IS 451 - Midterm 2 Study

____ 64. ____ should result in improvements in project performance. a. Corrective actions c. Preventive actions b. Corrective reports d. Proactive methods

a. Corrective actions

____ 42. Project ____ management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with the project. a. human resource c. communications b. risk d. procurement

a. human resource

____ 47. A ____ is a collection of project phases. a. project life cycle c. project planning cycle b. project feasibility d. project acquisition

a. project life cycle

____ 56. A(n) ____ is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project's execution and control. a. project management plan c. scope statement b. statement of work d. contact

a. project management plan

____ 58. In ____, Henry Gantt developed the famous Gantt chart as a tool for scheduling work in factories. a. 1897 c. 1927 b. 1917 d. 1957

b. 1917

____ 36. The limitations of scope, time, and cost goals are sometimes referred to as the ____. a. double bind c. double constraint b. triple constraint d. double obstacle

b. triple constraint

____ 52. The ____ model assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined. a. spiral life cycle c. prototyping life cycle b. waterfall life cycle d. RAD life cycle

b. waterfall life cycle

____ 55. The ____ model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype. a. incremental build life cycle c. RAD life cycle b. waterfall life cycle d. spiral life cycle

. RAD life cycle

____ 63. ____ was an early project management software product that helped managers analyze complex schedules for designing aircraft. a. Artemis c. Vega b. Columbia d. Oberlin

a. Artemis

31. A research report showed that the U.S. spends ____ on projects every year. a. $2.3 billion c. $2.3 trillion b. $23 billion d. $23 trillion

c. $2.3 trillion

____ 51. In a weighted scoring model, the sum of all of the criteria's weights must total ____ percent. a. 0 c. 100 b. 50 d. 150

c. 100

32. A research report showed that the U.S. spends the equivalent of ____ percent of the nation's gross domestic product on projects every year. a. 10 c. 25 b. 20 d. 50

c. 25

____ 63. On large projects, many project managers say that ____ percent of the job is communicating and managing changes. a. 50 c. 90 b. 70 d. 100

c. 90

____ 47. According to the Standish Group study describing what factors contribute most to the success of information technology projects, ____ percent of successful projects are led by experienced project managers. a. 75 c. 97 b. 80 d. 100

c. 97

____ 48. "All project leaders use a shared road map, focusing on key business aspects of their projects while integrating goals across all parts of the organization" describes the ____ best practice for project delivery. a. Use an integrated toolbox b. Grow project leaders c. Develop a streamlined project delivery process d. Measure project health using metrics

c. Develop a streamlined project delivery process

____ 49. ____ project management software integrates information from multiple projects to show the status of active, approved, and future projects across an entire organization. a. Investment c. Enterprise b. Active d. Budget

c. Enterprise

____ 46. Many companies have realized that information technology is integral to their business and have created a vice president or equivalent-level position for the head of information technology, often called the ____. a. CPO c. CEO b. CFO d. CIO

d. CIO

45. ____ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence. a. Opportunities c. Problems b. Commands d. Directives

d. Directives

38. In the ____ stage, organizations tie information technology strategy to mission and vision of organization and identify key business areas. a. Project Planning b. Business Area Analysis c. Resource Allocation d. Information Technology Strategy Planning

d. Information Technology Strategy Planning

____ 56. Most people agree that the modern concept of project management began with the ____. a. Great Wall of China c. Egyptian pyramids b. first space shuttle d. Manhattan Project

d. Manhattan Project

____ 33. ____ is a problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs. a. Systems philosophy c. Systems troubleshooting b. Systems management d. Systems analysis

d. Systems analysis

____ 59. A Gantt chart is a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a ____ format. a. pie chart c. bar graph b. line graph d. calendar

d. calendar

____ 38. In the example of the project of building a house, the project sponsors would be the potential ____. a. contractors c. managers b. support staff d. new homeowners

d. new homeowners

____ 68. The Project Management ____, a Web site for people involved in project management, provides an alphabetical directory of more than 300 project management software solutions. a. Center c. Consortium b. Alliance d. Facility

a. Center

32. ____ involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project. a. Developing the project charter b. Developing the preliminary project scope statement c. Developing the project management plan d. Directing and managing project execution

a. Developing the project charter

____ 69. ____ tools are often recommended for small projects and single users. a. Low-end c. High-end b. Midrange d. Expensive

a. Low-end

____ 64. A PMO, or Project ____ Office, is an organizational group responsible for coordinating the project management function throughout an organization. a. Management c. Municipal b. Money d. Marketing

a. Management

39. In the ____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations define project scope, benefits, and constraints. a. Project Planning b. Business Area Analysis c. Resource Allocation d. Information Technology Strategy Planning

a. Project Planning

44. One method for selecting projects based on ____ is to determine whether they first meet three important criteria: need, funding, and will. a. broad organizational needs b. using a weighted scoring model c. implementing a balanced scorecard d. categorizing information technology projects

a. broad organizational needs

____ 47. The first step in determining the NPV is to ____. a. determine the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces b. determine the discount rate c. calculate the net present value d. determine the cash flow

a. determine the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces

____ 50. In the ____ phase, the project team creates more detailed project plans, a more accurate cost estimate, and a more thorough WBS. a. development c. concept b. implementation d. close-out

a. development

____ 61. The majority of time on a project is usually spent on ____, as is most of the project's budget. a. execution c. closing b. planning d. monitoring and controlling

a. execution

36. The ____ step in the planning process is to tie the information technology strategic plan to the organization's overall strategic plan. a. first c. third b. second d. fourth

a. first

____ 48. In early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually ____ and the level of uncertainty is ____. a. lowest; highest c. lowest; lowest b. high; lowest d. highest; highest

a. lowest; highest

____ 54. A(n) ____ often deals with the day-to-day details of meeting specific goals. a. manager c. programmer b. leader d. analyst

a. manager

____ 36. The ____ assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups. a. political frame c. structural frame b. symbolic frame d. human resources frame

a. political frame

____ 38. In a ____, program managers report to the CEO. a. project organizational structure c. matrix organizational structure b. system organizational structure d. functional organizational structure

a. project organizational structure

____ 40. Project ____ management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully. a. scope c. time b. quality d. cost

a. scope

____ 34. The ____ focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management. a. structural frame c. political frame b. human resources frame d. symbolic frame

a. structural frame

____ 57. The Manhattan Project cost almost $2 billion in ____. a. 1936 c. 1956 b. 1946 d. 1966

b. 1946

____ 32. The term "systems approach" emerged in the ____. a. 1940s c. 1960s b. 1950s d. 1970s

b. 1950s

____ 56. Most trade schools, colleges, and universities did not start offering degrees in computer technology, computer science, management information systems, or other information technology areas until the ____. a. 1950s c. 1980s b. 1970s d. 1990s

b. 1970s

____ 62. By the ____, the U.S. military and its civilian suppliers developed software to assist in managing large projects. a. 1960s c. 1980s b. 1970s d. 1990s

b. 1970s

37. In the ____ information technology planning stage, the analysis outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which ones could most benefit from information technology. a. Project Planning b. Business Area Analysis c. Resource Allocation d. Information Technology Strategy Planning

b. Business Area Analysis

42. Author ____, who developed the concept of the strategic value of competitive advantage, has written several books and articles on strategic planning and competition. a. James Bacon c. Robert Cooper b. Michael Porter d. Carol Matlack

b. Michael Porter

____ 46. ____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time. a. Cost of capital c. Cash flow b. Net present value d. Payback

b. Net present value

____ 45. ____ refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment. a. Means-ends orientation c. Conflict tolerance b. Open-systems focus d. Risk tolerance

b. Open-systems focus

____ 37. ____ are the people involved in or affected by project activities and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents of the project. a. Managers c. Directors b. Stakeholders d. Citizens

b. Stakeholders

____ 31. ____ describes a holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization. a. Systems philosophy c. Systems analysis b. Systems thinking d. Systems approach

b. Systems thinking

____ 46. According to the Standish group, which of the following factors contributes most to the success of information technology projects? a. Executive support c. Experienced project manager b. User involvement d. Clear business objectives

b. User involvement

____ 52. A(n) ____ is a methodology that converts an organization's value drivers, such as customer service, innovation, operational efficiency, and financial performance, to a series of defined metrics. a. payback analysis c. weighted scoring model b. balanced scorecard d. net present value analysis

b. balanced scorecard

30. The ____ process involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance of the final products and services and bringing the project, or project phase, to an orderly end. a. ending b. closing c. developing d. completing

b. closing

____ 35. The ____ focuses on producing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of the people. a. structural frame c. political frame b. human resources frame d. symbolic frame

b. human resources frame

____ 51. In the ____ phase, the project team creates a definitive or very accurate cost estimate, delivers the required work, and provides performance reports to stakeholders. a. development c. concept b. implementation d. close-out

b. implementation

33. Many organizations assert that using project management provides advantages, such as ____. a. lower profit margins c. less internal coordination b. lower costs d. lower worker morale

b. lower costs

____ 55. Some people say that ____ achieve the vision of a project. a. leaders c. stakeholders b. managers d. supervisors

b. managers

____ 65. Many organizations are now using enterprise or project ____ management software to help manage projects. a. path c. institute b. portfolio d. office

b. portfolio

____ 58. The ____ section of the project management plan describes how to monitor project progress and handle changes. a. management objectives c. risk management b. project controls d. technical processes

b. project controls

____ 50. A ____ can have many different job descriptions, which can vary tremendously based on the organization and the project. a. project supervisor c. job coordinator b. project manager d. project coordinator

b. project manager

____ 40. Project managers have the most authority in a pure ____. a. functional organizational structure c. matrix organizational structure b. project organizational structure d. circular organizational structure

b. project organizational structure

____ 54. The ____ model requires heavy user involvement, and developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously. a. RAD life cycle c. spiral life cycle b. prototyping life cycle d. incremental build life cycle

b. prototyping life cycle

____ 50. You can determine a project's ____ by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of zero for the project. a. internal rate of return (IRR) c. payback period b. required rate of return d. return on investment (ROI)

b. required rate of return

____ 31. There are ____ main processes involved in project integration management. a. three c. ten b. six d. fifteen

b. six

____ 52. Achieving high performance on projects requires ____, otherwise called human relations skills. a. capital skills c. light skills b. soft skills d. hard skills

b. soft skills

____ 35. The project ____ usually provides the direction and funding for the project. a. leader c. manager b. sponsor d. director

b. sponsor

____ 54. A(n) ____ is a document that describes the products or services to be created by the project team. a. contract c. project charter b. statement of work d. business case

b. statement of work

____ 48. In the mathematical formula for determining the NPV, the variable n is ____. a. the year of the cash flow c. the amount of cash flow each year b. the last year of the cash flow d. the discount rate

b. the last year of the cash flow

____ 60. During the Cold War years of the 1950s and '60s, ____ continued to be key in refining several project management techniques. a. NASA c. steel manufacturing b. the military d. marine biology

b. the military

33. ____ involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document. a. Developing the project charter b. Developing the preliminary project scope statement c. Developing the project management plan d. Directing and managing project execution

c. Developing the project management plan

____ 55. ____ support contributes the most to successful information technology projects. a. Stakeholder c. Executive b. Team d. User

c. Executive

____ 70. ____ tools, sometimes referred to as enterprise project management software, provide robust capabilities to handle very large projects. a. Low-end c. High-end b. Midrange d. Inexpensive

c. High-end

____ 43. ____ is a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization. a. Organizational politics c. Organizational culture b. Organizational philosophy d. Organizational structure

c. Organizational culture

____ 67. Just as passing the CPA exam is a standard for accountants, passing the ____ exam is becoming a standard for project managers. a. PMI c. PMP b. PM d. PMO

c. PMP

____ 66. PMI provides certification as a Project Management ____ (PMP), someone who has documented sufficient project experience and education, agreed to follow the PMI code of professional conduct, and demonstrated knowledge of the field of project management by passing a comprehensive examination. a. Producer c. Professional b. Practitioner d. Professor

c. Professional

40. In the ____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations select information technology projects. a. Project Planning b. Business Area Analysis c. Resource Allocation d. Information Technology Strategy Planning

c. Resource Allocation

____ 60. The project schedule information section of the project management plan might include ____. a. a detailed budget c. a detailed schedule b. key deliverables d. project staffing

c. a detailed schedule

43. Projects that address ____ are much more likely to be successful because they will be important to the organization. a. a balanced scorecard c. broad organizational needs b. a weighted scoring model d. net present value

c. broad organizational needs

____ 43. Project ____ management involves generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information. a. risk c. communications b. procurement d. resource

c. communications

____ 49. A preliminary or rough cost estimate is developed in the ____ phase, and an overview of the work involved is created. a. implementation c. concept b. development d. close-out

c. concept

____ 61. The longest path through a network diagram that determines the earliest completion of a project is called the ____ path. a. essential c. critical b. important d. vital

c. critical

34. Because a project requires resources, often from various areas, many projects cross ____ or other boundaries to achieve their unique purposes. a. financial c. departmental b. spatial d. technological

c. departmental

____ 44. Project ____ management is an overarching function that affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas. a. cost c. integration b. quality d. time

c. integration

____ 53. A(n) ____ focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives, while inspiring people to reach those goals. a. assistant c. leader b. programmer d. manager

c. leader

____ 39. In a ____, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers. a. project organizational structure c. matrix organizational structure b. system organizational structure d. functional organizational structure

c. matrix organizational structure

____ 44. The ____ characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization. a. member identity c. people focus b. group emphasis d. unit integration

c. people focus

____ 39. In the example of the project of building a house, the ____ would normally be the general contractor responsible for building the house. a. project sponsors c. project manager b. project team d. support staff

c. project manager

____ 57. The ____ section of the project plan should describe the major project functions and activities and identify those individuals who are responsible for them. a. organizational charts b. other organizational or process-related information c. project responsibilities d. management objectives

c. project responsibilities

35. Many people are familiar with SWOT analysis—analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats—which is used to aid in ____. a. project initiation c. strategic planning b. project planning d. strategic initiation

c. strategic planning

____ 42. In a ____ matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority. a. weak c. strong b. balanced d. functional

c. strong

41. Research shows that ____ is the number one reason cited for why organizations invest in information technology projects. a. providing financial incentives b. supporting implicit business objectives c. supporting explicit business objectives d. keeping abreast of technological advances

c. supporting explicit business objectives

____ 37. A ____ is the hierarchy most people think of when picturing an organizational chart. a. project organizational structure c. matrix organizational structure b. system organizational structure d. functional organizational structure

d. functional organizational structure

____ 53. The ____ model provides for progressive development of operational software, with each release providing added capabilities. a. spiral life cycle c. waterfall life cycle b. RAD life cycle d. incremental build life cycle

d. incremental build life cycle

34. The outputs of ____ include change request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates. a. monitoring and controlling the project work b. closing the project c. developing the project management plan d. performing integrated change control

d. performing integrated change control

____ 62. Most systems analysts begin their careers as ____. a. database administrators c. project managers b. CEOs d. programmers

d. programmers

____ 53. A(n) ____ is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management. a. balanced scorecard c. net present value analysis b. business case d. project charter

d. project charter

____ 41. Project ____ management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken. a. cost c. scope b. time d. quality

d. quality

____ 49. The ____ is the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment. a. return on investment c. external rate of return b. internal rate of return d. required rate of return

d. required rate of return

____ 45. What works on one project may not work on another, so it is essential for project managers to continue to develop their knowledge and ____ in managing projects. a. time c. funding b. resources d. skills

d. skills

____ 59. The ____ section of the project management plan describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information. a. management objectives c. risk management b. project controls d. technical processes

d. technical processes

____ 51. In an interview with two chief information officers (CIOs), both men agreed that the most important project management skills seem to depend on ____. a. the difficulty of the project and the resources involved b. the difficulty of the task and the people involved c. the uniqueness of the project and the difficulty of the task d. the uniqueness of the project and the people involved

d. the uniqueness of the project and the people involved