J2000 Midterm

What are three strategies that allow journalists or strategic communicators to deepen their storytelling, and have clearer messaging with sources and audiences?

1. Acknowledge the Fear-Everyone is afraid of saying or doing the wrong thing. Make sure you start out the conversation by hitting those tough topics and those scary conversations and naming the fears that might hinder the honesty. 2. Sharpen your language-Try to listen to yourself and try to stay away from cliches, muddled phrases, euphemisms, generalizations, innuendo, etc. Make sure you understand when talking to a source, but also make sure you are being understood as well. 3. Become a student- Watch more, read more, and listen more about the variety of arenas of differences. Get more involved with the conversation by joining Facebook groups, blogs, twitter, etc.

Explain the five useful practices for talking across differences? How does social media hinder or help talking across differences?

1.Be honest- i. Journalist need to recognize the "fear in conversation" and overcome it when telling the story. They need to make sure they use clear and precise wording while reporting and writing. An example from ch.2: if you mean to say "poor latinos" don't say "inner city youth". Also, journalists should not try to maneuver around the honesty due to the sensitive nature of the information. 2. Seek clarification before judging i. Journalists should try to ask "what do you mean" whenever possible to get the full story. This allows the interviewee to know that they are not just getting the little bit of information they need and building off of it, but that the journalist is actually trying to get all of the information from the source in order to figure out the big picture of the story. 3.Challenge with a passion, not poison i. Challenging with a passion not a poison for journalists means not labeling people. For journalists it is not our job to give opinions or to call names. It is our job to get the information and accurately relay that message to the public. 4.Be open to change i. It is very important to make sure to keep an open mind, especially when working on stories and interviewing sources. 5.Stay in the room i. When sources give honest, candid answers, it is important to "stay in the room" and show that you are getting the full story and you are being fair.

Compare and contrast three ways in which athletes of color, including African-American athletes, differs from coverage of white athletes.

African American athletes are very much so covered in the same way that women in general are covered. They are primarily valued for their physical body. The only difference with this is they are praised for their "physical power and physique". Even though white males are also praised on their bodily strength, they get acknowledged for more than just sports. African American athletes also get more negative comments about their intelligence compared to white athletes due to the lack of coverage they receive about their schooling.

What role did alternative media play in helping to tell the stories of marginalized LGBTQ communities and how did that role change from the 1950s to the 2000s?

Alternative media provided a positive space for LGBTQ community members. It allowed them to get away from the mainstream media. The first alternative media form was One Magazine which was primarily for gay men. As the years went on the alternative form of media helped with the gay rights movement helping support lines of communication and visibility.

Define authenticity as it relates to excellence in journalistic strategic media content and give an example from among the readings, videos, or other content specifically assigned for this class, explaining where and how context fits in.

Authenticity is important to great journalism, as it helps us build relationships with our sources. Being authentic allows a source to be more comfortable around us, making their answers to our questions less superficial. In our textbook, there is reference to an article by Wesley Yang. In his article he talks about his personal experiences as an Asian American man in America. That is real, raw authenticity. This makes for great storytelling, and makes the viewer all the more interested. Nobody wants to read superficial, fabricated journalism. People want to read, real authentic raw journalism. This is why authenticity is important to excellent journalism. • context + complexity + voices; communicator to be respectful and humble to their stories. • Must not use sources as a means to an end, but as ends themselves. • Cite: Chapter 1 Textbook

Define complexity as it relates to excellence in journalistic and strategic media content and give an example from among the readings, videos or other content specifically assigned for this class, explaining where and how context fits in.

Complexity is important to good journalism, as most stories are not black and white. Most stories have multiple truths, and complexity helps us get that across. In the book, it talks about an article called "Paper Tigers". This article shows both sides of the issue of Asian Americans struggling in the job market. It shows the side of Asian Americans who can't get a job in corporate offices, then shows a CEO who has succeeded as an Asian American. By showing both sides of this story, the writer is being as objective as possible, adding complexity to the story to show that there are multiple truths. • Complexity is the underlying intricacies of a group or a certain area that usually go unseen. Many different groups are looked at in broad terms and aren't seen for their intricacies and their complexity. • For example, disabled groups: there is not one large, powerful group that are disabled- there are many different types of disability and they shouldn't be blindly grouped under one umbrella. • Journalists can (and should) bring context to social and cultural backgrounds that are underrepresented regarding political, legal and economic implications. • Also, tell the story from the point of the disabled person to better help the reader understand who that person is. This will help the reader see the person for who he or she is, not just as a "disabled person" • Cite: Textbook Chapter 11- "The Complexity of Disability"

Define context as it relates to excellence in journalistic and strategic media content and give an example from among the readings, videos or other content specifically assigned for this class, explaining where and how context fits in.

Context is key to excellent journalism. Good writing needs context to help people understand what is happening, and how it fits into the world's larger picture. In our textbook, there is an example of an article called "Paper Tigers". The article discusses how Asian men are doing great in school, but not as well in the job market. The book gives background stats and information, such as the percentage of Asian Americans at the top of corporate offices, providing context to her story This kind of context is important to get the reader to understand the big picture, and the issue at hand. • Example: Dr. Suzanne Burgoyne has two volunteers come up and shake hands and tells them to freeze. She tells ones of them to go sit down and asked people to say what they thought the student was doing. Without context, you (the reader, viewer, audience, etc) wont get the bigger picture. It takes away the information to help people understand the story.

Explain what the chapter author means by the frame that "talking across difference is a skill you can master." After defining or describing what the author meant by this frame, and give a real-life example in which a news report or media planning strategy failed to account for this reality.

Essential for a reporter to understand the root of controversy and what was said and what the fallouts might be.

Define Maynard's fault line of geography and give an example explaining where and how this notion of a fault line applies to journalistic and strategic communication.

Fault lines can be used to think about how the audience will perceive a story. It is really important to think about not only our own, but the audience's fault lines as well. Geography comes into play here in a huge way. If your audience is from Ferguson, Missouri, during the Michael Brown case, then you need to take that into account. Knowing where they are from, their background, and what they are going for, will only elevate your story. Ignoring those people, and not getting their input on a story, will make your story lack empathy, and could be offensive. Just knowing the customs, and norms of the geographical location of your audience is important. Knowing these fault lines, can help you write a more effective story, and better please your audience.

Define Maynard's fault line of Race/ethnicity and give an example explaining where and how this notion of a fault line applies to journalistic and strategic communication

Fault lines, are the things in our backgrounds that influence us. This can be race, religion, geography, gender, generation, or class. Race can play a big part in how our fault lines affect our journalism. In a story, let's say covering the shooting of a black male by law enforcement, fault line would play a huge part. As a while male, I would have no idea how to cover the true weight of being a black male in America, as I have never stood in those shoes. My fault line, or background as a white male, would make it harder to write a story on this kind of event. Recognizing those fault lines, and attempting to use voices who have the background to truly talk about the story, makes someone a stronger journalist. That is why fault lines in race are important to journalism.

Define Maynard's fault line of gender and gender identity and give an example (does not need to be from the readings/videos, etc.), explaining where and how this notion of a fault line applies to journalistic and strategic communication.

Fault lines, are things in our own background that influence us. When it comes to gender and gender identity, it is important to keep our fault lines in mind. As a male, I wouldn't be able to tell a story about a female who suffered discrimination in the workplace. This is simply because I am not a woman, and cannot truly relate and tell her story. This is where is important for us male journalists to make sure to get the input of women for the story. I could pull quotes from female researchers who study discrimination in the workplace. I could get quotes from women who have experienced discrimination in the workplace as well. It would be unfair, and frankly irresponsible for me to write a story strictly from a male's perspective. Knowing my fault lines, and making sure to address them in a story, is crucial to a good piece of journalism.

What is Hegemony?

Hegemony, put simply, is the dominance by a social group over another. We discussed hegemony through women in sports. The sports covered by media is dominated by men. Turn on your television and you'll see it. Bowling will be played on ESPN over the WNBA. Hegemony comes into play here, because men get covered more, and in a different way than women do. When women are covered, it is for their off the field lives, and their bodies. When men are covered, it is about their accomplishments. This double standard plays into hegemony, and makes it worse. Until the sports media realizes their mistakes, hegemony in their field will continue on. • Media can act as a positive or negative mediator in this societal issue. The groups in power can use enhanced media coverage to extend their dominance over the lower groups, or the media can do a better job at covering the less powerful groups. o This is a difficult task for the media because the groups that are in power, socially, are also often the ones who are in power in organizations; therefore, their opinions are always included no matter what. • Hegemony can easily go undetected with all the other content the media produces. o Social resistance must be more powerful than dominant ideology in order for hegemony to fail. • Cite: Hegemony by James Lull

How has the LGBTQ community historically been treated in advertising?

Historically the LGBTQ community has been treated incredibly poorly. The community was ignored completely for many years. Then came a type of advertising called the "gay vague". This was a type of advertising that was kind of a hidden meaning ad that only people in the know would get. A company that produced an ad like this was Bud Light. They had an ad where bottle caps were strewn about a room and the tag line was "Tops and bottles" which is alluding to the sexual roles that gay men take. It wasn't until the 1990's that advertisers even targeted gay consumers for things like furniture, cars, and especially alcohol.

What is identity?

Identity is what/who someone believes they are. I personally, identify as a white, straight male. Identity is important in our society now more than ever. As our society evolves, so do our identities. This is where intersectionality comes into play, as people's identities intersect and make them the individual they are. In the video "intro to intersectionality", the creator tells us that identities are how we view ourselves and the world. It is molded by how we feel, what we are taught and told through social conditioning. Identities are important to us in the media. We must recognize them, and use them to enhance our stories, and cover people in an accurate way. • Identities are made up of what we feel and what we are taught (social conditioning). Social conditioning is the messages that are passed down through meaning givers (parents, friends, family, religious communities, sports communities, media) and then become social standards. • Social standards then become internalized in people and then help form a person's view of him or herself. People identify themselves within certain social constructs (race, class, gender, etc.) • Cite: Taryn Crenshaw's video

In what ways does gender bias exhibit itself in strategic communications? Why does it matter?

In strategic communication there is an argument that since it isn't supposed to necessarily reflect society, it doesn't have to be evenly distributed when it comes to the staffs gender. Some companies are able to make money when they send out messages that make women feel insecure and unhappy about themselves. In 2004 Dove decided to change the way the message towards women was and instead changed things that are "like a girl" to mean a good and positive thing. Having a gender diverse strategic communication team matters because without it the message could favor one gender or one factor and it could send out a message that isn't the best or one that tears people down to sell items.

What is Institutionalized Bias?

Institutionalized bias occurs when institutions implement policies that discriminate against an entire type of people. There is no better case of this, than the Jim Crow Laws of the post-Civil War South. This was mentioned in the documentary "The 13th" that we viewed in class. The Jim Crow laws were a set of laws implemented to not only segregate, but discriminate against blacks. White nurses could not treat black males, and interracial marriage was illegal. These are just a few examples of how Jim crow set an early standard of institutionalized bias against African Americans in the U.S. Institutionalized bias was a problem then, and is still a problem with many races today. • Normalization and legitimization of bias in the general population. News organizations create certain "structures" (customs, reporting routines, commercial pressures, etc.) that impact what demographics get covered and how they get covered.

What is Intersectionality?

Intersectionality is the interconnected nature of social categorization. For example, someone can be a gay, black, man. That is three of their social categorizations coming together, intersecting, in one human being. In a Ted Talk, Kimberle Krenshaw talked about a case where a woman applied for a job but was not hired. The woman felt that she wasn't hired because she was an African American woman. She took the case to court, but the court felt she there was no discrimination, because the company hired both black males, and white women. What the court didn't take into account, is they didn't hire black women. This is where intersectionality comes into play. They could recognize the two groups separately, but not together, resulting in the woman losing the case. • Kimberle Williams Crenshaw cited the "Say Her Name" campaign and explained how this particular campaign was important because intersectionality was the issue at the forefront- it wasn't just a happenstance. The campaign brings to light the violence black women receive from police. b. In the New York Times article "Working Anything but a 9 to 5," the subject of the story is a single mother who must balance her erratic schedule as a Starbucks barista with caring for her 4-year-old son. The fact that she is a woman and she is low-income combines to create a unique instance of disadvantage that she would not have experienced if she were a woman or low-income independently.

How did the crisis of AIDS alter journalistic news coverage of LGBTQ people? What was the journalistic fallout from AIDS.

It created a fallout. Gay men were seen as monsters. Magazines started to call out gay celebrities which was seen as unethical. Stigma related to homosexuality came back harder than before.

How has the LGBTQ community historically been treated by the mainstream media in news coverage?

It treated gay as like a curse word. They basically shunned them. In the 1970's the LGBTQ community went at the mainstream media to make themselves know and the mainstream media pushed back and this caused backlash and they called the gay community "cursed" example by: David St. Louis

Define Maynard's fault line of class and give an example explaining where and how this notion of a fault line applies to journalistic and strategic communication.

Maynard's fault line of class, means that financial circumstances can influence perspectives. As a journalist, we have to keep our fault lines in check. If someone comes from an affluent family, how can they relate to someone who is dealing with poverty? A way to check those fault lines is getting across the perspectives of the other economic classes. A story about families struggling with poverty, should not be written in a clearly affluent way.

Define Maynard's fault line of generation and give an example, explaining where and how this notion of a fault line applies to journalistic and strategic communication.

Maynard's fault line of generation means that the time period, era, etc. that you grew up in affects your view of events. It is easy to see the generation fault line especially with the events that are happening in the world today. An older journalist might view important issues like the Black Lives Matter movement and the kneeling at NFL games as trivial and unimportant, whereas a journalist who is younger and more knowledgeable on the issues know how important it is to cover these events and inform the nation

Name three ways media relations and sports managers can help better balance the disparities in gender and sports media.

Media relations and sports managers can help better balance the disparities in gender and sports media by: i. Contract negotiations: make sure that there is exposure to all men's and women's sports programs in broadcast television, even if the carrier is only interested in the most popular sports program ii. Sports show coverage: encourage sports journalists, coaches, etc. to "share the wealth" in who gets to be commented on regularly, being sure to include women's sports iii. Advertisements and other publications: strategic communications professionals must make sure that they are not unintentionally publishing sexist, objectifying, or stereotypical language or visuals

What is "objectification theory" and how does it pertain to journalism and strategic communication?

Objectification Theory states that women's main value comes from their bodies and their physical appearance. An example of this is the way women in athletics and men in athletics are portrayed. It was found that "women are valued for their bodies being sexually alluring". Where men are usually seen as tough, active, professional, and insensitive. This relates to strategic communication because, especially when it comes to female athletes, objectifying them takes away from their athletic abilities and only focuses on their physical appearance which is not the message that should be put out there.

What is one problem in regard to how women athletes are portrayed in the news?

One problem in regard to how women athletes are portrayed in the news is that they are usually objectified and studies have shown that female athletes are valued mainly on their physical appearance and not their athletic abilities. In 2012 there was a GoDaddy commercial that Danica Patrick was in. Danica is a successful athlete in a sport that is usually a predominantly male sport. In the commercial they had her in a revealing dress and included a lot of close up shots that encouraged people to only focus on her physical appearance and sexual objectification.

What is privilege?

Privileges are traits, or qualities that an individual is born with that give them an advantage over others. This can be race, sexuality, gender, class, or economic status. Privilege can be tough to come to terms with. This is evident in a Huffington post article about a poor white woman coming to terms with her privilege. Privilege does NOT mean you have everything better than others. It does mean you have certain advantages. Yes, the woman was poor, and had to fight poverty every day. She did have the privilege of being white, and the privilege of being cisgender. Those things are privilege, and really help us understand what privilege truly means. • Privilege: some people benefit from from unearned, largely unacknowledged, advantages, regardless if those advantages are discriminatory. • Most everyone has some sort of privilege, but some people's privilege is far greater than others. One must recognize one's own privilege in order to close the gap.

Define proportionality as it relates to excellence in journalistic strategic media content and give an example from among the readings, videos, or other content specifically assigned for this class, explaining where and how context fits in.

Proportionality is important to excellent journalism, as it helps us tell the whole story. In class we learned a story from our guest speaker who worked for the KC Star. In the story, our guest speaker witnessed a reporter taking notes on a conference. The reporter was only writing down notes for the white speakers, and no one else. This would have been taking away the proportionality of the story, because we aren't getting all of the sides, and covering them equally. If the writer would have taken thorough notes on all of the presenters, then used all of them equally in the story, that would make a better story, and be more proportionate. Proportionality is important to cover all sides equally, and to make a strong story.

What should public affairs officer do when she/he discovers that the information they were told by officers at the scene contradicts what the media has heard from eyewitnesses? What if partial video evidence has been posted to social media?

Social media evidence can change the story or contradict what has already been said. Ex; Police report with little descriptive information can be treated as another source

What is Systematic Bias?

Systematic Bias is when groups are disadvantaged on an institutional level. This is most evident in our criminal justice system. The documentary, "The 13th" focuses on this issue. The documentary picks up right after the civil war, and the ratification of the 13th amendment. The doc shows how even when African Americans were freed from slavery, many of them were forced back into it by being imprisoned. It went on to talk about the war on drugs, and how that led to mass incarcerations of black Americans due to racial profiling. It led up to the Ferguson riots of 2014. These riots occurred after the shooting of Michael Brown, and showcased that institutional bias was prominent in our criminal justice system. • Systemic racism and bias are the most common examples.

How have major society al and cultural events affected media coverage of LGBT people. Give two examples.

The AIDS epidemic because it treated men like they were monsters and ruined the community's name. Media outlets need to remember to be inclusive of all people and not just LGBTQ (everyone who falls under LGBTQ but aren't in the acronym)

The CCJ book talks about how cognitive dissonance theory and confirmation bias all show that there is a part of human nature that can lead people to distort information they receive, no matter how objectively it's presented. Explain what the chapter author means by the frame that "meanings can change, depending upon speaker, listener or context." After defining or describing what the author meant by this frame, and give a real-life example in which a news report or media planning strategy failed to account for this reality.

The author meant that depending on who says it and where they say it, it changes the meaning. EX: If steinfield made a jewish joke in a stand up, it would be different if a catholic made it not in a night club setting, the meaning would be different.

. According to the book, there is gender disparity in newsrooms. What is meant by this and why does it matter?

The book mentions gender disparity. This means that there is a lack of influential women and involvement by these women. It is important to get more women in high up positions in the newsroom because it is believed that in doing this, media coverage of women will improve. It is also believed that getting women in high positions in print, radio, tv, and new media, they will serve as role models for young girls to pursue journalism careers.

How does the news media's over-exposure of crime involving men of color contribute to racial proofing?

The news media's over exposure of crime involving men of color contributes to racial proofing because due to the amount of times men of color appear in the news for crime compared to the amount of times white men appear in the news for crime is astronomical. By constantly only getting men of color in the news, people start believing the stereotype that men of color are more likely to perform crimes, when in actuality, white men are just as likely. The stereotype is perpetuated and therefore believed among the audiences.

Explain what the chapter author means by the frame that "attribution is bigger than the story." After defining or describing what the author meant, and give a real-life example in which a news report or media planning strategy failed to account for this reality.

The process of drawing inferences from behavior. What we perceive we judge, we attribute.

Name an example of a non-stigmatizing principle and practice in the media industry.

They AP stylebook. It ensures continuity and maintains standards in the use of language. Provides everyone with a reference to look back to.

How does the media marginalize groups such as transgender individuals?

They make the world as they see it which means stereotyping transgender people. example of headlines: Last Time Rachel was at School She was Brian

What are three themes that comprise stereotypical coverage of male athletes in the media?

Three themes that comprise stereotypical coverage of male athletes in the media are: i. White males are the voices of authority ii. Men are the foreground of commercials iii. Sports is a man's world

According to the book, there is gender bias in the news media. Name two examples from the book of what gender bias means and explain why it matters.

Two examples of gender bias that were mentioned in the book are 1.) how women in politics usually get the spotlight shown on their appearance instead of their political views or their ideas. This is very important to notice, because by doing this it makes it seem like woman should only get recognition on their sense of style and looks and should not be taken seriously when it comes to their thoughts and ideas. 2.) Men are supposed to be seen as assertive, professional, insensitive, independent, active, tough, and risk taking. This bias matters because it makes it seem like men always have to be intense and can't be taken seriously in professions that are seen as more feminine.

Describe two roles descriptors play in crime coverage and give examples.

Two roles descriptors play in crime coverage are the Unexplained ID and the Misplaced ID. The Unexplained Id is usually relevant to the story but the source of the information left it up to the audience to figure out why it is important. The Misplaced ID is where race or ethnicity in a story is the important information. If a journalist puts this too high up in the story the audience gets the idea that this should be the focus of the piece. The journalist needs to make sure they are putting descriptors of the suspects in the proper place so the audience doesn't focus on one descriptor too heavily.

Define voices as it relates to excellence in journalistic and strategic media content and give an example from among the readings, videos or other content specifically assigned for this class, explaining where and how context fits in.

Voices are extremely important to great journalism, as they provide other perspective than that of the journalist. Letting others come into the story, brings their voices into the piece and gives it many layers that make the story stronger. In the book, we get an example of an article called "Paper Tigers", about Asian American men in the U.S. The author talks to a professional training Asian American men how to date in America. This professional adds another layer to the story through their voice. This helps the reader understand the topic further, and in more depth. The more the reader understands the story the better, and voices only help that. • Make sure that the voices we include add something to the story o Should have good journalistic reasons for including/excluding certain voices. • Cite: Textbook Ch. 4- Making Class Matter

Name and explain three tips for covering people who identify as LGBTQ.

• A person's sexual orientation is not always important to a story. Only include it if it is very relevant to making the story complete. • If a person's sexuality is necessary to telling the story, be straightforward with it. Don't assume based on stereotypes because you feel uncomfortable about asking someone to talk about sexuality. • Use people positive attributions • Include the LGBT voice in stories that are not necessarily about LGBT issues. • When making ads, don't assume what an LGBT audience looks like • Sexuality isn't always about sex. Respect that people are multi-dimensional