Italy + Germany— Rise of Fascism

Il Duce

"The Leader" - Mussolini's name for himself

Third Reich

- "The Third Empire" - Basically Nazi Germany

March on Rome (1922)

- 30,000 blackshirts march on Rome; demand fascists be given power and M. be chose prime minister - threaten king with civil war and violence in capital - claim that fascism is the only way that change will happen - M. is playing a dangerous game with king bc police and military are loyal to king and greatly outnumber the blackshirts - king gives in anyway + makes M prime minister bc 1) he's sick of the civil unrest 2) he's scared of a communist uprising 3) he thought that if M was made prime minister, he would calm down and play by the rules (but nOpE)

OVRA

Mussolini's secret police - sent people to prisons set up on remote Mediterranean islands

What global event really led Germans to look for radical solution?

The Great Depression--> unemployment, no investment

Fascist Principles

- Anti-individualistic - Anti-democratic - Anti-egalitarian - Anti-communist - Anti-pacifist - Anti-internationalist - Anti-liberal - Anti-intellectual

Catholic Church and Mussolini

- Catholicism was the state religion, so even tho Mussolini was not religious, he made agreements with the Catholic church so that he could gain their support - Lateran Treaties 1929: Mussolini agreed to support some policies important to the Church: *Religious education in schools *No divorce or contraception *Laws against gambling or sales of alcohol on Sundays

What were the competing ideologies in Europe after WWI?

- Communist (left) - Democracy (moderate/middle) - Fascism (right)

What happened to enemies of the Nazis within Germany?

- Concentration camps (1st- political opponents; 2nd- Jews (i think during WWII?)) - Jews were portrayed badly in news/press and were blamed for all the problems happening

Fasces --> Fascism

- Fasces was an ancient Roman symbol consisting of a bundle of wooden rods and an ax (represents strength and power of state; rods cannot be broken) - Name 'Fascism' came from Fasces

Economy of Mussolini's Italy (fascism)

- Fascism strongly supports capitalism - Economy comes under state control (corporate state/corporatism): profit stays in hands of workers, but they make stuff for the state - Economy will improve at the expense of the workers

Unlike classical architecture from the past, how were the designs of the Bauhaus School established by Walter Gropius different?

- Functional art - Futuristic - Inexpensive materials/mass produced - Mass consumerism - 'Internationalist' style ---------> Nazis don't approve, it's not "German" bc it can be found in many diff countries and it's 'internationalist style'

What message was communicated through propaganda films?

- Germans were the "chosen people" - Germans were more intelligent, stronger, more physically attractive - It was German duty to enforce German culture onto other people

1936-39 Spanish Civil War: The Abraham Lincoln Brigade of American volunteers went to defend democracy against General Francisco's (this franco guy basically overthrows the spanish gov) Fascist forces. No support from the US gov. Who helped the Fascist 'Nationalist' forces crush the democratically elected Republic?

- Germany and Italy helped - This allowed them to practice (and got them ready for when WWII came) - Hitler claims he was protecting the welfare of the German speaking population there

Characteristics of totalitarian regimes...

- Government establishes complete control of ALL ASPECTS of the state (political, military, economy, social, cultural) - Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms) - Strict controls and laws - Military state (secret police, army, military) - Censorship (opposing free expression) - Propaganda (media- radio, newspapers, posters) - One leader (dictator, charismatic, cult of personality) - Total conformity of people to ideas of leader - Terror and fear

How else did Mussolini make a name for himself + his movement (other than violence)?

- He was the editor of a socialist journal ('Avanti'??) - He was a very good writer that played upon people's fears and dreams (manipulation)

As the Nazis vied for power in the 1920's and early 1930's, what 3 groups did they target/use as 'scapegoats'?

- Jews - Communists/Socialists/Marxists - The Government/Weimar Republic (the gov signed Treaty of Versailles + WWI armistice; "November criminals"

Which three groups did the Nazis blame for Germany's problems?

- Jews - Marxists (communists + social democrats) - 'November criminals' (those who signed the 1918 armistice + versailles treaty) -----------> scapegoating

Lebensraum

- Living room/space - Hitler's imperialist desires--> German need for land to settle - Plan to dominate lands in the east + replace populations with Germans

How do Mussolini's strategies influence Hitler?

- M is in power for almost 12 years before Hitler rises - Hitler is lowkey a copycat: *brownshirts (paramilitary) *title of 'the leader' (der furher) *mass rallies (psychological impact on people) *solute

1938 Anschluss (union)- Why was Austria technically not "invaded"? What happened?

- Majority of Austrians welcomed Hitler - No defensive action by Austria - Austrians immediately started persecuting Jews within 24 hours--> scary bc neighbors turned on neighbors; Nazis led the acts

Blackshirts

- Mussolini's police force/paramilitary (usually veterans/former soldiers) - terrorized political opponents and critics of M. - killed hundreds with no consequence

The conservative gov under President/general Hindenburg issued Article 48, which he was allowed to do in a 'dire emergency'--> what could he then dissolve with his decree?

- Parliament - Hindenburg dies that year - Hitler takes position of Chancellor AND President - End/death of democracy--> Hitler dictatorship begins

Why did Mussolini invade Ethiopia in 1935? What had he promised Italians?

- Promised to restore the glory of the Roman empire bc they lost the first time they invaded - There was no European power present in Ethiopia--> made them more vulnerable - Double meaning to the invasion: 1) revenge for first loss 2) expand power/territory + unite ppl under nationalism

Identify at least 3 things the Nazis promised different groups while campaigning for senate in the Parliament/Reichstag during the early 1930s that won them supporters

- Pull Germany out of Depression + improve economy - Employment - Make Germany a world power (military) - Reverse Treaty of Versailles - Farmers--> prop up agricultural prices - Veterans--> pensions/paid - Traditional/cultural values - Crush the Communists

What is fascism?

- RIGHT wing - Intense nationalism + elitism - Totalitarian control - Interests of the state are more important than individual rights - Maintain a class system and private ownership - Reflects on great achievements in the past (??)

What countries embraced totalitarianism?

- Soviet Union/Russia (communism) - Italy (fascism) - Germany (fascism)

Kristallnacht (1938)

- The night of broken glass - Synagogues burned, shops destroyed, Jews killed + arrested - Happened as a result of the assassination of a junior Nazi diplomat in Paris--> a young Jew shot him bc he was angry at the way Jews were being treated - The Nazis/gov exploited the murder--> turned ppl against all Jews ('Jews are the enemies of the state') - The Nazi diplomat was honored as a hero - The police + firefighters + ambulances + authorities did nothing to help/protect the Jews who were being persecuted

What was the Futurist movement?

- a movement that celebrated speed, tech, violence, action, adventure, war, change - "war is the hygiene of the world of man': the war could cleanse the corruption of society - Mussolini supports the futurist movement, so he gets kicked out of the socialist journal editor job bc socialists don't believe in war

Giacomo Matteotti

- a socialist politician who stood up to Mussolini - was kidnapped and murdered - some people thought Mussolini went too far with the murder, but Mussolini admitted he ordered it and sent the message that 'this is the way it's gonna be so u better obey me you lil poops'

Once Nazi's came to power, what happened to the arts?

- clubs and theaters shut down - books burned on streets - campaigns against arts

Once the Nazis came to power in 1933, how did law impact Weimar culture?

- didn't like modern architecture - theaters were shut down (ones that didn't host shows that the Nazis liked/supported the Nazis) - clubs shut down (not traditional culture? jazz?) - book burning - campaigns against feminism - no more jazz--> black roots - degenerate art exhibit--> set up by Nazis to ridicule art that they didn't like + put them on display

What factors caused totalitarian governments to emerge in post war Europe?

- economic crises - political chaos

What were 2 promises that Mussolini made?

- end corruption/bring order to Italy - take Italy back to the days of Ancient Rome

Initially, what kind of ideology was Mussolini attracted to?

- extreme socialism - believed that a violent revolution was needed to stop the wealthy from getting richer and make them share with the poor ----> he gets arrested for inciting revolution

As a democratic gov, what did the new Weimar Republic's constitution guarantee?

- freedom of expression--> lead to explosion of creativity (art, theater, paint, handwork, film, etc.) - wasn't too free before bc it was a monarchy (still free, but ppl were not allowed to say everything/anything they wanted

What was the goal of Leni Riefenstahl's film "Triumph of the Will" about the 1934 Nazi Party Congress?

- glorifying German body - portray Hitler as a god (lighting/shadows, crowd shots, shoot upward angle) -------> used new techniques: panning audience, underwater cameras in pools

The Weimar Republic was established in 1919; what did its Constitution guarantee?

- guaranteed freedom of expression--> created a more liberal atmosphere--> culture flourished + lots of arts/literature/clubs/theaters/music appeared--> but also era of decay bc the rich ppl were cool but veterans and poor were suffering/ignored (painting by Otto Dix)

Walter Gropius

- idk find out more about this guy

How did Otto Dix's pictures depict the problems faced by post-war Germany?

- included good + bad perspectives (juxtaposition) of rich and increase in poverty (majority of population) - women had make up, in clubs, dancing (modern women) - veterans/poor in the streets + ignored by others - it was 'realism' and basically was a critique about Germany

What "science" was taught to students?

- lessons of ideal body type - Aryan race was the "master race"; the ppl at the bottom were ppl of color + Jews

What four things does Mussolini's Fascism celebrate?

- military might - extreme devotion to country - superiority of Italian people - bring back success of Ancient Rome ---------> make Italy great again

Joseph Goebbels

- minister of propaganda in the Nazi Party - in charge of press - used: art, film, music, theater, books, radio, educational materials, press

After Mussolini is drafted to fight in WWI, what does he learn about the power of nationalism?

- motivates men into action; can power a revolution - unites people

1935 Anti-Semitic Nuremberg Laws

- no marriage or intercourse between Jews/non-Jews - Jews stripped of citizenship - Businesses were boycotted - no public service jobs (or gov jobs i think??)

Post WWI, what's happening in Italy that would make fascism seem more appealing?

- post war economy (inflation, unemployment) - rise of communist/socialist parties--> lead to workers strikes and unions - democratic government couldn't do anything--> democracy was weak

How do Fascists manage to secure 65% of the seats in Parliament?

- posted thugs at each poll to intimidate voters - beat up a guy that came out for 'not voting for the fascists' - rigged votes/elections

How did the Nazis try to control the thoughts of German citizens?

- public burning of books (Helen Keller, Einstein, Marie Curie) -------------->sent message to public that this was a societal rejection; an event; you don't want to be left out - send ppl to concentration camps--> made ppl scared to even talk for fear that they might say something 'wrong' and get arrested

What five things did Hitler and his party promise to the German people?

- pull Germany out of depression - restore German cultural values - reverse provisions of the Treaty of Versailles - prevent a Communist uprising - restore Germany as a world power

Webquest: Fascism in Germany

- review packet + questions - get the answers to the questions you didn't understand

The Troubled Infancy of the Weimar Republic

- review the reading - review the questions

Social Policies of Mussolini's Italy (fascism)

- slogan: believe! obey! fight! - men: encouraged to be ruthless warriors - women: called to win 'battle of motherhood' (have 14 children) - gold wedding bands were changed to iron ones (strength of the nation)

How did the Nazis use the radio to their advantage?

- spread them out into streets/public places - cheap radios for people to buy - schools, homes, public places - so that ppl could hear Hitler talking + propaganda--> influence them

What specific tactics + strategies does Mussolini use in the 1920's to strengthen his power and ensure loyalty?

- started public work projects (gov pays citizens to do work for the state) - sent nurses to teach in poorer places - improving education--> indoctrination of next generation - cult of personality (project image that he can do everything and that he's a good person)

Fascist Youth

- strict discipline (instill strong sense of patriotism) - toughened children (to make them future soldiers) - taught to obey strict military discipline - taught that Mussolini/Hitler was always right ------> indoctrination

In what ways was Hitler an effective speaker?

- waited for ppl to settle down--> build tension - start slowly + quietly - build up and eventually be like LKSDJfSDFJKSD:LFJLKSDSLDKJF:LKSDJF;lkSJD;lfkJSDL:fj:LSKDJFlkjLSKDJFlSDJfl;JSDLFjkSDFjSDL:fj:SDJf;lKSDJfl;KSDJF

By issuing Article 48, Hindenburg hoped the gov would swing back towards which direction?

A strong monarchy, so he supported Hitler, but he was not expecting a dictatorship

Anti-religious (C, F, or B)

C

Economy should be planned/managed by the government (C, F, or B)

C

Far left (C, F, or B)

C

Government owns all large economic enterprises (C, F, or B)

C

Supported mostly by the working class and underprivileged (C, F, or B)

C

Supports a classless society (C, F, or B)

C

Supports workers' rights and power in society (C, F, or B)

C

Wants an international proletariat revolution (C, F, or B)

C

President Hindenburg/Hitler chancellor/article 41/48 or smth like that???

idk find out more about this stuff

Believes there should be only ONE dominant Party (C, F, or B)

B

Does not tolerate political opponents that challenge the Party

B

Government should control all aspects of society/life (C, F, or B)

B

Government should control communication (C, F, or B)

B

Government should control education (C, F, or B)

B

Government should use terror if need be to achieve its goals (C, F, or B)

B

The Judicial system should serve the state (C, F, or B)

B

The masses are easily influenced and need a strong leader (C, F, or B)

B

Threatened the stability of the Weimar Republic in Germany (C, F, or B)

B

Uses propaganda to enforce its agenda and policies (C, F, or B)

B

Was popular in various European countries after WWI (C, F, or B)

B

How did certain countries feel about boundary changes after WWI?

Angry: Germany (lost land), Russia (lost land), Italy (didn't get as much land as wanted)

A strong leader is necessary to move the country forward (C, F, or B)

B

By 1952, Hindenberg felt compelled to declar a National emergency with Article 48 bc who was winning more seats in the Reichstag?

Communists/Socialists

Accepts inequality in society (C, F, or B)

F

Became the dominate Party in Italy and Spain by 1930 (C, F, or B)

F

Capitalist (C, F, or B)

F

Celebrates a national uniform that reflects military intent (C, F, or B)

F

Extremely nationalistic (C, F, or B)

F

Far right on the political spectrum (C, F, or B)

F

First appeared as a political party in Italy (C, F, or B)

F

Glorifies use of violence as reflecting strength of state (C, F, or B)

F

Maintains a class system (C, F, or B)

F

Organized paramilitary organizations to enforce its policies

F

Racist (C, F, or B)

F

Rejects liberalism and Parliamentary government as weak (C, F, or B)

F

Tends to reflect upon the golden period in a country's past (C, F, or B)

F

Beer Hall Putsch 1923

Hitler + Ludendorff tried to start a rebellion against the Weimar system in Munich--> failed, and Hitler was arrested; sentenced to 5 years in prison but only served 1