Islam

Hijrah

"migration;" recalls the escape of Muhammad from his enemies in 622 CE and the beginning of the establishment of Islam; marks the start of the Islamic calendar

Hadith

"story"- sayings and stories of Muhammad that are meant to form guidance for living out religion; recorded non-prophetic words and deeds of Muhammad. similar but not identical to Sunnah. Followers recorded and transmitted oral and written accounts of his teachings and actions- complied by second century of the Islamic calendar.

Hadith

"story:" the sayings and stories of Muhammad that are meant to form guidance for living out religion

Husayn

'Ali's younger son __________ (not recognizing Mu'awiyah's legitimacy) attempted to make a claim to leadership.

companions

(Classical Period) For first time, leadership was made up of others besides _______________ of Muhammad.

1. use Arabic in worship and recitation of the Qur'an- related to gradual spread of Islam among population. 2. unified culture emerge.

(Classical Period) What happened after Arabic started to become a common language

Spain

(Classical period) remnant of Umayyad dynasty escaped to _______ and set up a caliphate there. '

1. Arabic became more widely used as an official language 2. Slow communication

(Classical period) Many challenges included:

Abu al-Abbas Abbasid dynasty Baghdad

(Classical period) Relative of Muhammad claims to be rightful caliph. Various opposition groups (Shi'i) defeated the umayyads. _______________ took caliphate in 750, made '_________________'. Abbasids establish new capital at ___________: one of largest and most magnificent cities in the world.

military, political, and religious power

(Classical period) The rise of Islam with ____________,_______________,and ________________ spreading .

a physical move from Medina to Damascus.

(Classical period) Umayyad caliphate was marked change in Islam's history: ....................?

state society and government temporal

(Classical period) Umayyad rule weakens as expansion of _______ slows. New groups asserting right to a greater voice in __________ and _________ Ruling a large empire requires much energy put but was put into ______________ rather than the religious realm. Opposition grows.

Eid al-Fitr

(Festival of Breaking the Fast): marks the end of Ramadan, occurring on the first new moon 29 or 30 days after the start of the month. Families come together, dressed in finest clothes, for a festive meal in the homes of relatives. Cards made, decorate houses, kids get gifts. Less fortunate remembered thru charitable giving.

Eid al-adha

(Festival of Sacrifice); celebrated at the end of hajj; commemorates the willingness of Abraham to sacrifice his son Ishmael. Slaughter an animal to commemorate their willingness to sacrifice their lives for god. Like to make clear that the slaughter of an animal is not related to washing away sin but a symbol of their *willingness to sacrifice themselves in order to live in the will of god*. Usually a sheep or goat, with most of the meat shared with those in need. Not on pilgrimage- celebrate this four day fest of sacrifice from their homes in solidarity with those on pilgrimage to Mecca with prayer and gift giving.

non Islamic Qur'an and Sunnah idolatrous social, cultural, and scientific realities

(First direction in modern period) Subjects of colonial powers: belief was that Islam was corrupted by _____________elements and needed to be purified by returning to literal teachings of __________ and ___________. Some even took up arms against each other. Religious practices, such as honoring Muslim saints, ceased because Muhammad would find it _______________. Many reformers found difficulty with many Islamic scholars who continually interpreted Islam in light of the changing __________,____________, and ______________ . Effects of the more fundamental reforms found in Saudi Arabia and Sudan.

'Ali

(Fourth Caliph) Muhammads cousin; Some members of 'Uthman's clan (Umayyah) couldn't except his legitimacy because his selection was supported by some who were responsible for 'Uthman's death. *moved the Islamic capital from Medina to Kufah* in present day Iraq: more central location. '

start with the nature of one god, the heritage of people's formed from Abraham, and the sharing of positive and peaceful human values.

(Islam through a catholic lens) Effective dialogue begins at the starting point of common beliefs: .......................

creator

(Islam through a catholic lens) The plan for salvation also includes those who acknowledge the ___________ in the first place (so Muslims are included).

~ Catholics believe in his dinivty and he is messiah. ~ Muslims believe he existed but is not divine- a prophet second only to Muhammad; he was born of Virgin Mary but did not suffer a human death by crucifixion

(Islam through a catholic lens) What is the belief about Jesus?

Muslims with one god, Catholics believe in one god who is in three persons. Muslims can't conceive of God manifesting self in any way.

(Islam through a catholic lens) What is the understanding of the nature of god?

Nostra Aetate

(Islam through a catholic lens) _______________ mentioned some similarities between the two. But there are some differences.

works formed foundation of medical colleges and teaching hospitals

(Medieval period) Medicine became a classical tradition of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian medicine combined with advancement of skilled Muslim doctors: ................................. .

ruled from Córdoba and were free to develop religious scholarship and an attractive Islamic civilization of their own- great intellectual center and had magnificent palaces, mosques and libraries.

(Medieval period) How was it for Umayyads in Spain?

Fatimids al-Azhar university

(Medieval period) In Egypt, a Shi'i group called ____________ (named after Muhammad's daughter and 'Ali's wife Fatimah) founded Cairo and famous ________________, one of oldest universities in the world.

stay in Spain, freely worship, own land, work, and even serve in the army

(Medieval period) Until 17th century, Muslims allowed to ___________,_____________,____________,______________, and ____________ . As Spanish Inquisition became more of a threat many left and by early 17th century remaining Muslims exiled

with capture of Baghdad in 1258.

(Medieval period) What ended the Abbasid caliphate?

last great stronghold of Muslims, the Alhambra in Granada, was captured and Spain was now a Christian nation again.

(Medieval period) What happened in 1492?

great move of Europeans into shipping industry, setting up trade posts along Indian Ocean (disadvantage to Muslim merchants).

(Medieval period) What happened in the 15th and 16th centuries?

rise of Europe as an empire and decline of ottomans was apparent.

(Medieval period) What happened in the 17th century?

1. linked Africa, Malaysia, India, China, Arabia, and Europe 2. Some had common language, belief system, and law 3. Muslims facilitated trade, trade facilitated continuing spread of Islam 4. Ideas, products, innovations, technologies, food, and people migrated around, paving the way for global linkages.

(Medieval period) What happened in the 8th through the 15th centuries?

Books written in math, engineering, geography, astronomy, and chemistry.

(Medieval period) What type of books were written in this time?

number of independent Islamic states.

(Medieval period) What was the 12th century like?

in 13th century.

(Medieval period) When did the golden age end?

Mongols

(Medieval period) ___________ captured China, Russia, Central Europe, and heading for Middle East.

ottomans

(Medieval period) After a period of fragmented rule, the next important regional power that developed were the _____________ .

Intellectual Scientific, literary and philosophical

(Medieval period) Baghdad was an important Islamic _______________ center. ____________, ____________, and _____________ works from free, Persian, and Indian sources translated into Arabic at Baghdad's house of wisdom (library and archive containing thousands of books).

capital Multicultural

(Medieval period) Moved _________ to Baghdad (from damascus) and expanded Islam beyond its Arab heritage to a more ________________ one.

golden age of Islam.

(Medieval period) Muslim culture and civilization flourished: ___________________

reason and faith, science and religious teachings. quoted by famous Jews and Christians.

(Medieval period) Muslims scholars seeking to reconcile _________ and____________, ____________ and _____________ . Wrote important commentaries that later passed as Hebrew and Latin translations into Europe: ................................ Scientific research!!

Suleiman military leader

(Medieval period) Peak: 16th century under sultan ____________- great administrator and _____________ of the time.

'Abbasids unable to maintain unified Muslims rule.

(Medieval period) Politically what was it like?

1037 Strife

(Medieval period) Rival factions in Islam forced demise of Umayyad dynasty in __________. ___________ growing among Muslims, Christian kingdoms within Spain had reconquest of Spain.

scientific, literary and scholarly Turkish Mamluks

(Medieval period) The monoglot laid waste to cities wherever they went and destroyed many of the ____________,_____________, and ____________ works of Muslims. Mongols finally defeated in Palestine near Nazareth in 1269 by _____________ who ruled Egypt.

True

(Medieval period) True or false: Christian crusaders from the west captured Jerusalem from Muslims in 1099 only for it to be retaken in 1187.

1. Christians of west attacked Christians of East at Constantinople in 1204: accomplished for Muslims what they couldn't do themselves 2. sealed great schism and left Byzantine empire in a weak state.

(Medieval period) What happened during the fourth crusade?

Literature Poetry (most respected type of literature) Fine arts with geometric and botanical designs Calligraphy

(Medieval period) What other things flourished during this time?

provinces began to proclaim their independence from central government.

(Medieval period) What was the 9th century like?

vast network of trade and communication that developed within the expanding Muslim territory.

(Medieval period) What was the Most important and long term contribution?

Constantinople

(Medieval period) ______________ helpless: fell to ottomans in 1453.

domination bitterness and economic inequity.

(Modern Period) Continuing ____________ in the region by western (Europe and us) and eastern (China and former Soviet Union) powers created a great deal and social and religious __________ and _____________

artificial borders drawn more according to the desires of outside powers for control than in the interests or national groupings of people in these diverse regions.

(Modern Period) What was the aftermath of the Nationalist movement in turkey?

Ayatollah Khomeini

(Modern Period) Iranian revolution of 1978-79, led by the ________________, was just one reaction to the perceived attack on Islam.

Political

(Modern Period) ______________ decline of Islam led to social and moral decline.

Corrupting land and society

(Modern period) Christian missionaries coming. Saw work as reclaiming Christian lands, Muslims saw it as ____________ and __________

principles Visual modern

(Modern period) Many Muslim intellectuals have been engaged in active efforts to retain important __________ and find _________ interpretations to keep their faith vital in ways that meet the demands of __________ life.

uncertainty and social upheaval and political repression.

(Modern period) Western-initiated process of secularization or marginalization of religion from active social, economic, and political realm created a great deal of ______________,______________, and _______________

separate, African American homeland on American soil. Anti Christian and white ppl.

(Modern period) what is believed about the nation of Islam?

sick man of Europe defeated

(Modern period) 20th century: Ottoman Empire was in such a disarray, known as "______________________ " unsuccessful reform. Side with Germans in ww1: ________________.

leading Muslim leaders and intellectuals to reassess the foundations and traditions in their societies.

(Modern period) Because of Lots of ferment, what happened?

economic power handicraft industries social norms and loyalties.

(Modern period) Decline accompanied and accelerated by loss of ______________due to shifting global trade patterns and industrialization. Inexpensive, European manufactured goods flooded Indiana Turkish, Arab, and African markets, starving out the old ______________ _________________ to which European trade had been apprenticed centuries earlier. Merchants and economic treaties were a foot out the door. Economic and political disruption and increasing awareness of the impact of the west upset established Muslim _____________ and _______________

conflict

(Modern period) European dominance in 19th century in Middle East set up situations of ____________ still here today- Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Israel/Palestine, and Iraq.

English and French

(Modern period) Much of territory in Africa and Asia came to imperial rule, especially by ___________ and ______________

rise in revivalism and reform movements

(Modern period) What did the 18th to 20th centuries mark?

abolished the caliphate in 1924, set up a republic, and secularized the country. Persian and Indian rulers deposed or made into mere figureheads.

(Modern period) What happened in the Nationalist movement in turkey?

1. Attempt to return to what they considered the pristine Islam founded at times of Muhammad and early Muslim community in Medina. 2. reinterpret Islam in the light of the social and historical reality of the day

(Modern period) What two direction did Muslims make during the 20th centuries?

570 in Mecca

(Muhammad life) Born in approximately _____ CE in _________ (present day Saudi Arabia).

Grandfather than Abu Talib

(Muhammads Life) Raised first by his ________________ and then by uncle ___________ (caravan merchant). Traveled with him: met lots of jews and Christians and listened to their stories

Khadija

(Muhammads life) Met ___________________: widowed businesswoman 15 years older. Employed him, later married and had kids. She always supported him

Angel appeared to him in a cave

(Muhammads life) What happened In the year 610?

for time of prayer and reflection and to mediate on life's meaning.

(Muhammads life) Why did he go into a cave about once a month?

sermon prayer leader and deliver sermons.

(Salah) Besides regular midday prayer, the imam, or prayer leader, delivers a __________. No clergy, so anyone whom the community considers knowledgeable about Islam can be a __________ and _____________ May be difficult for them to attend if in non-Muslim country.

Umar

(Second caliph) longest of the first four caliphs his successor. First an enemy, then oversaw the *expansion of Islam to Persia, Damascus, and Jerusalem* (thru military conquest). Before death, *appointed committee of 6 ppl to choose his successor.*

personal, social, and moral decline flexibility and adaptability Religion and state

(Second direction in the modern period) Reformers believed the social and moral decline in Islam is not due to European colonialism but the __________, _________, and ____________ of the Muslim community as well as an avoidance of _______________ and _____________ . Believed Muslims should accept the current political reality and embrace the movement toward the separation of ________ and __________ . Adapting the best the west has to offer as well as maintaining the essentials of Islam would enable Muslims to be strengthened in their faith and Islam to gain the prestige it once had. Effects found in Malaysia and Egypt.

'Uthman

(Third caliphs) instrumental in the *publication and distribution of the Qur'an.* Rule marred by some weakness: *began period of strife* in the provinces, some felt that the governors he appointed were not responsive to their needs. Killed by rival faction within Islam

Medina

300 miles from Mecca. Second holiest city in Islam. Muhammad immigrated here. During their pilgrimage many Muslims today take the opportunity to travel here for a visit to pray at muhammad' mosques visit his place of burial, and see other historical sites

crier, or muezzin,

A _________ ,or a _________, proclaims shahadas creed from a tower of minaret of every mosque.

the first words heard on earth last words public declaration of faith defines a person as a member of the Islamic community

A father whispers the Shahadah words into the ears of a newborn so they are _______________________ . A dying person attempts to have the shahadah be the ____________ on his/her lips. A convert recites these words as a statement of belief: ..............

five pillars faith

Acts found in the Qur'an and Sunnah: called ____________ because performance of these acts done as perfectly as possible is the key to upholding the __________ - contribute to purify believers in certain ways.

Allah

Arabic word for God

He went to circles of heaven and met Allah and Moses

At 40 years old what happed to Muhammad

cleanse yourself physically and symbolically; mouth, nose, ears, face, hands, arms, and feet are washed, opens and closes with a prayer. Must be wearing proper clothing.

Before prayer (SALAH), what must must you do?

Member and humankind Beginning Submission and belief

Being a Muslim entails duties and responsibilities to other _____________ and to _______________ as a whole, as well as the right to the support of the community. Accepting Islam is not an end, but a _______________ . Lifetime endeavor to practice and perfect one's ____________ to and ____________ in Allah.

transcendent predetermine what is going to happen coerced

Believe God is not merely ______________: very involved as a guide in human history and human affairs. Believe in divine providence, but he does not _____________________. Knows what choices ppl will make before they make them. Ppl meant to be obedient to God but not _______________ into submission

messenger/prophet Muslims

Believe Muhammad is the ________________ of God. Teach all Judea-Christian prophets were __________ because they submitted to the will of God (Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, etc).

guidance revealed to the prophets

Believed performing certain acts and forms of worship are part of the ________________________.

Adan

Call to prayer

Islam

Came into the world in the 7th century with the preaching of the Arab prophet Muhammad: an Abrahmaic religion.

Surahs

Chapters of the Qur'an

Byzantine Persian Charles Martel China and India

Classical period) Within a century after Muhammad's death, Muslim state expanded into ____________ empire and contributed to the fall of the ___________ empire. Spread further into North African spinal and France until pushed out by _____________ in 713 at battle of Poitiers. Rulers of the regions, but took a while for majority to convert because conversion to Islam was not accomplished on command or by the sword. Umayyad led the caliphate, bringing it to _______ and __________, until 750.

God's unity, power, and glory, right living, the end times, and judgement day.

Content of earlier Meccan revelations tend to speak about ?

632

Death of Muhammad (many Arabs tribes calling themselves Muslims and submitting to the will of Allah)

No

Did Muhammad have a big following to start off with?

founder

Do not recognize Muhammad as _______________ of Islam: existed since beginning with Adam.

Yes; they go hand-in-hand

Do you need both the Qur'an and the Sunnah to fully understand and live as a Muslim?

No

Does the Qur'an specify how much wealth one should share with others? (Zakah)

two and one half times one's savings

During Zakah was is the norm to give to the poor?

al-Sharif Dome of the rock 5000

End of 7th century: restored the ruined Temple Mount area, called haram_________ , or noble sanctuary. Built a shrine called __________________ , whose golden dome is a jewel in the skyline of old Jerusalem. Later the mosque al-aqsa, or the farthest mosque (refers to the farthest of holy paces from the Ka'bah) was built- capacity for ________ ppl, largest mosque in Jerusalem.

teaching how to live one's life in accordance with god's will.

Even though there are many variations to the Shar'iah what are their common goal?

Abu Bakr

First caliphs; Only one for two years, but consolidated the *loyalty of the newly islamized tribes of the Arabian pensionable to the Muslim leadership and community.*

Sunni

First four caliphs, or rightly guided caliphs, recognized by who?

Islamic law

For Sunnis, The guardianship and promulgation of shari'ah, or _______________ is duty of caliph.

Shi'ah

For the __________ 'Ali is first iman — given special authority or inspiration by Muhammad, and that authority and inspiration was to be passed on to certain descendants.

Qur'an

God's final revelation, superseding both Jewish and Christians bibles; means "recite" or "recitation"

prophets

God's message has been revealed thru ____________ .

in one's lifetime and only of those Muslims who are physically and financially capable of completing it.

Hajj is required only once of whom?

No

Has the rift caused by the Death of 'Ali in 680 ever really healed?

Not pre-Islamic practices.

Historical and textual research show that many of the traditions that have isolated and discriminated against women are _______ part of Islamic teachings but entered into the culture from ____________________

Men clothed from navel to knees, women head to toe, no shoes.

How are men and women dressed for salah?

Built from stone or brick in form of a square: distinctive exterior feature is the minaret: a tower where the muezzin proclaims Adan (call to prayer).

How are mosques built?

as a revelation occurred to Muhammad in Mecca or Medina

How are the chapters classified (titled) in the qur'an

in some the last verse of one chapter and the first verse of the following chapter may have similar underlying themes.

How are the chapters of the Qur'an related

Men can also dress modestly to guard their chastity, avoid unnecessary mixing of the sexes, and reserve sexual relations for marriage.

How can men also be modest?

They use modern technology

How do Muslims fill in for the muezzin during salah?

Shi'ah Muslims remember the martyrdom of husayn at Karbala in 680. Adherents mourn his massacre and reenact his death thru passion plays. Some parade thru streets of Karbala wearing black, chanting, and striking their chests. Small number strike themselves with ropes or chains, emulating the suffering of husayn

How do Shi'ah Muslims celebrate Ashura?

place of debate because many Muslim women have persisted in wearing long, loose, and modern clothing and head coverings despite the influence of western fashions. May cover in Islamic fashion or not

How do the women CHOOSE to dress?

Often use prayer mat so place of prayer is clean- face direction of the Ka'bah in Mecca (marked in mosque by a niche in the wall, direction called the qiblah).

How do they physically pray during salah and where do they face?

~ left native city of Ur in Mesopotamia when unable to convince inhabitants to do away with their belief in many gods and believe only in one God. ~ Traveled thru Middle East, end in Egypt. ~ He and Sarah grow old, no kids, Sarah offer Egyptian servant Hagar to Abraham for heir. Give him *Ishmael* ~ Abraham brought Hagar and Ishmael to valley in desert of Arabia and left them there, trusting god would care for them as normal. ~ Supplies dry up, Hagar desperate for son's welfare. ~ Ran up one hill and then a second, back and forth between them, trying to hail a traveling caravan for help. ~ Prayed to god for help, water miraculously gushed from near Ishmael's foot: place called Zam Zam. ~ Caravans finally arrived, asked if camels could drink from spring. Hagar said yes, and over time traders settle there, turn into Mecca.

How is Abrahams events of his life different from biblical account?

As a way of life and not just a formal religion

How is Islam understood? . Islam means the very essencesubmission to God. Believed performing certain acts and forms of worship are part of the guidance revealed to the prophets. Acts found in the Qur'an and Sunnah: called five pillars because performance of these acts as perfectly as possible is the key to upholding the faith- contribute to purify believers in certain ways. Each has a physical and a spiritual, a worldly and other worldly, and a personal and a communal dimension. Together they have greatly contributed to defining the ummah, or Islamic community.

114

How many surahs are there?

Five fixed times

How many times a day do you pray during salah?

should not be placed under anything and one should perform ritual washing before touching or reading it

How sacred is the Qur'an?

large, cube like structure called the Ka'bah- housed more than 360 idols: too much to ask ppl to believe in one God.

In center of Mecca what was there?

Worldwide fastest

Islam is a __________ religion covering almost every continent and race of people: Islam's growth in the number of adherents is one of the ____________ of the world

Surrender or submission

Islam means "______________" or "____________" and refers to one who surrenders or submits to the will of God.

lunar sets the annual celebrations so that they move through the seasons of the solar year over the course of about two decades.

Islamic calendar begins with the year of Muhammad's hijrah. Based on _______ months- 354 days. Don't adjust 11 day difference: ......................

Shar'iah

Islamic law; is centerpiece of Muslim life: guidance provided by God on how to live the way God desires both an individual and society to live. Primary sources: qur'an (has some obligations, permissions, recommendations, and prohibitions on some aspects of life) and Sunnah.

Caliphs

Islamic leaders regarded as successors of Muhammad for Sunni Muslims

practical matters important to the infant community.

Later Medinan revelations have some similar themes, but also have ?

move Medina

Life so unbearable for the Muslims that they had to __________. Move in 622 to ____________

Ashura

Marks the day God freed Moses and the Hebrew people from the grips of the Egyptian pharaoh; Muhammad fasted on this day and asked for followers to do so too. A day of fasting similar to Yom Kippur.

Hijrah Islamic

Medina was also known as ___________, or "migration." Which marks beginning of the ___________ calendar. Western calendar date of 622 is 1 AH (after hijrah) in Islamic calendar.

A people under one God. But this was destructive of the diverse tribal social structures.

Muhammad also had the calling make tribes into a ? But what did it go against?

Okay spiritual and political

Muhammad and the Muslim people do _________ in Medina Muhammad became a _______________ and ___________ leader .

Revelations Many gods

Muhammad had a number of these_____________ until his death and shared these revelations with his wife and close friends. Few ppl believed him because Mecca was a home for _________ __________.

Seal of the prophets

Muhammad is the "........................" (final messenger of God)

Ummah

Muslim community / nation

five pillars of Islam, or religious duties that each person is to perform. community

Muslim practice based on belief in god. Behavior guided by the ____________________,or ________________. Muslims practice their faith living in ________________.

Ulama

Muslim scholar trained in Islam and Islamic law

Arabs and jews captured having all the statues removed

Muslims had to battle _____ and _____ in Medina. Tribes from Mecca engaged in battles with Muslims of Medina. Many battle victories: Muhammad and thousands of followers made their way back to Mecca and ___________ it. Went immediately to the Ka'bah and purified it by ..................................... . Re-Dedicated it to the worship of the one God.

a. God is the creator and sustainer of the universe. b. God is all-loving, all-powerful, all-knowing, all-merciful, and present everywhere. c. Not only does God give life, but God also takes life away. d.God is the judge of all. It is God who determines whether a person will spend eternity in heaven or hell.

Muslims recite this belief (one God) daily and hold that ?

spiritual and temporal lawgiver

No distinction between one's __________ and __________ life: covers all apublic. Contains the principles of how one is to live and the practice or implementation of the foundational principles (shar'iah) . God is the only ___________ : ulama only interpret.

one who submits to the will of God

Practice faith- called a Muslim: literally means "_________________________."

Salah

Qur'an commands Muslims pray or worship at fixed times during day: ritually pray five times per day

Recitation

Qur'an means "____________"

own, inherit, buy, and see property, to free choice in marriage and the right to divorce, the right to maintenance and education, independent legal personhood before a court of law, and the right to any earnings from their effort of which their husbands cannot take charge without their permission.

Rise of Islam dramatically raised the status of women by giving them the right to do what?

Abraham and his family

Rituals performed on the hajj reflect rituals and actions similarly performed by who?

enter as a member of the worldwide Muslim community.

Sawm is a very joyous event. And is a very special time during the Islamic year to ...........?

Sunnah

Second authentic source of authority. what Muhammad approved and prohibited, as well as his words and deeds; Muhammad's way of life

Jum'ah, or Assembly

Second prayer time is made in a mosque and called? (Salah)

the teachings and writings of a number of early charismatic leaders called imams descended from the prophet's cousin and son in law 'Ali

Shi'ah Muslims have third source of authority: ...........? believe these descendants are infallible and consider their words and explanations nearly as authoritative as Q and S.

'Ali Imamate

Shi'ah Muslims remain loyal to _______ and support an _____________, call leaders Iman.

restored Islam to the purity given to it by Muhammad.

Shi'ah Muslims saw Husayn's as a martyr whose death did what ?

Caliphs

Successors of Muhammad

Caliphate

Sunni: support a ___________, called leaders caliph.

Religious and moral life

The Qur'an and the Sunnah are both indispensable sources of instruction for _________ and ___________

Old Testament

The Qur'an is a blend of the _______________

beliefs and practices

The Sunni and the Shi'ah both differ on who is to lead the Muslim community but no fundamental differences in _________ and _____________

good society, relations with non Muslims, and financial & legal matters.

Themes from the Medina period of revelations tend to be in the areas of what makes a ______________,______________, and _________________

Allah

They use the word ___________ means "the God."

freedom

Through the merciful Allah is were true ___________ lies.

Adam

To Muslims Islam has always existed, so who did it begin with?

Together they have greatly contributed to defining the ummah, or Islamic community.

Together what do the five pillars have?

False neither in chronological order nor arranged by theme or subject

True or false The qur'ans chapters are ordered in chronological order

False Can pray anywhere as long as spot is *clean*.

True or false During salah you can pray anywhere no matter the hygiene?

True

True or false If you spend to much time little things you lose sight of God?

True

True or false It is harder for people in minority countries to stop and pray the salah?

False Everyday and all time is sacred time because all time belong to God

True or false Not everyday is sacred time.

False They HAVE been

True or false Women have not been very prominent in Muslim history in many roles?

False - dad died before he was born and mom died when he was 6

True or false Muhammads Dad died when he was six and mom died right after he was born?

True

True or false: the Muslim religion is the youngest monotheistic religion

Mu'awiyah tries to keep ruling, lost support, eventually assassinated. Hasan

Uthman's cousin _____________ (governor of Syria) proclaimed caliph: power struggle, no decisive victory. Both sides agree to non-partisan arbitration, Mu'awiyah won. 'Ali couldn't except decision so he ................................ Supporters elevate son ________ to be the next caliph, but he recognized the other as caliph, so followers concurred.

geographic, cultural, and historical differences.

What are Many variations of shar'iah?

with some modern isms like secularism, materialism, and racism-

What are common struggles between the two religions?

If Muslims are minority in the areas Adan confided to area immediately near the mosque. Used for other social occasions like weddings or meetings. Place where Muslim children learn to recite the qur'an in Arabic in non Muslim countries. Also the place where funeral events are made and a body is prepared for burial.

What are mosque used for?

family life central, preserve religious values and practices, and certain issues in society.

What are similarities between the two religions?

1. Some include circling the Ka'bah to mark its centrality to community 2. running seven times between the two hills 3. drinking from springs of Zam Zam 4. throwing stones at pillar representing satan, who tried to dissuade Abraham from sacrificing Ishmael.

What are some rituals people do during hajj?

1. Shahadah 2. Salah 3. Zakah 4. Sawm 5. Hajj

What are the five pillars?

between dawn and sunrise, after midday, between late afternoon and sunset, between sunset and end of daylight, and night, until dawn

What are the fixed times of salah?

1. Muslims are acutely aware that most Catholics have an understanding of them gleaned from western media (9/11) 2. Islam continues to react in many different ways in response to the western colonialism of the 17-20th centuries (fail of great Islamic empires due to their own religious laxity- many have attempted to purify their religion at least somewhat by isolating themselves from dialogue with other religions).

What are two things that we must remember from the Muslim POV?

showed Abraham the rituals of hajj and he spent the rest of his life calling upon the ppl to submit to God's will

What did God show through Gabriel?

He wanted to restore it

What did Muhammad want to do with Islam/Muslims

what seemed to be a crucifixion was an illusion created for some of Jesus' enemies and that god raised Jesus to heaven

What do Muslims believe about crucifixion?

Words of Qur'an are God's words and are infallible and uncorrupted by human intervention

What do Muslims believe about the words in the Qur'an?

Acknowledge revealed writings of Judaism and Christianity. They are believed to be only human words tho, not the direct words of God.

What do Muslims believe about the writings of the Jewish and Christian faith?

~ means all Allah created naturally submits to his will ~ Animals and what not can't choose to do this, but humans have free will to choose whether or not to submit. Should not be forced but a gracious surrendering to the all-compassionate

What do Muslims mean when they say they "Believe all creation is Muslim" ? And who is not included in this and why?

Pilgrimage

What does Hajj mean ?

Fasting

What does Sawm mean?

Almsgiving

What does Zakah mean?

Each has a physical and a spiritual, a worldly and other worldly, and a personal and a communal dimension.

What does each pillar have?

to abstain from food, drink, and martial relations from dawn to sundown- avoid arguments and try to focus on positive thoughts and deeds.

What does it mean to fast in Islam?

Prayer

What does salah mean?

fulfill their obligations to care for the poor and needy.

What does sawm remind Muslims to do?

Abraham told him he had a dream in which God asked him to sacrifice his son.

What happed when Ishmael reached puberty?

displaced thousands of mostly muslim Palestinians from lands owned by families for generations- added fuel to fire.

What happened after the UN founding of the state of Irael in 1948?

Advance of Europe's economic, industrial, military and political power contributed to internal factors in long, slow decline of Muslim societies.

What happened in the modern period?

voice from heaven says Abraham would be rewarded for good deed. Both got a ram, killed it, and celebrated.

What happened right when Abraham was about to sacrifice Ishmael?

Going from Medina to Kafuh via Mecca: massacred at Karbala in Iraq (he and followers). Known as battle of Karbala,

What happened to Husayn?

how Muslims understand the story of Abraham

What is Important to know for rituals of hajji to make sense?

of their faith in the one god as well as God's faithfulness to the covenant with the prophets and thru them, all humankind.

What is Mecca a symbol of?

Refers to the night Muhammad was taken miraculously on a winged horse to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem: prayed at the head of the assembled but long deceased prophets- includes his brief ascension into heaven- it is in this event that Muslims believe god called upon Muhammad to institute the practice of praying five times a day.

What is Muhammads "night journey"

True peace

What is promised with that of surrender?

Monotheistic religion

What is the Muslim religion very adamant about about God? .

"There is no god but God; Muhammad is the messenger of God"

What is the Reciting that is said during Shahadah?

pilgrims go out to plain a Arafat where Muhammad gave last sermon. Array of pilgrims throughout region in white garments and offering prayers to God is believed to be a foretaste of the day of judgement.

What is the center piece (thing done) of Hajj?

God is most Great. 1. I bear witness that there is no god but God. 2. I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God. 3. Come to prayer. 4. Come to success. (At the first prayer of the day the following line is added: "Prayer is better than sleep.") 5. God is most Great. 6. There is no god but God.

What is the chant that is repeated throughout salah?

Wudu

What is the cleaning called before salah?

1. Just before dawn, most have a light meal. 2. Break of dawn: first prayers of day are recited. 3. After sundown, fast is broken with a meal. 4. Later in evening, special prayers and passages from qur'an read and shred at mosque. 5. During Ramadan, entire qur'an recited in mosque. 5. Ends with Eid al-Fitr (festival of breaking the fast).

What is the day like during Sawm?

prayer, can be either communal or private.

What is the main purpose for a mosque?

No pong process in becoming a Muslim: one merely has to state the shahadah as a sign of belief and submission to Allah

What is the process to become a Muslim?

Friday

What is the special day of prayer during the salah?

God wanted to bring an end to the faith-apostasy-faith cycle and called Muhammad to restore his true message to the world once and for all. A political and spiritual leader. Do not follow Muhammad. Allah is at the center of Islamic life.

What is the true message/reason Muhammad was made a prophet and that of the belief of the Muslim people?

Peace

What is the word Islam Derived from that has the same root as the Hebrew word "shalom" for ______________? .

opening of trade routes, bringing Muslim trade of goods and ideas to the west.

What were the success of the crusades?

Witnessing

What's does Shahadah mean?

Pilgrimage ends on Eid al-Adha; lamb sacrificed in commemoration of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice Ishmael.

When do the pilgrimages for hajj end? And what do they do?

Majority of Muslims (the Sunni)

Who accept the rule of the Umayyads, but not always approve of them?

Pope John Paul II

Who visited Morocco in August 1985, and met a group of Muslim youth: need dialogue between Christians and Muslims.

Muhammads secretary Zayd ibn Thabit

Who was put in charge to compile the written text and compare it against the recitation of those who had memorized three revelation and recited it in Muhammad's lifetime?

Angel was revealed as Jibril, or Gabriel: said Muhammad was to be messenger of Allah, the one God.

Who was the angel that appeared to Muhammad and what did he say?

friends Abu Bakr and 'Uthman, his cousin Ali, son of uncle, and former slave Zaid.

Who were Muhammads First followers?

For Muslims, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus were prophets and genuine Muslims who submitted to the will of God.

Who were prophets for Muslims?

because of the worldwide challenges to traditional ideas about women- mentioned frequently in qur'an and Sunnah.

Why are the woman a complex issue?

Wanted to make sure these words of God were passed on uncorrupted to the future generations and that with the spread of other languages that Gods words were not misinterpreted

Why did "Uthman take control over the task of having the various copies and fragments of the revelations collected and put into one authoritative text?

Because he was illiterate

Why did Muhammad have to memorize what the angle said to him?

guidance

Woman have no specific legal role, but ____________ about Muslims defined in connection with specific roles that may be common to men or women.

doctors, engineers, teachers, parliament members, etc.

Women can be?

countries, cultures, regions, and economic classes.

Women's opportunities and social roles vary widely among Muslim ___________,___________,___________, and ______________

Children Hafiz

___________ learn to recite and memorize the Qur'an from early age (religious duty). Do this- earn honorary title of ____________. Do have Qur'an memorizing contests held in big stadiums-many winners don't speak Arabic.

Families

_______________ are still backbone of Muslim life, and women play very influential roles in their setting. Share many of the same struggles and uncertainties that face men and women everywhere.

Hafiz

a Muslim who had memorized the qur'an

Sawm

all Muslims who have reached the age of puberty and are not ill or traveling are required to keep a month long fast each year during the ninth Islamic lunar month called Ramadan

Jerusalem

believe Muhammad made his "night journey" to their holy city.

Surahs

chapters or sections in the qur'an- each is a separate revelation received by Muhammad

Ka'bah

first Islamic shrine, which Muslims believe was built by Abraham; destroyed by pagans and reclaimed by Muhammad when he captured Mecca in 7th century

Five pillars

foundational principles and practices of Islam that were set forth by Muhammad and are practiced by all Muslims

Ramadan

fourth pillar- month of prayer and fasting that commemorates the night of power, the first revelation to Muhammad by god

Ka'bah

geographic center of Islam and symbolic place of the divine presence. Muhammad dies, mosque built around this called grand mosque.

Zakah

give alms to the needy as an act of worship. Is an obligation. Believe that almsgiving is one way a person can be freed from those things that are obstacles to Allah.

Mecca

holiest city in Islam: birthplace of Muhammad and the area from which he received his first revelations. Forced to emigrate because of persecution but did return. Site of the Ka'bah and the pace of pilgrimage for all Muslims who are able.

Shahadah

is the first and most important of the five pillars of Islam: others are outward expressions of the first. Akin to Jewish Sh'ma. Declare this belief several times a day.

Imam

leader for prayer at a mosque who is chosen for his knowledge of Islam and his personal holiness

Ramadan

month in which Muhammad received his first revelation from God.

Qur'an

most scared book for Muslims. Contains a collection of the revelations Muhammad received directly from god in Arabic over a 22 year period in both Mecca and Medina.

Hajj

pilgrimage to the city of Mecca, where Abraham submitted to the will of Allah. Held annually in the 12th month

Malcom X

popular leader, met with other Muslims, assassinated by rivals. Does not represent the beliefs

Wubu

ritual washing of the face, hands, arms, top of head, and feet that a Muslim must perform before salah, the second pillar of Islam

Karbala

site of the massacre of Muhammad's grandson and the son of "Ali, Husayn, and his companions and family (killed by Umayyad faction). Death understood as the martyrdom of those upholding the purity of Islam shared with them by prophet Muhammad. An element of a people persecuted for the true faith underlies some Shi'ah Muslims. A golden dome was constructed to surround hid tomb. Major place of pilgrimage for Shi'ah Muslims.

Mosque

translates to Masjid, or a place of prostration. Building of public worship for Muslims.