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First Generation Computers

(1951-1958)

Second Generation Computers

(1959-1963)

Third Generation Computers

(1964-1970)

Fourth Generation Computers

(1971-present)

Video data

Moving images or pictures

Audio data

Sound, noise, or tones

INPUT

accepts and gather data. ​

Diligence

A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any error.

The Information Age

A historical period that began in the mid-20th century, characterized by a rapid epochal shift from the traditional industry established by the Industrial Revolution to an economy primarily based upon information technology. Very fast growth in communication and information technology.

Microcomputers Minicomputers Mainframes Supercomputer

According to Capacity

Analog Computers Digital Computers Hybrid Computers

According to Data Handled

General-purpose and Special-purpose

According to Purpose

Input Devices

Allows data and programs to be sent to the CPU.

Hybrid Computers

Although both analog and digital computers are extremely used in widely accepted in various industries, manufacturers designed a computer that combines the best features of both types. This special-purpose machine called a hybrid computer combines the measuring capabilities of the analog computer and the logical and control capabilities of the digital computer. It offers an efficient and economical method of working out special types of problems in science and various areas of engineering. Some Hybrid machines contain special equipment to convert analog voltages into digital voltages, and vice-versa.

1990's The internet era

An electronic communications network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world

purpose, data handled, and capacity

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

The components of computer system are hardware, software, and peopleware

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

System Software, Application Software

Categories of software

Speed, Accuracy, Diligence, Versatility, Power of remembering, No IQ, No feelings, Storage

Characteristics of Computer

Speed

Computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. Computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of instructions and even more per second.

Power of Remembering

Computer has the power of storing any amount of information or data. Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it, for any numbers of years.

No IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction from the user. It performs the instructions at tremendous speed and with accuracy. It is you to decide what you want to do and in what sequence. So a computer cannot take its own decision as you can.

Present Data Science

Data science is the field of study that combines domain expertise, programming skills, and knowledge of mathematics and statistics to extract meaningful insights from data

Hollerith Card, Automatic Weaving Loom, MARK1

Electro-Mechanical Devices

ABC, ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC

Electronic Devices

Input Hardware, Processing Hardware, Storage Hardware, Output Hardware, Communication Hardware

External Hardware

Output Devices

External devices such as displays, printers, disks, and networks that receive data from the processor.

Input Devices

External devices such as keyboards, mice, disks, and networks that provide input to the processor. In modern processors, this data is placed in memory before entering the processor. Input handling is largely under the control of operating system software.

Input, Processing, STore, output,

Function of Information Processing System

Image data

Graphical images or pictures

Digital Age;Information Age;Computer Age

Historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information technology.

Data, Information, Data processing, Computer

Information Processing System

2000s

Information age timeline Wireless computing

Present

Information age timeline Data Science

1980s and 1990s

Information age timeline Home computing

1946s-1970s

Information age timeline Mainframe computing

Central Processing Unit (CPU), Memory Unit, Input and Output Unit

Internal hardware

Wide Area Network (WAN)

It covers a wide area that may span across provinces or the whole country.

No Feelings

It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience. Thus it does not get tired even after long hours of work. It does not distinguish between users.

Napier's Bones

It is a manually-operated device used for calculating products and quotients. It was invented by John Napier.

Oughtred's Slide Rule

It is a mechanical analog computer consists of movable bars with a precise scale which uses approximations for solving problems like multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry. It was invented by William Oughtred.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

It is a network that expands throughout the city.

Pascaline Calculator

It is also called Adding Machine. It the first mechanical calculating device that uses cogged wheels that can be used to add and subtract two numbers. It was invented by Blaise Pascal.

Abacus

It is also called counting frame and is considered as the first man-made computing device. In fact, it was used in centuries. It uses beads and it was invented in China.

Leibniz Calculator

It is also called stepped drum and is considered the improved Pascaline which could multiply and divide. It was invented by Gottfried Leibniz.

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator; EDSAC

It is also known as Electronic Binary Digital computer that uses binary representation of data and internally stored program; the first full-size stored-program computer, built at the University of Cambridge, England by Maurice Wilkes and others to provide a formal computing service for users. EDSAC was built according to the von Neumann machine principles.

Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator; MARK1

It is the first general-purpose electro-mechanical computer and it was invented by Howard H. Aiken.

Hollerith Card

It is the first use of punched cards to store data. It was developed by Herman Hollerith.

Datapath

It manipulates the data coming through the processor. It also provides a small amount of temporary data storage.

Versatility

It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work. You may use your computer to prepare payroll slips.

Output Hardware

It provides the means for the user to view information produced by the computer system. The two forms are hardcopy and softcopy.

Local Area Network (LAN)

It refers to a computer network spanned inside a building and operated under single administrative system.

Information Technology; IT

It refers to anything related to computing technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the people that work with these technologies.

Input Hardware

It refers to the hardware used to input data and transactions. Aside from accepting data, it converts it into a form suitable for processing. The types of --- are keyboard-entry, direct-entry, and scanning devices.

Processing Hardware

It refers to the hardware used to retrieve and execute the instructions. Some of the components inside the system unit are power supply, motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), specialized processor chips, system clock, random access memory (RAM) chips, read-only memory (ROM) chips, expansion slots and boards, and ports.

Storage Hardware

It refers to the hardware used to temporarily and permanently store data, instructions, and output and files and programs, respectively. The two types are primary memory and secondary memory.

System Software

It refers to the programs that assist in the computer operations. It facilitates the execution of application programs.

Application Software

It refers to the user programs being installed in the computer that are designed to solve various problems in business, engineering and scientific research.

Automatic Weaving Loom

It uses the concept of punched card to control a sequence of operation. It was invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard.

Communication Hardware

Its function is to facilitate connection between computers connected with a network of computers over phone lines and other channels.

Abacus, Napier's Bones, Oughtred's Slide Rule, Pascaline Calculator, Leibniz Calculator, BDAE

Manual Mechanical

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer; EDVAC

Mauchly and Eckert started working on it two years before ENIAC even went into operation. Their idea was to have the program for the computer stored inside the computer. This would be possible because EDVAC was going to have more internal memory than any other computing device to date. Memory was to be provided through the use of mercury delay lines.It is the completely internally programmed machine. This is simply the enhancement of ENIAC to overcome its limitations.

Output Devices

Media used by the computer in displaying its responses to our requests and instructions.

Alphanumeric data

Numbers, letters and other characters

Accurate, Complete, Economical, Flexible, Reliable, Relevant, Simple, Timely, Verifiable, Accessible, Secure

The Characteristics of Valuable Information

Storage

The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data. You can also store data in secondary storage devices.

Accuracy

The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is performed with the same accuracy.

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator; ENIAC

The first fully electronic general-purpose digital computer ever completed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.

1946 ENIAC ERA

The first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer, built during World War II by the United States and completed in 1946.

ABC; Atanasoff-Berry-Computer

The first special purpose digital computer that solves simultaneous equations. It was developed by John Atanasoff.

Second Generation Computers (1959-1963)

The major hardware features are transistors and magnetic core. Its processing speed is 1,000,000 instructions per second and the size is mainframe. TRADIC is one example It is the first transistorized computer. More examples are UNIVAC II, IBM 7070, 7090 and 1400 series.

Digital Age;Information Age;Computer Age

The modern age regarded as a time in which information has become a commodity that is quickly and widely disseminated and easily available especially through the use of computer technology.

Fifth Generation Computers (Future)

The next generation of computers are called fifth generation.

First Generation Computers (1951-1958)

The size is mainframes. The major hardware features are vacuum tubes and magnetic drums and the processing speed is1,000 instructions per second. One example of computer during this generation is Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC). It is the first commercial business computer and was developed by John Eckert and John Mauchly. Other example is IBM 701 which is the first-generation IBM computers. The most popular 1st generation computer is IBM650.

Fourth Generation Computers (1971-present)

The size of computer varies from mainframes, minicomputers and microcomputers. The major hardware features are microprocessors or large-scale integrated circuit. The minimum processing speed is 100,000,000 instructions per second. Some examples are IBM System 370, System 3090, IBM PC - XT based computers, IBM PC - AT based computers, Intel 4004, 8008, 8080, Pentium series, Dual core, Quad core, and i series.

package programs and custom programs

The two types of application software

Electronic Devices

Their principal components of --- are circuit boards, transistors or silicon chips and use electrical switches and circuitry instead of mechanical relays.

Pre-Modern Era

There three classifications of devices that evolved namely manual-mechanical devices, electro- mechanical, and electronic devices.

Babbage's Difference and Analytical Engines; bdae

These engines embodied most of the design of modern computers. The Difference engine can compute tables and the Analytical engine is completely automatic and is capable of calculating any mathematical problems. It was invented by Charles Babbage.

2000's Wireless Computing

Transferring the data or information between computers or devices that are not physically connected to each other and having a "wireless network connection".

Home computers

a class of microcomputers that entered the market in 1977 and became common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user.

DATA

a collection of independent and unorganized facts.

Central Processing Unit; CPU

executes all the instructions and it is considered the brain of the computer system.

Memory Unit

allows the computer to store and retrieve information. It stores data and instructions before the execution as well as the processed data.

COMPUTER

an electronic machine that follows a set of instructions in order that it may be able to accept and gather data and transform these into information.

Language processors

are also called translators. They convert source code or the program into a form suitable for execution. The three types of --- are compilers, assemblers, and interpreters.

Special-purpose computers

are designed to perform one specific task. The program of instructions is built into, or permanently stored in the machine. The examples are high hway tolls, air traffic control, satellite tracking, airline reservations, and automated teller machines.

Manual-Mechanical devices

are devices that are operated manually by the user.

Programming languages

are programs used to write other programs.

Processing elements

compute new data values from old data values. In simple processors the major processing elements are grouped into an Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU).

Analog Computers

comes from the word "analogous" meaning similar. These are used for scientific, engineering, and process control purposes. They deal with quantities that are continuously variable. One example is the speedometer in an automobile.

Control

generates control signals that direct the operation of memory and the datapath. The control signals do the following. -Tell memory to send or receive data. -Tell the ALU what operation to perform. -Route data between different parts of the datapath. -It generates control signals that direct the operation of memory and the datapath.

Multiplexers

have control inputs coming from control. They are used for routing data through the datapath.

General-purpose computers

have the ability to store different programs of instruction and thus, perform a variety of operations. The examples are personal computer, laptop, and tablets.

Special-purpose registers

hold data that is needed for processor operation but is not directly visible to assembly language programmers.

program counter; PC

holds the address for fetching instructions.

Reliable

information can be depended on. Reliability depends on the source of the information.

Flexible

information can be used for a variety of purposes.

Complete

information contains all of the important facts.

Timely

information is delivered when it is needed.

Accurate

information is error free. In some cases, inaccurate information is generated because inaccurate data is fed into the transformation process. This is commonly called garbage in, garbage out (GIGO).

Relevant

information is important to the decision maker. Information must pertain to the problem at hand.

Economical

information should also be relatively economical to produce. Decision makers must always balance the value of information with the cost of producing it.

Simple

information should also be simple, not overly complex. Too much information can cause information overload, where a decision maker has too much information and is unable to determine what is really important.

Accessible

information should be easily accessible by authorized users and provided in the right format and at the right time to meet their needs.

Secure

information should be secure from access by unauthorized users.

Software

refers to a set of instructions that is to be executed by the computer called program.

Information

is a collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves. -- is created by defining and organizing relationships between data. Defining different relationships results in different ---.

Datapath

is a collection of functional units such as arithmetic logic units or multipliers that perform data processing operations, registers, and buses.​

Knowledge

is an awareness and understanding of set of information and of how that information can be made useful to support a specific task or reach a decision.

Operating system (OS)

is considered as the master control program, executive processor and controller system because it supervises the execution of an application programs.

Memory

is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored.

Volatile memory

is memory that loses its contents when the computer or hardware device loses power.

DATA PROCESSING

is the course of doing things in a sequence of steps.​

Data

is the plural of the Latin word "datum", which literally means a "given" or "fact", which may take the form of a number, or a picture. -- consists of raw facts - has little value beyond itself. -- are the raw materials in the production of information.

INFORMATION

is the processed and organized data presented in a meaningful form.​

Verifiable

means that you can check it to make sure it is correct, perhaps by checking many sources for the same information.

Third Generation Computers (1964-1970)

minicomputers already became available. The major hardware features are integrated circuits or "chips" and the processing speed is 10,000,000 instructions per second. One example is IBM System360. It is the first general-purpose machine used in science and business.

SOFTWARE

non-tangible part that tells the computer how to do its job.​

Information and Communications Technology; ICT

often deals with the use of different technological inventions like mobile phones, telephones, computer, Internet, and other devices, as well as software and applications to locate, save, send, and manipulate information.

OUTPUT

presents information.

PROCESSING

processes data to become information.​

Digital Computers

refer to machines that specialize in counting. It operates by counting values that are discrete, or separate and distinct.

Electro-Mechanical Devices

refer to mechanical devices powered by electronic motor and use switches and relays.

USER

refer to people who use and operate the computer system, write computer programs, and analyze and design the information system.

A global area network (GAN)

refers to a network composed of different interconnected networks that cover an unlimited geographical area.

Capacity

refers to amount of data that can be stored in memory, the speed of internal operation of the computer, capacity of storage devices, and number and types of peripheral devices.

Hardware

refers to the internal and external physical compositions of the computer.

Peopleware

refers to the personnel involved within the computer installation or could be anybody who wants their job to be done using computer.

Dataware

refers to the steps specifying the manner certain activities are to be accomplished.

The I/O unit; Input and Output unit

serves as the interface between the computer and its outside world. It allows communication between them through the input and output devices.

Programmable registers

small units of data storage that are directly visible to assembly language programmers. They can be used like simple variables in a high-level program.

Non-volatile memory

sometimes abbreviated as NVRAM, is memory that keeps its contents even if the power is lost. EPROM is an example of --- memory.

STORE

stores data and information. ​

HARDWARE

tangible part of a computer system.​

Information and Communications Technology; ICT

technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications.​