italian unification
How unified was Italy by 1860?
Cavour Making Piedmont great Crimean War Plombieres WAR OF 1859! Victor Emmanuel II and Italian Unification Rhetoric of King of Italian unification Results of War Lombardy is annexed to Piedmont Emilia (Central Duchies) vote to join Piedmont CONSOLIDATION OF NORTHERN ITALY!
How unified was Italy by 1871?
Failure of Garibaldi Garibaldi's failed attempts to take Papal States harm unification Destroy reputation of great unifier! Conquest of Papal States By 1871 Papal States are now annexed into Empire HOWEVER ~ ardent Italian Catholics are angry at Piedmont and Italian State Pope is furious and so the loyal Catholics are not fans of the Italian state Syllabus of Errors Doctrine of Papal Infallibility This religious discontent would take decades to subside
How unified was Italy by 1860?
Garibaldi Effect Invasion and capture of Sicily and Kingdom of Naples Given to Victor Emmanuel II CONSOLIDATION OF SOUTHERN ITALY HOW IS IT NOT UNIFIED! Ideologically Few ~ especially in south see themselves as 'Italian' in 1860 Divided culturally and socially Sicily and Naples Sicilians didn't even know they were voting to join Piedmont Territorially Still missing Papal States and Venetia
Why was Italy was not unified by the end of 1848/49?
Italy after numerous attempts, in 1820s, 1830s and 1848-1849, was still unsuccessful in nationalizing the country by the end of 1849 due to various reasons; most important include the lack of harmony between the six states, absence of participation and agreement by the working class and military interventions by foreign reactionary leaders such as Metternich and later Napoleon III. However, the Italian populace by 1949 had an almost unanimous view on the nationalistic movement, as they saw the great economic and social benefits of an unified Italy. Italy failed to reach a nationalized Italy in large due to the lack of unity between the middle and working class. The revolutionary movements in 1820s and 1830s was clearly an affair of the bourgeoisie. The leaders of the movements were very hesitant to include the proletariat in their new system of government, as the very notion of a new government with the working class disagreed with them. In response to the liberal movement Ferdinand I of the two Sicilies and King Charles Felix of Sardinia sought for help in 1821 from the reactionary leader Metternich. Once the Austrian troops marched to the South the revolutions were crushed almost instantly, as it was not in the nature of the middle class liberals to use radical methods to reach their aims. It would be foolish to articulate that if the proletariat had joined the revolution they would have been able to defeat the Austrian, but it would have surely provided a more belligerent edge to the revolution. The two attempts in 1820s and 1830s to unify Italy failed at the hands of Metternich. It quickly became apparent that as long as Metternich was maneuvering Italy from Austria an unification of Italy was nothing more then a fantasy. Nevertheless, in the late 1840s an unification seemed closer then ever. In 1846 Pope Pius IX, seen as liberal minded, was elected as the new leader of the catholic church. As liberal europe applauded the election of Pope Pius IX, the Austrian reactionary leaders were deeply averse to his election. His pontificate started with the many liberal reforms, such as freedom of press, freeing of political prisoners (mainly ex-revolutionaries) and reformed education, law and papal admin. The most important reform can be said to be freedom of press, as now the liberal ideas permeated through the daily press and the minds of the people. Political clubs and free thinking journals were opened throughout the papal states. The reforms also acted as a catalyst in all of Italy, as the people of other states such as Piedmond demanded for similar reforms. During 1848 a revolutionary wave swept through europe, the wave of liberalism as revolutions began in all parts of europe, whether it was France, Habsburg Empire, Denmark, Italy and even in Metternich's Austria. In Sicily the people revolted against the Neapolitan forces and drove them out of the state. Due to the pressure Ferdinand II granted a constitution in 1848, which was followed by other states and in Milan and Venice Austrian forces were forced out of the country. As a response to the weakening of the Austrian power King Charles Albert declared war on Austria on March 23rd 1848. Although this time an unification seemed probable than ever and King Charles Albert army met some initial success, but at the Battle of Custoza they were defeated by the Austrian once again, which ultimately ended any dreams of unification and Italy returned to its previous state as a satellite of Austria. Up until now every attempt for a unified Italy was cut short by Austria. In 1820s and 1830s they did not really stand any chance of beating Austria. However, when King Charles Albert declared war on Austria one can definitely say that Austria was in a very vulnerable state. Back in Austria Metternich was busy trying to preserve his own spot and it was hard for him to deal with Italy simultaneously. However, due to King Charles Albert limited military experience it was obvious that he would not be able to take advantage of Austria's weakened state. King Charles Albert attempt to unify Italy is quite admirable, as his doctrines would serve as a great foundation for further attempts for unification. However, many historians argue that his true incentive was to annex Lombardy and Venetia, but that is contentious among historians. Fact is that the Statuto was one of the first constitutions that outlined the rights of the people and it is certain that it helped the common people understand what they were truly fighting for. The people of Italy now finally understood the great advantages of a possible unification and the benefits that would arrive from an unified Italy. Therefore it would be absolutely rational to say that thanks to the King Charles Albert introduction of the Statuto it helped entice more followers of the revolution and paved the road for further revolutionary ventures and success. Although his romantic liberalistic ideas made him overrate his military ability, but at least it was a great initiative to demonstrate to Metternich that Italy was militarily present. A historian named Alan Farmer once said that "the 1848-48 revolution clearly demonstrated that romantic idealism could not succeed unless supported by force" and this reiterated by the revolutionary leader of Lombardy Pallavinci who said: " To defeat cannon and soldiers, cannon and soldiers are needed". If Italy wanted to be liberated and unified it had to use cannon and weapons and a belligerent military leader that would be able to conduct the military side and that may even not be enough. The proclamation of the Roman Republic lead by George Mazzini demonstrated clearly that violence is the only answer to reach a unified Italy. Mazzini and Garibaldi scared the Pope out of the Papal States and Mazzini was elected as head of the triumvirate. Metternich once said that "Mazzini is the most dangerous man in europe", because he was the intellectual heart and brain of the nationalist movement. Robert Pearce, an editor from HistoryToday, described Mazzini as an "romantic revolutionary", whose impact on the revolution was greatest during the 1830s and 1840s, because he planted the liberal nationalistic ideology into the minds of the people. During his brief, but very successful reign Mazzini was able to implement many reforms including education for all, abolished death penalty, freedom of speech and fairer legal system to protect all. However, the reason for the very short reign of Mazzini was that as soon as Pope Pius IX called for help from all European powers, France was the only country that responded and send their troops to Rome meeting Garibaldi's legionaries there. After unexpected strong resistance from Garibaldi Napoleon III finally was able to take over the Papal States. Something that is noticeable from all the attempts of a unified Italy is that there is a gradual increase of military strength by the liberals. From 1820 to 1848 the liberals now were able to display a great improved military resistance movement although they all ultimately failed it demonstrated that the possibility of a unification was better than ever. However, as this revolution eventually demonstrated was that foreign intervention is the only thing that is stopping Italy from being unified, in this case it was France and not Austria who stopped the revolution in Italy. It would be foolish to say that Italy was unified geographically by the end of 1849, but one can make a strong case in suggesting that on an ideological bases Italy was very much unified. During the last revolutions in 1848-49 and the formation of the Roman Republic the populace supported the liberal nationalistic movements due to the fairer and more tolerant government that is promised. Therefore the ideological barrier has been overcome and a nationalistic doctrine permeated through the minds of the general public, even through the mind of the proletariats who were reluctant to participate in the liberal movements in 1820s and 1830s.However, it is obvious to state that they were more concerned with the material gain rather the intellectual freedom, as it is in their nature to mainly deal with the economical improvements such as fairer taxes. On an ideological level Italy was unified, but the importance of a unified Italy geographically is substantiated by Mazzini who once said:" A Country is not a mere territory; the particular territory is only its foundation. The Country is the idea which rises upon that foundation; it is the sentiment of love, the sense of fellowship which binds together all the sons of that territory. " One can see that Mazzini saw the geographic unification of vital important to develop their liberal views and that is why they are fighting so hard for it. In conclusion Italy long fight for revolution has failed only on a geographical level, due to the constant foreign intervention by the reactionary neighboring powers such as Metternich in 1820s and 1830s and Napoleon III in 1848-1849 and the lack of unity between the middle class and the proletariat. However, thanks to Mazzini, who planted the liberal doctrines into the minds of the people, Italy was now unified on an ideologic level and it was only a matter of time when Italy would be unified geographically. The reason being is that Europe was in chaos and now their romantic ideals were supported by cannon and soldiers.
How unified was Italy by 1848?
Mazzini's effect 'Young Italy' Movement First political party to preach Italian unification Propaganda and ideological work building an idea of a unified Italy Roman Republic Idealistic Republic around which Italy was meant to be unified Fostered IDEA of unified Italy Ground work is set by Mazzini (he is the THINKER) Now sword and politician needed
How unified was Italy by 1848?
Revolution Carbonari and work of revolutionaries was largely aimed at unification of Italy Liberal ideals THREE FIGURES Pope Pius IX Mazzini Charles Albert ALL WEAKENED UNIFICATION PROCESS But still demonstrated people were thinking about leaders Failure made them understand they needed outside help!
Cavour
Successes Financial development of Piedmont Railways, finances, banks! Constitution of Piedmont (Statuto) Crimean War Friends with Napoleon III, as a result: PLOMBIERES! Result: War of 1859 Battles of Solferino Magenta Peace of Villafranca Resigns...but Italy has gained (Tuscany, Emilia, annexed to Piedmont, Romagna, Lombardy Prevented Garibaldi attacking Rome (1860) Failures: Doesn't WORK WITH GARIBALDI WELL! Concentrated on developing PIEDMONT, not Italian state He saw Italy as JUST northern Italy
Garibaldi
Successes Unified the north and south 1859 War Garibaldi actively fights with his 'Thousand' to help Piedmont win Sicily: takes advantage of the uprising situation due to socio-economic grievances to invade Naples: Invades the kingdom of Naples He hands over his possessions to Victor Emmanuel II Failures Invasion of the Papal states (1862 and 1864) Defeat by his own nation Humiliated by his own state Hated the Catholics AS WELL as the Papact! Makes unification JUST through Garibaldi difficult!
How unified was Italy by 1871?
Venetia Ceded to Italy after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 Kingship Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont becomes ...of Italy NOT first king of Italy! Electorate Only 2% of people could vote Economic status needed! Uniformity Single military Single education system Single Legal Code Revolt 1861 and 1865 Taxation, land, banditry, begging Bandits and civil war!