Islam, Christianity, Judaism

What do Muslims call god?

Allah (Arabic for god)

Where did Jesus teach/live?

Modern-day Israel

Who was Ali?

Muhammad's cousin/son-in-law who was assassinated

What is the crime of retaliation called?

Qesas; "eye for an eye" mentality of Hammurabi's code of law

What are the percentages of Sunni and Shiite?

Sunni = 90% Shiite = 10%

What is the sacred text of the Jewish people?

The Bible

What happened to Jesus and his apostles?

They were persecuted and Jesus was put to death by the Romans.

Muawiyah?

a rival leader who claimed leadership and set up the Umayyad dynasty

What is zakat?

almsgiving/charity where Muslims are asked to donate 1/40 of their income (if they are able)

What are the commonly used methods of execution in Islamic law? Some are obviously more severe than others...

stoning, hanging, beheading with a sword, firing squad

What did Jesus teach?

A message of love and compassion for ALL people.

Who was thee founder of Judaism?

Abraham (2000 BC) (he was born into Sumeria)

What is the difference between an Arab and a Muslim?

Arab = nationality Muslim = religion

Where are Jesus' teachings found?

In the New Testament

Where are Shiites primarily located?

Iraq and Iran

When did Christianity begin?

It began when Jesus died in 32/33 AD

Is that belief ethnocentric?

No, because sometimes words that exist in one language don't exist in another. And sometimes the words don't give the same meaning.

Who are the judges of Islamic law?

Qudi

What is the religious law called?

Sharia

What are the least serious of crimes?

Tazir

What is a special belief of the Shiite?

That only descendants of Muhammad can correctly interpret the Koran

What are hadiths?

The teachings and traditions of the prophet Muhammad recorded by women.

What were the camel nomads of pre-Islamic Arabia called?

bedouin tribes

What are other people of the book called?

dhimmi

Where do Jews worship?

synagogue

What is the sacred shrine of Muslims?

the Kaaba

What is Islamic law based upon?

the Koran and Hadith

What were shaykhs?

the clan leaders

What does Sunni mean?

"the majority"

What does Shiite mean?

"the party of Ali"

What is the head tax called?

jizya

What are Muslim converts called?

mawali

Where do Muslims worship?

mosque

What are Christian clergymen called?

priests, ministers, pastors, bishops

What are Jewish clergymen called?

rabbis

What is shahada?

the profession of the faith "I believe that Allah is the one true god and Muhammad is his prophet."

How did polygamy become practice in Islam?

Because of the many battles with the Meccans, the Muslim women did not have enough men to go around to protect them. So if a man served all of his wives equally, could support and protect them, he could have up to four wives.

What was Muhammad's childhood like?

Both of Muhammad's parents died at a young age. He was born into the prominent Qureysh tribe. He was then tossed from relative to relative and ended up staying with Abu Talib, his paternal uncle. His grandfather was responsible for turning him into a merchant.

What are adherents of Christianity called?

Christians

What did Muawiyah promise Ali's family to keep them from rebelling?

He promised to bring Ali's killer to justice. Although this was highly unlikely, considering Ali's killer was most likely a Umayyad man.

What is the major difference between Judaism and Christianity?

Jews believe the messiah has yet to come, while Christians believes Jesus was the messiah. (Also, Christians believe in the New Testament and the Old Testament, while the Jews only believe in the Old Testament.)

What three religions were "born" in the Middle East?

Judaism, Christianity and Islam

Who may be fought in battle?

Just the men in the army. Not the women and children Qureysh tribes (just men) only fight people who desire to fight you People could surrender and it was okay to take prisoners instead of killing them.

Who was Khadijah?

Khadijah was first and foremost his employer. She was a wealthy woman who had hired him to sell her belongings in Syria. She wanted him to marry her because of their great friendship and Muhammad accepted although she was 40 and he was 25. They eventually had 4 daughters and 2 sons, but the 2 sons died.

When and how did the use of force become acceptable?

Self-defense to protect the city of Medina from outside attackers If people were being kicked out and persecuted for their religion, they could fight back.

What is Islamic law called?

Sharia law

What was the social order of pre-Islamic Arabia?

Shaykhs---> free warriors ---> slave families

What did Abraham's covenant, or promise, with g-d say? And what would Abraham receive in return?

That Abraham would spread the word of god. God promised to bless Abraham with many kids and promised the land of Canaan (modern-day Israel) to Abraham as a home for his people, the Jews.

What do the Sunni believe of their imams?

That they are regular human leaders.

What is the sacred text of the Christians?

The Bible (Jewish Bible + New Testament)

What is the most significant mosque for the Muslims?

The Dome of the Rock, where Muhammad ascended into the sky.

What is a jihaad?

To the regular Muslims, it is a holy struggle to better themselves. While extremists believe that it means holy war.

What happened to the good relationship the Jews once had with the Muslims?

While in Medina, the Jews and the Muslims worked side by side. But, then the Jews started to side with the Meccans, which started the ongoing war. The Muslims claimed this was against their terms of agreement, so Jewish women and children were made Muslim slaves

What happened after Muhammad's death?

Who would lead the Muslims? Abu Bakr or Ali? Sunni or Shi'a

What are the adherents of Judaism called?

Jews

What does Sarah do to Ishmael and Hagar?

Sarah banishes them to the Arabian Peninsula, Abraham accompanies them and does visit from time to time.

Who was Abraham's first wife? What did g-d promise them?

Sarah, and he promised them many children

What happened to Muhammad while he was meditating? What was his initial reaction?

- a descent from heaven that he felt had a terrifying divine presence -he felt the devastating embrace -he refused to "recite" the Lord's word at first -the Angel Gabriel enveloped the sky and eventually forced it out of him

What is Ramadan?

- it celebrates the month in which Muhammad received his first revelation -based on a lunar calendar, so it changes every year -the coming together/solidarity of Muslims -fasting from dusk to dawn (eat at night) -only people who are healthy enough

Describe Muhammad's life as a trade agent

-an agent for wealthy traders on a caravan -learned about other faiths/religions on his travels -meets Khadijah this way

What are punishments of committing Tazir crimes?

-fines -public/private reprimand -seizure of property -confinement in the home or a jail -or whipping (flogging)

Describe the Conditions Muhammad was born into...

-no chance of survival without the tribe -no central government, religion or written language -raised by his uncle Abu Talib -he thought a lot about stars and how he was an orphan -into the Quresysh tribe that was polytheistic -UNSTABLE SAUDI ARABIA

Facts about the Kaaba

-rebuilt several times -in the southeast corner, there is a black stone that is believed to be a meteorite... the earliest stories say that Adam and Eve were supposed to build an altar there. Muhammad had to restore this stone... The Pagans, or polytheists, believed that the unusual stones were the signs of the gods. -open air mosque built around the Kaaba

What is the hajj?

-references back to the story of Ishmael/Abraham -pilgrimage one time, if possible, to Mecca to pray at the Kaaba and worship Allah

Five pillars of Islam

-zakat -Ramadan -salat -Shahada -Hajj

How many followers does Islam have worldwide? In the U.S.?

1.2-.3 billion in the world 7 million in the US

When and where was Muhammad born?

570 AD born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Who was Uthman?

A Umayyad caliph who was assassinated

Tell the story of The Sons of Abraham

Abraham and his wife, Sarah, were getting very old and still didn't have any kids, despite god's promise. So, Sarah allows Abraham to father a child with Hagar, his secondary/slave wife. This son is named Ishmael. Then, Sarah becomes pregnant and gives birth to a son she names Isaac.

What is the name of what Abraham made with g-d?

Abraham made a covenant.

Who was the first second third fourth caliph?

Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali

Who did the Meccans ask to turn over Muhammad? What did he do?

Abu Talib and he simply confronted Muhammad, but knew that Muhammad was so wrapped up in it that it would be impossible for him to give it up now. Abu Talib promises to protect Muhammad, no matter what.

Why do the crimes differ depending on which Islamic nation you are in?

Because each nation has its own interpretation of the Sharia law, the type of crime can change depending on the nation you are in.

What are the most punishable of Islamic crimes called? give some examples

Had crimes are the most serious crimes and have the most serious punishments, some examples are: murder, theft, robbery, damaging someone's reputation, drinking alcohol, and deserting the Faith

How did Muhammad view women?

He believed that women were equal and should have rights. He banned female infanticide and that essentially gave women more rights. He also granted them more divorce rights.

What did Jesus claim to be?

He claimed to be the messiah promised to the Jews by god.

Where did Muhammad take his followers after fleeing Mecca? What significant change did this mark?

He went to Yathrib (Medina) Hegira is the immigration to Medina When Muhammad went there, he was no longer just a religious leader. He was a political and military leader, too. This is what started the unification of church and state.

What causes the split between Sunni and Shiite?

Husayn's assassination

Who challenged Muawiyah?

Husayn, Ali's son challenged him. Husayn is also Muhammad's grandson. He challenged him because of the death of his father, and the trial.

Who inherits the land? Who succeeds Abraham as the leader of the Jews? What problem is still occurring today from those decisions?

Isaac inherits Canaan (modern day Israel) and becomes the leader of the Jews. The root for the Arab/Israeli conflict still goes on today about who rightfully owned the land of Canaan.

What are the Jews' views of other Abrahamic religions?

Islam and Christianity are false interpretations and extensions of Judaism.

What do Muslims believe of their fellow Abrahamic religions?

Jews and Christians are respected as "People of the Book" but they have wrong beliefs and incomplete revelation.

What is the significance of the hegira?

It marked the birth of the Islamic nation. It was the place of the first purely Islamic culture.

What are the three holy cities of Islam? Why are they holy cities?

Mecca- Muhammad's birthplace and first revelation Medina- Muhammad's hiding place and his transition into a political, military and religious leader Jerusalem- The Night Ascentia (Muhammad transferred to Jerusalem from Mecca and ascends into the sky to meet all the prophets, then god.) It reaffirms the Muslim connection to Israel.

What is included in it?

Muhammad's recitings from god

What are Islam adherents called?

Muslims

Is church and state separated for Muslims?

No

What is salat?

PRAYER 5 TIMES A DAY -Night Ascentia -Allah told them to -to keep Allah at the forefront of your mind, all the time -bowing down, head to the ground so that you are completely vulnerable to Allah, shows submission -face Mecca -the muezzan makes the call to prayer

Where was Christianity founded?

Palestine

Where was Judaism founded?

Palestine

What was the life of Jewish people like?

The Jewish people were constantly expelled from their land and enslaved. The people that did this to the Jewish were the Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, and the Romans. When the Romans took the land from the Jewish, it was called the Diaspora (dispersal) and after this Jews wouldn't have their own land back til 1948.

What is the holy book of Muslims?

The Qur'an (Koran)

What is the sacred text of Islam called?

The Qur'an or Koran

Who believed that Muhammad designated a successor? Who didn't?

The Sunni believed he didn't while the Shi'ite believe he did.

What did Moses get on Mt. Sinai?

The Ten Commandments from God, or the moral codes.

What sacred Jewish documents recount the history of the Jews?

The Torah, which is the first five books of the Old Testament.

Who founded Mecca?

The Umayyad clan of the Qureysh bedouin tribe

What do Muslims add to the "eye for an eye" mentality?

They add that "it is better to forgive."

How are the three religions alike?

They all share the same place, stories, the Old Testament and have the same God, with different names. They share the same basic principles (in the teachings of the Old Testament) such as the stories of the Genesis (Adam&Eve), Noah& The Ark, Moses& the Jews. They all have the same basic message, to do good and not evil, but they believe in their own interpretations of god's word.

What do Muslims believe about the Koran?

They believe it can only be understood and interpreted accurately in Arabic.

What do Christians think of their fellow Abrahamic religions?

They believe that Judaism is a true religion with an incomplete revelation. They believe that Islam is a false religion.

What do the Shiite believe of their imams?

They believe they are infallible manifestations of God and perfect interpreters of the Koran. They allow them to change and modify the Koran to meet the circumstances.

Who did the Shi'a believe should succeed Muhammad?

They believed it should have stayed in the family. aka Ali

Who did the Sunni believe should succeed Muhammad?

They believed that anyone who was qualified should have the job of caliph (or successor of the prophet) aka Abu Bakr

Why did the Meccans begin to turn on Muhammad?

They didn't like the change in paradigm. The message of monotheism messed with their economy, which was dependent upon travelers coming to see the Kaaba, a polytheistic shrine. Muhammad said that the bad life all of the Meccans were living, in their hedonistic ways, would lead them to a bad afterlife, and this worried them.

What are Islamic clergymen called?

imams

What do Christians call their god?

Yahweh and the Holy Trinity

What do the Jewish call god?

Yahweh or Elohim

What was Medina formerly known as?

Yathrib

Is church and state separated for the Jewish people?

Yes

Is there a separation of church and state for Christians?

Yes

Who originally built this shrine? For whom was it built?

built by Abraham for Ishmael "house of worship"

Where do Christians worship?

church, chapel, cathedral

What is the money paid for damages called?

diya