

Socially influenced self-esteem

_________________ is how a person feels about himself on the basis of the expectations of others.

Self-Esteem

__________________ is the extent to which a person views himself as valuable and worthy.

Equity theory

___________is based on the premise that our levels of motivation and job satisfaction are related to how fairly we believe we are treated in comparison with others. If we believe we are treated unfairly, we attempt to change our beliefs or behaviors until the situation appears to be fair.

Situational self-esteem

a person's feeling about himself in a particular situation such as operating a machine or talking to other people

Chronic Self-esteem

a person's overall feeling about himself

need for affiliation

employees who have a strong __________ are motivated by jobs in which they can work with and help other people.

need for power

employees who have a strong _______________ are motivated by a desire to influence others rather than simply to be successful.

reinforcement hierarchy

on which an employee lists his preferences for a variety of reinforcers.

expectancy

perceived relationship between the amount of effort an employee puts in and the resulting outcome.

Golem effect

the ______________ occurs when negative expectations of an individual cause a decrease in that individual's actual performance

operant conditioning principles,

which state that employees will engage in behaviors for which they are rewarded and avoid behaviors for which they are punished.

Premack Principle

which states that reinforcement is relative and that a supervisor can reinforce an employee with something that on the surface does not appear to be a reinforcer.

self-fulfilling prophecy

which states that an individual will perform as well or as poorly as he expects to perform. In other words, if an individual believes he is intelligent, he should do well on tests. If he thinks he is dumb, he should do poorly.

self-actualization

An employee striving for ___________________________ wants to reach her potential in every task.

self-regulation theory

An interesting extension on goal setting and feedback is the concept this. Though this feedback often comes from others, the idea behind self-regulation theory is that employees monitor their own progress toward attaining goals and then make the necessary adjustments; that is, they ____________________.

job characteristics theory

According to ______________, employees desire jobs that are meaningful, provide them with the opportunity to be personally responsible for the outcome of their work (autonomy), and provide them with feedback of the results of their efforts

Korman's consistency theory

According to ____________________, there is a positive correlation between self-esteem and performance.

safety needs

After basic biological needs have been met, a job that merely provides food and shelter will no longer be satisfying. Employees then become concerned about meeting their _____________. That is, they may work in an unsafe coal mine to earn enough money to ensure their family's survival, but once their family has food and shelter, they will remain satisfied with their jobs only if the workplace is safe.

pay-for-performance

Also called earnings-at-risk (EAR) plans, ________________ plans pay employees according to how much they individually produce.

need for achievement

Employees who have a strong ___________________ are motivated by jobs that are challenging and over which they have some control, whereas employees who have minimal achievement needs are more satisfied when jobs involve little challenge and have a high probability of success.

two-factor theory.

Herzberg believed that job-related factors could be divided into two categories—hygiene factors and motivators—thus the name ______________.

social recognition

Informal recognition programs, called ______________, can prove to be tremendous sources of employee motivation. Social recognition consists of per- sonal attention, signs of approval (e.g., smiles, head nods), and expressions of appreciation

basic biological needs

Maslow thought that an individual first seeks to satisfy ___________________ for food, air, water, and shelter. In our case, an individual who does not have a job, is homeless, and is on the verge of starvation will be sat- isfied with any job as long as it provides for these basic needs.