ISNS

The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo led to lowering of mean global temperatures by ______.

0.5oC

How much did global temperature rise in the 20th century?

0.6oC (+/- 0.2oC)

This graph shows that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased approximately ______ since 1960.

25

If all of the ice in the Antarctic continental ice sheet were to melt, sea level would rise by ______.

70

Evidence suggests that changes in the greenhouse gas and aerosol contents of the atmosphere are responsible for _____ of observed global warming in the 20th century.

90%

Which of these are reported signs of climate change? (Select all that apply.)

Appearance of mosquitoes farther north and south Longer growing seasons Earlier flowering of plants Greenland becoming green

What is the evidence for a massive volcanic eruption in 1809 that made the years 1810 and 1811 unusually cold?

Ash in ice layers from Greenland and Antarctica

Which of the following correctly describe typical weather patterns in North America when La Niña conditions are in effect?

Below-average rainfall in the American Southwest Heavy rainfall in the Pacific Northwest A strong hurricane season on the East Coast

Which of the following are natural sources of methane?

Breakdown of vegetation by termites Mud volcanoes Decomposition of wetlands

Which of the following are major human sources of carbon dioxide?

Burning wood Burning fossil fuels

Which of the following are believed to have combined to cause the Little Ice Age?

Change in North Atlantic Ocean circulation Volcanic eruptions in the late 1200s

Which of these processes are capable of producing the significant and long-lived increase in global temperatures of the 20th century?

Changes in Earth's orbit Increases in greenhouse gases

According to Milankovitch theory, what causes the cyclical variation in solar radiation received at high latitudes?

Changes in Earth's orbit and axial tilt

Which of the following was not a factor in the global warming of the Late Paleocene Torrid Age?

Continental masses at the equator

What likely caused the Maunder Minimum?

Decreased sunspot activity

One of the worst weather-related disasters in U.S. history occurred during the 1930s, when an extended drought turned grain-growing areas in the center of the nation into the "

Dust bowl

The 1982 eruption of _______ in Mexico led to a lowering of world temperature by 0.2oC.

El Chichón

Which of the following are consequences of drought?

Famine Disease Mass migrations

A measure of the ability of a greenhouse gas to trap heat, compared to carbon dioxide is

Global Warming Potential

Which of the following are weather patterns associated with normal Pacific Ocean circulation?

Heavy rainfall in Indonesia and Southeast Asia Arid conditions along the west coast of Peru

Which of these factors are believed to have contributed to global cooling since the end of the Late Paleocene Torrid Age?

Increased albedo as snow and ice accumulated at the poles The breakup of Pangea and subsequent movement of the continents Uplift of the Himalaya Mountains

What feature of the 1982 eruption of El Chichón caused it to have such a strong effect on global climate?

It emitted a huge volume of sulfur dioxide.

What feature of water gives it the ability to absorb and release tremendous amounts of heat?

Its high heat capacity

What is the name for the phenomenon that brings colder water into the equatorial Pacific Ocean?

La nina

Which of the following are human sources of methane?

Landfill decomposition Rice cultivation Maintaining livestock Burning fossil fuels

Which of the following are the two main categories of schemes that have been proposed to control climate?

Manage the amount of solar radiation received by Earth Control the CO2 content in the atmosphere

The period of colder conditions during the little Ice Age that took place between 1645 and 1715 CE is known as the ______.

Maunder Minimum

The warm period from about 1000 to 1300 CE, marked with the letter A on this diagram, is commonly referred to as the ______.

Medieval Maximum

What theory explains that cycles of glacial advance and retreat during the last Ice Age are related to variations in solar radiation received at high latitudes? The

Milankovitch Theory

All global climate models forecast increasing volumes of greenhouse gases and increasing Earth surface temperatures. Where is warming expected to be greatest?

Northern lands in high latitudes

The ______ is an ocean-climate cycle that lasts 20 to 30 years and affects midlatitude Pacific waters.

Pacific Decadal Oscillation

is a measure of changes in these energy flows

Radiative forcing

Which of the following were consequences of the Little Ice Age?

Reduced fishing in Iceland Reduced crop yields and local famine Permanent snowfields in northeastern Canada

Which of the following are occurring as a result of rapid warming in the Arctic?

Release of CO2 and methane from thawed permafrost Thawing of permafrost Wildfires in dried-out permafrost

Which of the following are observations about changes in Arctic sea ice since 1979?

Sea ice is thinner than it used to be. Sea ice is younger in age than it used to be. The extent of sea ice is decreasing every decade.

Which of the following climate mitigation options involve changing energy-usage technologies in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions?

Solar power Wind power Hybrid cars LED lightbulbs

Shifting of weather patterns in the South Pacific Ocean is known as the ______.

Southern Oscillation

Which of the following statements about aerosols are true?

They can contribute to global warming. They can contribute to global cooling. They affect the volume of clouds.

How can volcanoes affect climate?

Throw ash into the stratosphere, which blocks sunlight Emit greenhouse gases, which leads to warming Produce volcanic haze, which blocks sunlight

Which of the following are being used to build a better picture of climate variation over the past 1,000 years?

Tree rings Glacial ice Historic records

Which of the following correctly describe conditions during the Late Paleocene Torrid Age?

Warmer surface ocean temperatures Sluggish ocean circulation Wet and warm climate conditions

Which of the following are considered to be important greenhouse gases?

Water vapor Ozone Methane Carbon dioxide

According to global climate models, rapid economic growth on a global scale will lead to _______.

a continued rise in global temperatures

Global warming that occurred between 1920 and 1945 was mostly likely due to ______, whereas warming that has occurred since 1977 is probably due to _______.

a hotter sun and lack of volcanism; increases in greenhouse gases

Benjamin Franklin correctly suggested that cold weather in Europe during 1783-84 was caused by ______.

a volcanic eruption in Iceland

Microscopic particles of solids and liquids suspended in the atmosphere are called

aerosols

Cloud brightening is the process of spraying sea salts into clouds to increase their

albedo

The "Dust Bowl" of the 1930s was caused by _______.

an extended period of drought

Earth's largest continental ice sheet is located in

antartica

The trading of CO2 emissions credits between companies as a way to control CO2 in the atmosphere is called ______.

cap-and-trade

About 60% of greenhouse gas warming caused by humans comes from ______ released into the atmosphere.

carbon dioxide

When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it creates ______.

carbonic acid

The impact of a volcanic eruption on global average temperatures depends on the type of gas emitted by the volcano. Sulfur dioxide generally leads to global... whereas carbon dioxide generally leads to global...

change warming

What are human-made compounds that have a global warming potential of 12,000 and have contributed to 11% of modern greenhouse gas warming?

chlorofluorocarbons

Historic human evidence of over the past thousand years include tax records, paintings, and records of sea ice around Iceland. (Use just one word for your answer.)

climate

Historic human evidence of... the past thousand years include tax records, paintings, and records of sea ice around Iceland. (Use just one word for your answer.)

climate

Scientists us global... involving complex computer simulations, to understand how the climate may change in the future. (Enter only one word per blank.)

climate models

Scientists use global

climate models

Which of these climate mitigation methods is not related to controlling the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

cloud brightening

As well as being powerful greenhouse gases, CFCs also ________.

destroy ozone in the stratosphere

An extended period of abnormal dryness, with less rainfall than expected is called a(n)

drought

The Late Paleocene Torrid Age age was caused by a combination of the following: a lack of land along the... ; less reflection from surfaces no longer covered in snow; large outpourings of... that contributed greenhouse gases; and a change in...

equator lava ocean

Human-sourced atmospheric carbon dioxide comes from burning fossil

fuels wood

Gases, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide, that trap heat in the lower atmosphere are usually referred to as

greenhouse gases

ice sheet, the second largest continental ice sheet on Earth. (Enter only one word per blank.)

greenland

Our record of glacial advance and retreat during the most recent Ice Age comes from _____.

ice cores ocean sediment cores

Small shrubs, mosses, and lichen are able to grow in permafrost regions during the summer months because _______.

ice melts at and just below the surface

The ocean has become 12% more acidic over the past 30 years. This ocean acidification is believed to be a result of _______.

increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere

Sea-level rise occurs through ______.

isostatic drop of the continental edges melting of glaciers thermal expansion of sea water

This diagram, showing global temperature changes for the past 1,000 years, is known as the hockey stick because _______.

it consists of a relatively flat line with a sharp upturn at the start of the 20th century

A shifting in the Southern Oscillation occurs when ______.

low-pressure atmosphere is replaced by high-pressure atmosphere at Darwin, Australia

This figure shows continental glaciation at its...extent approximately 20,000 years ago.

maximum

Responsible for 16% of modern greenhouse warming,

methane

Warm phases in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation are associated with _____, whereas cool phases are associated with _____.

more storms and rainfall; fewer storms

What gas has a global warming potential of 310 and is responsible for 5% of modern greenhouse gas warming?

nitrous oxide

Ice Ages appear to be favored when ocean circulation is mostly ______.

north-south

Heat supply in the world's ______ has a major effect on global climate.

oceans

In the troposphere, ______ is a powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 2,000. In the stratosphere, it works to cool the atmosphere.

ozone

, HFCs, and black carbon are fast-action strategies that can help mitigate global warming.

ozone methane

Ground that remains frozen all year round is called

permafrost

Various human activities, as well as a growing...on Earth, have resulted in the addition of a lot of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

population

Water vapor in the atmosphere is an example of a

positive

The input for complex global climate models used to ______ climate includes atmospheric composition, ocean circulation, and wind and weather patterns.

predict possible future changes in

In the Arctic, the rate of warming is twice the global average due to ______; the melting of permafrost there could release a significant amount of greenhouse gases over the 21st century.

reduced sea-ice cover

Over the past three decades, the average global temperature has ________.

risen by about 0.2oC per decade

Because of continental glaciers melting, thermal expansion of water, and isostatic adjustments of coastal areas, sea level

rises

Which of these is not considered a fast-action strategy for slowing global warming?

rock weathering

We experience ozone in the troposphere as

smog

Sulfur dioxide emitted by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo combined with water in the atmosphere to form aerosols of ______.

sulfuric acid

The eruption of Mt. Tambora in 1815 caused global climate to cool creating "the year without a

summer

Dark areas on the Sun's surface that are regions of intense magnetic activity are called

sunspots

Satellite monitoring of Arctic sea ice since 1979 has shown that ______.

the area covered by sea ice shrinks significantly every decade

In 1816, the "year without summer," during which Lord Byron wrote the poem Darkness, was caused by ______.

the eruption of Tambora

The Late Paleozoic Ice Age was most likely caused by ______.

the presence of Pangea near the South Pole

Ice records from Greenland show that over the past 35,000 years, ________.

there have been warm and cold intervals in the most recent Ice Age

Data collected from ocean sediments and ice cores suggest that during the most recent Ice Age, ______.

there were long periods of glacial advance followed by rapid retreats

The period of warming between 65 and 55 million years ago is referred to as the Late Paleocene

torrid age

True or false: Global temperatures today exceed that of any time in the past 1,000 years, including the Medieval Maximum.

true

The primary human activity that adds nitrous oxide to the atmosphere is the ______.

use of chemical fertilizers

It has been suggested that sending millions of tons of sulfate into the stratosphere could block sunlight and cool the planet. This process would replicate the effect of ______.

volcanic eruptions

Birds, mammals, insects, and plants extending their ranges both in altitude and latitude is an effect of a

warming

The most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere is ______.

water vapor

Under normal conditions, warmer surface waters from the central Pacific Ocean are found in the _______.

western Pacific