Jerusalem Final

Apocrypha

e.g. Books 1-4 Maccabees Source for Hellenistic Jerusalem The books that weren't canonized

Dead Sea Scrolls

from Qumran Source for Hellenistic Jerusalem

Garden Tomb

held sacred by Protestants (in contrast to Church of the Holy Sepulcher); Easter ...Christ was crucified and buried here

Jaffa Gate

is a stone portal in the historic walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. it is one of 8 gates in Jerusalem's Old City walls Jaffa Gate is the only one of the Old City gates positioned at a right angle to the wall. This could have been done as a defensive measure to slow down oncoming attackers, or to orient it in the direction of Jaffa Road, from which pilgrims arrived at the end of their journey from port of Jaffa

Theodocius I

issued decrees that effectively made orthodox Nicene Christianity the official state church of the Roman Empire Theodosius was the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire. On accepting his elevation, he campaigned against Goths and other barbarians who had invaded the Empire; he failed to kill, expel, or entirely subjugate them, and after the Gothic War they established a homeland south of the Danube, in Illyricum, within the empire's borders

al-Walid

(son of 'Abd al-Malik): 705-715 •Built the mosque identified with a Al-Masjid •Al Aqsa ("the furthest mosque") mentioned in the Quran

Retribution Theology

(think Great Revolt + destruction and Bar Kokhba Revolt + exile) God rewards good actions and God punishes bad actions

People of the Book

Christians, Muslims, Jews

Qumran

place where the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered; Essenes The Qumran Community •Dead Sea Scrolls o Discovered 1947 •"A Temple Not Made With Hands" •Interim Community-Temple o Qumran community guards the Presence of God Qumran and the Temple •Why the site of Qumran? •Another exile? o "For when they were unfaithful and forsook Him, He hid His face from Israel and His Sanctuary and delivered them up to the sword. But, remembering the Covenant of the forefathers, He left a remnant to Israel." •Ezekiel's New Temple o Didn't get this quote The Community-Temple at Qumran •Community-Temple o When these are in Israel, the Council of the Community shall be established in truth. It shall be an Everlasting Plantation, a House of Holiness for Israel, an Assembly of Supreme Holiness for Aaron [...]

Ayyubid

restored the Dome of the Chain as an Islamic prayer house after the Crusaders

Ptolemies (320)

ruled Egypt and the south after Alexander the Great •Ptolemy I conquers Jerusalem in 320 B.C.E •The Ptolemies, like their predecessors the Persians, were quite hands off •However, things would change with the conquest of Jerusalem by the Seleucids in 201 B.C.E. •Their reign would usher in new movement known as Hellenism

Seleucids (201-164 BCE)

ruled Syria and the north after Alexander the Great •Unlike the Ptolemies, the Seleucids would aggressively attempt to Hellenize the Jewish population •Imposition of Greek language for unity of the empire (we've seen similar phenomena before) •Sought to transform Jerusalem into a "polis" - a center for Greek life

70 CE

Destruction of the Second Temple

True Cross

•The Finding of the "True Cross" (in Chapel of Helena)

New Jerusalem

"Aelia" as a pagan city; Old Jerusalem as a "guilty" city Revelations and Jerusalem in Early Christianity •Trends in Christianity in 2nd century CE/AD Church becomes more non-Jewish •"Church fathers" - prominent Christian leaders express disdain for physical city, arguing that it symbolizes the "old" covenant (=Judaism) and Christianity is the "new" covenant •Hence, Christians have no need for Jerusalem, spiritualize temple •Church is "interim community-temple" standing between current age and the future age when God will lower [...] a Jerusalem to Earth (?) Constantine's Jerusalem: The New Jerusalem •Constantine's Jerusalem •1. Church of the Anastasis o The Rise of Christology

Terra Sancta

"The Holy Land" in Latin

Aelia Capitolina

(135-330 CE) •Cite of Jesus' burial place and resurrection covered up by Roman temple to Aphrodite •Purification of this place and building of a church Jerusalem as rebuilt by Hadrian temple to Jupiter on the temple mount Jews banned from the city

Fatimid

(969-1099) •Fatimid Dynasty = Shi'I (Ismai'li) dynasty, establish Cairo in 969 •They continue the tolerant policies of the Umayyads and Abbasids until... •Al-Hakim (bi-Amr Allah) orders the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (and other Christian structures) in 1009; begins persecution of Jews as well in 1012 •His son, al-Zahir rebuilt al-Aqsa Mosque, a portion of the Dome of the Rock, and the walls of Jerusalem after te earthquake in 1033 •Fatimid rule often interrupted by invading Bedouin, Qarmatians, and Turkomen o Note: this guy claims to be God

Herod

•Lived 74-4 BCE •From Idumea, one of the regions to the south of Judea that was forcibly Judaized by the Maccabees •Herod knew Jewish customs well, but was also politically ambitious •Always lands on the side of the victors in Roman politics •Appointed "King of the Jews" ca. 37 by Rome o 39 BCE Herod takes control of Galilee, Samaria, and Idumea o 37 BCE Herod gets Jerusalem from Parthians after siege o Mark Anthony supports Herod's claim to power o Herod marries a Hasmonean princess; he murders her brother, the High Priest Sources for Herod •Josephus, 1st century CE Jewish historian o The Jewish Wars, written as an explanation for why the "Second Temple" was destroyed in 70 CE by the Romans, citing Rome's failure to find effective "kings" to rule over Judea o Antiquities of the Jews, history of the Jewish people to the destruction of the temple in 70 CE Herod in the NT •Matthew 1 •Herod probably came a little before Jesus The "Success" of Herod •Herod's successes as "King of the Jews" was dependant upon several tactics: o 1. Elimination of potential rivals o 2. Building activities o Treatment of Jerusalem Herod's Building Projects •Antonia Fortress: a massive citadel to guard the Temple Mount (named after Mark Anthony) •Palace fortified by three towers (Phasael [brother], Mariamne (wife), and Hippicus (friend) •Phasael has since been mistakenly called the "Citadel of David" •First and Second Walls of Jerusalem •Temple Platform: Temenos or "sacred precinct" Herod's Temple Mount •Huge walls enclose the actual temple Herodian Temple Mount •Canonical Blueprint vs. Roman counterparts o Closely resembles other temenoi (sacred areas) with podium surrounded by porticoes and a free-standing temple in the center •Area > 172,000 square yards o The size of 15 football fields o Twice areas of Forum Romanum built by Emperor Trajan •Retaining Walls towered 80 feet above street •Largest Stones: > 40 feet long and 100 tons Temple Warning to Gentiles •This inscription from Herod's Temple in Jerusalem warns non-Jews against passing from the Court of the Gentiles to the Court of Women •If you're not a Jewish male, stay out Remains of Robinson's Arch Herodian Miqvah •Miqvah = Jewish ritual bath •South of the temple Herodian Palace Western Wall •Western Wall Stones o Area for debate over Israeli culture (?) Herod: Good or Bad King? •Accommodated Jews o Did not defile the temple o Allowed Jews to select their own High Priest o Did not build altars in Jerusalem o Avoided putting iconography on his coins o Employed Jewish workers in building projects •But they always hated him! o He worked for the Romans o Brutally eliminated his rivals, even if they were his own family members

167 BCE

Antiochus IV edict forbidding Jews from circumcision, shabbat, and dieting Maccabean Revolt in the same year

Post-Temple Destruction Thought (Zionism)

The Temple and its Traditions in Rabbinic Literature •Maintain Temple traditions o Rabbis insist on maintaining temple rituals •Preserve laws and rituals of the Temple in Rabbinic Literature •Hope for restoration? Continuity? Study as practice? "If I Forget you, O Jerusalem..." •Idealization of Jerusalem and the Temple o "Ten shares of beauty are in the world—nine in Jerusalem and one in the rest of the world." o "Someone who has not seen the beauty of Jerusalem has never seen a lovely city; Someone who has not seen the Temple when it stood has never seen a lovely building." Jerusalem in Jewish Liturgy •Fixed prayer times correspond to daily Temple sacrifices •Direction of worship is towards Jerusalem •Prayers petitioning for the restoration of Jerusalem and the Temple Jerusalem in Jewish Liturgy •"Return to Jerusalem, your city, in compassion and dwell in its midst, as you promised and rebuilt it soon, in our day into an everlasting structure and quickly establish David's throne within it. Blessed are you, God, who rebuilds Jerusalem" Jerusalem in Jewish Ritual Practice •Prayer •Jewish Holidays o "Next year in Jerusalem" •Lifecycle events o Breaking glass in marriage ceremony (destruction of the temple; even in the greatest moment of joy, there is something missing; you are not alone but joined by a community of Jews in constant mourning) The Centrality of Jerusalem in Medieval Jewish Thought: Causes •Jerusalem as a central focus in Jewish life and ritual practice •Increased access to Jerusalem o Paves way for pilgrimage and settlement in the land Return to the Holy Land in the Medieval Period •Muslim conquests allow Jews to return to Jerusalem •Pilgrimage •Significant journeys to the Holy Land o Judah Halevi (ca. 1141) •Living in the golden age of Spain but longing for Zion and Jerusalem; left Spain to journey to Palestine; legend that he made it there but died shortly after his arrival •inspires others to make similar pilgrimages to the holy land Ramban Synagogue Jerusalem in Medieval Religious Thought •"Better a day in the land of God than a thousand on foreign soil, the ruins on the Holy Mount than coronation hall. For by these I shall be redeemed and by those I shall be held in thrall." •"Several passages in the final portion of the Book of Genesis were written in order to strengthen mens' hearts regarding the land of Israel and make it more precious in their eyes, so that they should be there in their lives and in their deaths. For most of the commandments can only be performed in Eretz Yisrael." •"The glory of the world is the land of Israel, the golry of Israel is Jerusalem, and the glory of Jerusalem is the Holy Temple." Journeys to the Holy Land •"So and so hails form the community of Russia and has been staying with us...He met a relative who came to our Holy Jerusalem and who told him of the splendors of Eretze Yisrael. His spirit moved him to go likewise and prostrate himself at the Holy Place." -11th century letter form the congregation of Salonika to another community on the road to Palestine •If longing for Jerusalem & the Holy Land were such a central a part of Jewish thought and practice, why was there no significant Zionist movement until the 19th century? o Exile as punishment - only God can restore the Temple o Messianism - hope of restoration is folded into hope for the Messiah to lead the restoration of the people into Jerusalem

Jesus of Nazareth

•Jewish teacher from Nazareth, lived ca. 4 BCE-30 CE (we really don't know when he was born) •Describes the Temple as a physical-historical institution o Jesus is dedicated at the temple by parents (Luke 2) o Jesus teaches at the temple (Luke 2) •"Did you not know that I must be in my father's house?" (Luke 2:49) •Jesus: Born in Bethlehem •Grows up in Nazareth Jesus in Jerusalem: The Last Week •The Gospels end with a focus on the last week of Jesus' life in JERUSALEM The Gospel of Luke 19-24 •The Triumphal Entry (19:28-40) •Weeping over Jerusalem (19:41-44) •Cleansing the Temple (19:45-48) •Prediction of the destruction of Temple (21) •Passover (22) •Gethsemane Arrest (23) •Crucifixion (24) •Burial (24) •Resurrection (24) •The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem The Gospel of Luke Luke 19: Jesus Rides into Jerusalem •He asks his disciples to find a Donkey for him to ride on •Procession where Jesus is riding through town and people are putting coats on road and waving branches in the air celebrating him •People acclaiming him—charismatic and popular figure •He is being referenced to as the "Son of David" Deep interest in Jesus' genealogy in the New Testament There is an attempt to link him to the line of David •Solomon's Anointing (1 King 1) Him riding a Donkey in the same place that Jesus is Riding to Gihon Spring—where Kings are anointed in Israel Matthew 21: The Gospel of Matthew •There is a group of people at the very least in Jerusalem hoping that Jesus will become one of these charismatic Militarized leaders to take arms with the Romans •Jesus Weeps over Jerusalem (Luke 19) o Foreshadowing of Temple's destruction o He is weeping and grieving over the city o Jesus is always explaining something that his disciples have trouble understanding o He has knowledge of destruction of the city—and tries to explain why it is that the city is destroyed o 1st temple: part of explanation for destruction was notion of past sins o Visitation from God is a reference to Jesus Jerusalem= guilty city •Sign of shame, guilt, and divine presence because they did not recognize the divinity of Jesus nor accept him •Jesus and the Temple (Luke 19) o45 Then he entered the temple and began to drive out those who were selling things there; 46 and he said, 'It is written, "My house shall be a house of prayer"; but you have made it a den of robbers.' •Notion of temple as a place of prayer, not necessarily sacrifice Luke 21: Jesus Predicts the Destruction of the Temple Notion that city is destroyed as punishment for lack of purity and adherence to God's rules—retribution theology carried out in early Christian writings •Something evolved in Christian theology—notion that Jesus' body will replace temple as religious focus Interesting passage in John—he is the last of the gospels •Jesus answered them, "Destroy this Temple, and in three days I will raise it up." The Jews then said, "This Temple has been under construction for forty-six years and you will raise it up in three days?" John 2:19-20 •On surface level it seems that he is speaking of the physical temple—it seems ludicrous—but 3 days is magic number because in 3 days he is resurrected after his crucifixion Jesus is playing a little bit with language—temple being referred to here is his body Novel ways that the temple is being replaced The Arrest of Jesus (Luke 20) oDescription of him being related to this very charismatic that lives in the wilderness—name is John the Baptist oJesus starts teaching and healing and one by one he starts getting this band of loyal companions and followers oThere is tension—he is critical of their attitudes and is a strong proponent of social justice and embracing people on the verge of society. •Eating with prostitutes, poor and the broken •He poses a threat for local rulers •Concern that him and his followers will be apart of a coup rebellion against the Romans oCompanion Judas makes a deal with local authorities and there is a plot under way Jesus and the Line of David •We don't have the story of Jesus' birth—we have his genealogy Jesus as High priest—all issues grappling with the questions of the temple and the cult •Jesus is like Melchizedek in that he is a high priest in the order of Melchizedek

The Hijra

•Muhammad's monotheism threatens the beliefs and economy of the Quraysh (polytheist) •Muhammad receives an offer to live in Yathrib (Medina) o 622 •Muhammad now leads a community of "believers" open to the practice and the beliefs of the "people of previous revelations" (ahl al-kitāb) Muhammad replacing the Black Stone in the Ka'aba Muhammad in Medina (622-632) •Establishes himself as head of a political and religious community called the Umma •Battles with Quraysh o Muhammad controls Medina and gains the loyalty of the Arab tribes in the Arabian Peninsula to his movement. o Disassociates the Muslim community from the Jewish tribes in Medina. •Two tribes are banished from Medina. •The Banū Qurayza in 627 are massacred/sold into slavery. •The direction of the qibla changed from Jerusalem to Mecca •Many verses of the Quran dealing with law or social order are from this period •Through his actions, words and decisions, he establishes a precedent (sunna) for Muslim behavior.

The 'aqīda (creed) of Islam

•Narrated Abu Huraira: One day while the Prophet was sitting in the company of some people, (The angel) Gabriel came and asked, "What is faith?" Allah's Apostle replied, 'Faith is to believe in Allah, His angels, (the) meeting with Him, His Apostles, and to believe in Resurrection." Then he further asked, "What is Islam?" Allah's Apostle replied, "To worship Allah alone and none else, to offer prayers perfectly to pay the compulsory charity (Zakat) and to observe fasts during the month of Ramadan." Then the Prophet said, "That was Gabriel who came to teach the people their religion." Abu 'Abdullah said: He (the Prophet) considered all that as a part of faith. (Al-Bukhart 2:48) •Note: "Allah's Apostle" is Muhammad •This is a hadith

Templars

•Order of Knights Templar founded in 1118 o "Brethren of the Soldiery of the Temple" •Domain located on Temple Mount after Baldwin moved palace to Citadel o Mix of clergymen and knights among the most wealthy and powerful of the Western Christian military orders and were prominent actors in Christian finance. The organization existed for nearly two centuries during the Middle Ages. They were granted headquarters in a wing of the royal palace on the Temple Mount in the captured al-Aqsa mosque (referred to as Solomon's Temple, also where "Order of Solomon's Temple" comes from)

Pharisees

•Pharisees: separate in Hebrew (perushim) •Rejected the Hasmonean claim to be "priest-kings" •Accepted the Oral Law •Concerned with ritual purity within the Temple and daily life •Belief in immortality of the soul •Continued to support the Temple but also worshipped at synagogues

Essenes

•Religious sect of Jerusalem (2nd BCE-1st CE) •Dissatisfied with the priesthood in Jerusalem •Known for strict monastic life and observance of purity laws •Society at Qumran: Essene hypothesis

Aniconism

•Replaces images with text because there shouldn't be representations of the prophet under Abd al-Malik

Sadducees

•Supporters of the Hasmonean claims to the Temple •Priestly group in charge of temple •Held firmly to the Torah-authoritative text •Upper stratum of Jewish society •Did no believe in immortality of the soul

Byzantium

Constantine AD 312-337 •Moves capital form Rome to Byzantium or "Constantinople" (Istanbul) AD 326 •Legalizes Christianity with "Edict of Milan" in AD 313 •Helena, mother of Constantine, comes to Jerusalem in AD 324

The Five Pillars of Islam

1. Shahāda (testimony): the recitation, accompanied with the correct niyya of the following: "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger." 2. Salāt (ritual prayer): Prayer five times a day (at appointed times) towards Mecca. 3. Zakāt (purification through almsgiving): according to Sunni practice, this amounts to 2.5% of wealth above the minimum. 4. Sawm (fasting): required in the month of Ramadan from sunrise to sunset, Ramadan is the month in which the Quran was first revealed. 5. Hajj (pilgrimage): required once in one's life to Mecca. For the entire pilgrimage, the pilgrim is required to enter into a state of ritual purity and refrain from hunting, sex, wearing perfume, and cutting one's nails or hair.

Hasmoneans

100 Years of Glory: Hasmonean Kingdom 164-60 B.C.E •expansion of the temple mount •De-Hellenization and imposed Judaization of population •Restoration of pre-exilic Israel •Destruction of Samaritan Temple Hasmonean Jerusalem: Growth of the City •600 BCE Population 40,000 •400 BCE 1,500 •150 BCE 35,000 (city starts growing again when the temple is re-dedicated) End of the Hasmonean Dynasty and Kingdom •The Hasmonean Dynasty (164-60 BCE) would mark the LAST TIME the Jewish people would have a self-governing state for more than 2,000 years. This statelessness would last until 1948 C.E. with the establishment of the modern state of Israel •In 63 BCE the Roman general Pompey would capture Jerusalem, starting a new chapter in Jerusalem's history and the eventual removal of Judaism form the land

Vespasian

67 CE Rome appoints Vespasian to conquer Galilee, Transjordan Roman emperor during the Great Revolt

Abd al-Malik Umayyad

685-705 CE •instituted important administrative changes o Arabic became the official language of the Empire o Postal service established o Mints his own coins •Defeats the Counter-caliphate of Ibn al-Zubayr (ruled from Mecca from 682-692 CE) • Builds the Dome of the Rock (finished in 691 CE) o Maybe to create a new pilgrimage destination but this theory is contested • Replaces images on coins with text

Madaba Map

6th C. CE •Mosaic on Church Floor •Madaba, town east of the Dead Sea in modern Jordan • Map of the Holy Land w/ Jerusalem as Center

Golgatha / Calvary

Adam buried at Golgotha (Mark Twain - comparison of Adam and Jesus) Abraham bound Isaac for sacrifice there The symbolic center where divinity touches humanity in a unique way rock where Jesus was crucified (Protestants and Catholics both believe he was crucified on Golgatha but dispute over where that is)

Maccabees (Mattathias and Judas Maccabaeus)

Antiochus IV...enough is enough! Maccabean Revolt •Lead by Mattathias together with his son, Judas Maccabeaus, they led a campaign in 167 B.C.E to overthrow the Seleucid Empire •The rebellion succeeds and they establish the Hasmonean Kingdom •The rule of Hasmonean Kingdom will be known as 100 Years of Glory o Goal to restore the Davidic dynasty

Flavius Josephus

Antiquities of the Jews Source for Hellenistic Jerusalem was a first-century Romano-Jewish scholar, historian and hagiographer, who was born in Jerusalem - then part of Roman Judea. Flavius Josephus fully defected to the Roman side and was granted Roman citizenship. He became an advisor and friend of Vespasian's son Titus, serving as his translator when Titus led Siege of Jerusalem, which resulted - when the Jewish revolt did not surrender - in the city's destruction and the looting and destruction of Herod's Temple (Second temple). Present during Titus' rule. He also authored works on Herod the Great

Church of Saint James

Armenian church, found in the Armenian quarter of the old city

St James Church

Armenian church, found in the Armenian quarter of the old city

Baldwin

Becomes 1st crusade King of Jerusalem, a title which Godfrey had refused to accept After 1st crusade... Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291) o Godfrey takes title of "Defender of the Holy Sepulcher" (Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri) (1099-1100) • Name change symbolic of the change of hands to westerners o Baldwin I ("King of the Latins of Jerusalem") (1100-1118) • Marries Armenian princess • Establishes Catholic oversight over Jerusalem and the Eastern Orthodox hierarchies o Baldwin II (1118-1131)

Kabba

Big black cube structure in Mecca •Originally the polytheist structure but Muhammad converts it to the House of God •Pilgrims form circles around the Kabba

Helena

Constantine AD 312-337 •Moves capital form Rome to Byzantium or "Constantinople" (Istanbul) AD 326 •Legalizes Christianity with "Edict of Milan" in AD 313 •Helena, mother of Constantine, comes to Jerusalem in AD 324

Cardo Maximus

Due to varying geography, in some cities the decumanus is the main street and the card is secondary, but in general the card maximus served as the primary road. The Forum was normally located at the intersection of the Decumanus and the Cardo. The card was the "hinge" or axis of the city, derived from the same root as cardinal.

Constantine

Byzantine Jerusalem: Christianizing the Holy City •326-638 CE •Christianization of the Roman Empire •"Christ opened his arms on the Cross to embrace the Whole World, because Golgotha stood at the Center of the World." (St. Cyril of Jerusalem) From Aelia Capitonline to Hierosolyma Roman Rule 63 BC-AD 312 o Aelia Capitolina AD 135-312 Byzantine Jerusalem (Hierosolyma) AD 312-637 Constantine AD 312-337 •Moves capital form Rome to Byzantium or "Constantinople" (Istanbul) AD 326 •Legalizes Christianity with "Edict of Milan" in AD 313 •Helena, mother of Constantine, comes to Jerusalem in AD 324 Constantine the Archaeologist •Looking for Jesus' burial; conspiracy to hide Jesus' burial place; structure for Aphrodite •Eusebius, Life of Constantine

William of Tyre

Christian source before the Crusades o For 490 years...This devoted people of God endured cruel bondage with pious long-suffering. With tearful groans and sighs, ever contstant in prayer, they cried to God [...] He purposed to relieve the long-continued affliction of His people" • God commissioning Christians of the west to help Christians of the east?? Documents the siege of Jerusalem during the crusades

Martyrium

Church of the Holy Sepulcher A martyrium (Latin) or martyrion (ancient Greek) (plural, "martyries" or "martyria") is a church of a specific architectural form, centered on a central element and thus built on a central plan, that is, of a circular or sometimes octagonal or cruciform shape.

Armenian Quarter

Crusader period monuments. Building of other new churches. Armenian quarter = 42 churches have been identified as belonging to the crusader period in Jerusalem. There was patriarch quarter, templar's quarter, Syrian quarter, and Armenian quarter. Smallest of the 4 quarters with fewest inhabitants. By the 6th century Armenian bishops were located in Jerusalem around what they called "Mount Zion," indicating that a substantial Armenian community existed in the city and that the community was settling continuously in a particular area.

Council of Chalcedon (451)

Dome of the Rock is constructed as refutation of Christian doctrine, particularly Chalcedon Creed • The dome is constructed without icons • Inscriptions on the interior critique the doctrine of the Trinity and the deification of Jesus the judgements and definitions of divine nature issued by the council marked a significant turning point in the Christological debates that led to the separate establishment of the church in the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century

Eusebius

Eusebius and the "Guilty City" •Jerusalem described as a "guilty city" •The Temple Mount is neglected whereas all of the focus of Constantine's building project is on sites associated with Jesus' life (as described in the NT and local traditions) a Roman historian, exegete, and Christian polemicist of Greek descent. He became the bishop of Caesarea Maritime about 314. Together with Pamphilus, he was a scholar of the Biblical canon and is regarded as an extremely well learned Christian of his time. Present during Constantine's rule.

Al-Hakim

Fatimid •Al-Hakim (bi-Amr Allah) orders the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (and other Christian structures) in 1009; begins persecution of Jews as well in 1012 Ibn al-Qalanisi Al-Hakim's agents then arrived, surrounded the church and gave the order to lot it and had carried away whatever was left, which was of considerable value. Then the building was destroyed stone by stone...

Post-Revolt Ideas

How to worship God without a Temple? •This was the main way the Jews worshipped God •Did not have to wait so long in between destruction of the first temple and rebuilding of the second (515 was rebuilding, 539 was Cyrus' edict to return) Post-Second Temple Judaism •Transformation of Jewish Life o Worship shifts from sacrifice to prayer; religious life is decentralized (no longer centered in Jerusalem) and democratized (no longer the Priests) ...synagogues + rabbis

Paul

Letters of Paul (NT) •Paul/ Saul of Tarsus lived ca. 5-67 AD •Letters written to different churches in Mediterranean world Make up bulk of the new testament Letters that were written within a few years after Jesus' life Paul is most physically active of all of Jesus' followers

Mount of Olives

Jesus goes up to the Mount of Olives and apparently there is a beautiful growth of trees (Gethsemane) •He goes up to pray and these are his final hours of solitude •When he is praying about this—his loyal companions are sleeping and this causes him grief

Crucifixion

Luke 22-24: The Death of Jesus Arrest and Trial (Luke 22) •Judas comes and kisses him and this is how the guards know who to take Ear of person arresting him is chopped off by Peter—and Jesus heals it (the antithesis of a military leader) Crucifixion (Luke 23)—important passage if working on Church of Holy Sepulcher Resurrection (Luke 24) •Resurrection and Ascension (Luke 24) •The End of Luke: The Ascension

Hadrian

Mount remained in ruins after the Great Revolt in 70 CE until Hadrian built a Temple of Jupiter in 135 CE

Prophet Muhammad

Muhammad is part of a sedentary tribe Two tribal alliance states Muhammad: The Messenger of Allah •Born circa 570 CE in Mecca •Becomes an orphan at a young age o In a tribal society, orphans don't have high social status (ie. People in a tribe are valued for being able to bring their dad/uncle/cousin/whatever if there is a fight to help fight) o Muhammad marries a widow to make up for this somewhat o Becomes known as a wise, practical man •Mecca: ruled by the Quraysh, a tribal alliance •Receives his first revelations at the age of 40 o Starts going on spiritual retreats into the caves around Mecca o When he is meditating in one of these caves, the angel Gabriel appears to him and gives him a message from God (the Quran) Death of Muhammad: 632 CE (10 years after his move to Medina) •Tribes of the Arabian Peninsula were united in their loyalty to the Prophet and his message of Islam. •But what about after his death? (Muhammad says that he is the last prophet, that there can't be anymore.)

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ottoman leader (Solomon) during the Ottoman "Golden" age Gives the Jews the Western Wall as a place of prayer, begins to attract myths: Suleiman himself cleared the site and purified it, Shekinah settled there after the destruction of the temple, Gate of heaven situated directly above the western wall, Moses yerushalmi (1685) writes that it is one wall left from the temple, connected space between heaven and earth is preserved in Jerusalem

Rabbis

Rabbis: new spiritual leaders who would transform Judaism Transform it form a sacrificial cult centered around the Temple to the type that is known and practiced today Jerusalem in Rabbinic and Medieval Jewish Thought •Away from their land far longer than they've actually been in their land •For next 2000 years of 70 CE they would be outside of their land and yet they are still connected to it •Attachment to the land not circumstantial—decided and intentional factor created by the rabbis who emerged after the destruction of the temple

164 BCE

Re-Dedication of the Temple •The Temple, desecrated by Antiochus IV, is rededicated in 164 B.C.E in an event called Chanukah •According to the Talmud, there was only enough oil for one day, but the oil lasted 8 days! •Celebrated on the 25th of Kislev (around November / December) Dreidel: Commemorating A Great Miracle was there •Game of luck One of the Best Parts of Chanukah: Potato Latkas Jelly Donuts

Great Revolt

Revolt and Destruction •66 CE - Revolt breaks out o "...Rebels made an assault upon Antonia and besieged the Roman garrison...and slew them...and set the citadel on fire." o Jews defeat Twelfth Legion and take "Eagle" o 67 CE Rome appoints Vespasian to conquer Galilee, Transjordan o 68 CE Nero dies, Vespasian [...] o 70 CE [...] Reasons for First Revolt •Actions of zealots who fostered conditions for revolt •Jewish-pagan hostilities •Corrupt procurators o Accusations of bribe taking o Depletion of temple treasury •Social hostility o Division amount Jewish groups •Elites in the north and religious groups do not take a role vs. Jewish Zealots committed to the revolt Destruction •Temple and Jerusalem Destroyed in 70 CE by Titus •Mount remained in ruins until Hadrian built a Temple of Jupiter in 135 CE •Cognitive Dissonance o Where will God go? o Identity: What is a Jew?

Pompey

The Arrival of Rome •General Pompey conquers Jerusalem, 63 BCE •Annexes city for Rome •Enters the holy of Holies "abomination that desolates" •Rome is now in control of Palestine Rome's Challenge •How to administer the Roman province of Palestine/Judea o Rome would seek "middle-men" who both knew Jewish customs and were loyal to Roman ambitions •Herod is able to win favor in Rome and gain support for his army

Bar Kochba Revolt

Second Temple: Roman Period •Tensions, conflict and revolt o Jews perceived Romans interfering with temple cult and operations o Tensions not only between Jews and Romans, but also with Gentiles •66-70 CE: the "Great" Revolt o unsuccessful •132-135 CE: Bar Kokhba Revolt o also unsuccessful Revolts and Destruction: The Aftermath •consequences of failed revolts: o Temple is destroyed, Jerusalem in ruins •Temple treasures are removed •Shrine around for 500 years is now gone o Jews banned from Jerusalem (after Bar Kokhba Revolt —second revolt) •No longer allowed with the exception of the date that marks destruction of the temple—they can come to mourn the loss •Jerusalem is rendered into pagan city o Population is decimated and impoverished o Spiritual and institutional crisis

al-Quds

Significance of Jerusalem in Islam •Islamic terms for Jerusalem o Bayt al-Maqdis: The "Temple" used to refer to Jerusalem until about the 10th century o Al-Quds: The Sanctuary. •Al-Masjid al-Haram: the mosque in Mecca built around the Ka'aba Hadith on al-Masjid al-Aqsa •"The builder of al-Masjid al-Haram is Abraham, may peace be upon him and the builder of al-Aqsa Mosque is David, and his son, may peace be on them"

Titus

Temple and Jerusalem Destroyed in 70 CE by Titus Arch of Titus, Rome •Built to commemorate the squashing down of the Jewish revolt

Templum Domini

Templum Domini - Latin for "Temple of God" named by Crusaders when they transformed Dome of the Rock into a Christian church

Abbasids

The Abbasids: 750-1258 •"Black Banners from the East" o Exclusive Umayyad policies that favored Arab Muslims over converts creates anger in Persia, Central Asia, Irq and parts of the Hijaz o The Banu 'Abbas were supported by pro-Ali parties o Abu Muslim, the Abbasid general, defeats the last Umayyad, Marwan II, 750 CE •Al-Mansur, the second caliph, establish Baghdad in 762 CE 'Abbasid Jerusalem: 750-969 •the second and third Abbasid caliphs, al-Mansur (d. 775) and al-Mahdi (785) visited Jerusalem, prayed there and funded repairs for al-Aqsa Mosque •Harun al-Rashid (d. 809) never visited Jerusalem •Al-Ma'mun (d. 833) replaced 'Abd al-Malik's name on the Dome fo the Rock with his own name (yet didn't change the date!).

Synagogue

The Center of Jewish religious and social life Place where Jews gather to worship and assemble as a community o From Greek synagogue, meaning assembly Early origins •There were synagogues even while the temple was still standing o Center of religious and communal life •Built and run by communities of Jews o Synagogue architecture incorporates elements of Temple •Highest physical point in town •Face Jerusalem •Certain decorative elements like the Menorah and the Ark of the Covenant that become prominent features in synagogues •Somewhat a replacement for Temple Rabbis

Dome of the Rock

The Rock •Mt. Moriah - Sacrifice of either Ishamel or Isaac (debated in early Islam) •Solomon's Temple (first direction of prayer - qibla) •Rock is the site of the Holy of Holies •Was a stop on Muhammad's Mi'raj, (Night Journey) or ascension to heaven o From the rock he leapt to heaven on the back of this winged horse al-Burq •Commissioned 687 •691, completed in "72nd year of the Muslim era" (AH 72) by Umayyad ruler 'Abd al-Malik o financed with seven years of tax revenues form Egypt •frugal architects returned 100,000 dinars to 'Abd al-Malik •the money was then used to plate the dome in pure gold o 1099 Crusaders conquer Jerusalem and convert Dome of the Rock into a church o 1187 Salah al-Din (a.k.a. Saladin) re-conquers Jerusalem and restores the Dome of the Rock •Mt. Moriah - Sacrifice of either Ishmael or Isaac (debated in early Islam) •Solomon's Temple (first direction of prayer - qibla) •Rock is the site of the Holy of Holies o Or, rock is the site of the Great Altar •Was a stop on Muhammad's Mi'raj, or ascension to heaven o From the rock he leapt to heaven on the back of his steed al-Buraq o Crease in rock from the hand of the Archangel Gabriel •Under it is found "The Well of Souls," Shaft to the Underworld, or Axis to Hell o Contains a cave where Abraham, David, Solomon, Jesus, and Muhammad prayed •Place of the Final Judgment

Western Wall

The Western "Wailing" Wall (post-second temple destruction) •Given to Jews by Suleiman as a place of prayer •Begins to attract myths o Suleiman himself cleared the site and purified it o Shekhinah settled there after the destruction of the Temple o Gate of Heaven situated directly above the Western Wall o Moses Yerushalmi (1685) writes that it is "one wall left from the Temple" •Not actually true, but major part of what if left; idea that God is in the Temple gets transferred into the Western Wall; symbol of the Temple and hope for restoration

Chapel of Adam

Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death came through sin, and so death spread to all because all have sinned (Romans 5) Catholics believed this is were Jesus was buried (under a giant rock where Jesus was crucified, there is a chapel...blood dripped into chapel...Jesus' death represents an atonement for Adam's first sin)

New Testament Literature

Written ca. 50-100 CE Gospels •Describes life of Jesus of Nazareth (4 BC-30 AD) •Gospels probably written ca. 50-100 AD •Named after Matthew, Mark (earliest, shorted and most succinct), Luke and John—he is the latest (all followers of Jesus) Acts of the Apostles ("Acts") •Describes emergence of early Christian church after death of Jesus •Probably written ca. 80-90 Letters of Paul •Paul/ Saul of Tarsus lived ca. 5-67 AD •Letters written to different churches in Mediterranean world Make up bulk of the new testament Letters that were written within a few years after Jesus' life Paul is most physically active of all of Jesus' followers Revelation •Most disputed book in the new testament •The last chronologically •Reflects a time of religious persecution •Falls into Jewish genre of apocalyptic views—they want to escape to a Utopian future •Ends with description of new Jerusalem that is ideal, pristine and without a temple Canonized ca. 300 CE

Nea Church and Justinian

built by Byzantine emperor Justinian, dedicated to Mary, the Theotokos; destroyed in the 9th century as a result of an earthquake modeled after Solomon's Temple

Dome of the Chain

a free-standing dome located adjacently east of the Dome of the Rock in the Old City of Jerusalem. one of the oldest structures on the Haram ash-Sharif (temple mount), it is not a mosque or shrine, but used as a prayer house built by the Ummayads, became a Christian chapel under the Crusaders, restored as an Islamic prayer house by the Ayyubids and has been renovated by the Mamluks, Ottomans, and the Palestinian-based waqf

El-Aqsa Mosque

al-Walid Built the mosque identified with a Al-Masjid Al Aqsa ("the furthest mosque") mentioned in the Quran •Wooden Mosque of Umar built on the site of Herod's stoa o Arculf, a Christian pilgrim (and a bishop) from France, writes ca. AD 670: •It is a square prayer house which they built in crude form, placing wooden boards and beams on some ruins. It is said that the building can hold 3,000 men at once." built on the site of umar's mosque during the reign of caliph valid (ca. 705-715) third most important mosque in islam built specifically to deliberately outshine Christian architecture using Chrisitan architecture

Ottoman Empire

an empire founded in 1299 by Oguz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia with Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries

Salah ad-Din

o 1099 Crusaders conquer Jerusalem and convert Dome of the Rock into a church o 1187 Salah al-Din (a.k.a. Saladin) re-conquers Jerusalem and restores the Dome of the Rock •Crusader Period Ends: July 4, 1187 - Saladin routs Crusaders at Horns of Hattin (Galilee) o Jerusalem surrenders to Saladin •Crusaders likened to Jesus during Passion Week o Pope Urban II issues the "sign of the cross" as a stigma of the Lord's Passion as the emblem of the soldiery of God o The True Cross relics, and the Crusades Martyrdom • The Jews of Europe (1096 Massacre of Jews o Speyer, Worms, Mainz) • Families, peasant pilgrims participating in the Crusades • "Eastern" Christians (spoke a different language than the European Christians leading the crusades) • Muslims • *Jerusalem: 30,000 Jews, Christians, and Muslims massacred o "Piles of heads, hands and feet were to be seen." -Raymond of Aguiles Crusaders take True Cross in battle with them

Strategic Port Cities

o Akko o Caesarea o Joppa o Ashkelon

Masjid al-Aqsa

o Al-Masjid al-Aqsa: seems to be used to refer to the entire Temple Mount

Pope Urban II

o Pope Urban II calls for Crusade, 1095 • Free the Lord's Heritage (Psalms) • Crusades as Pilgrimage • Holy Geography (Zion, Temple, Mt. Moriah)

Sunna

oAll the exemplary acts of the Prophet (and his Companions). oOften derived from hadith or from the local traditions of Medina.

Haram al-Sharif

oCaliph Umar enters Jerusalem, 638 (surrendered by Patriarch Sophronius after a two-year siege) oCa. 638 Umar builds a wooden mosque on the Temple platform, the Haram as-Sharif, and makes restroations to the haram oUmayyad Dynasty, 661-750 (Damascus, Syria)

Hadith

oSpeech attributed to the Prophet Muhammad or to a companion oDeveloped later (8th into a "science" ('ilm) which aimed to guarantee its authenticity.

Acts of the Apostles

often referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman empire

Edict of Milan

the Feb. 313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire. Western Roman Emperor Constantine I, and Licinius, who controlled the Balkans, met in Milan and among other things, agreed to change policies towards Christians following the Edict of Toleration by Galerius issued 2 years earlier in Serdica. The Edict of Milan gave Christianity a legal status, but did not make Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire.

al-Mi'raj

the ascent

al-Isra

the journey

Foundation Stone

the name of the rock at the heart of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem also known as the Pierced Stone because it has a small hole on the southeastern corner that enters a cavern beneath the rock, known as the Well of Souls. It is the holiest site in Judaism Jewish tradition views it as the spiritual junction of Heaven and Earth. Jews traditionally face it while praying, in the belief that it was the location of the Holy of Holies in the Temple

Hellenism

under the Seleucids •Hellenism has to do with GREEK INFLUENCE and Greek ways of life replacing traditional "Jewish" customs and culture Education: the Greek "Gymnasium" •Transformation of Jerusalem into "polis" - establishment of gymnasium in the city (2 Maccabees 4:7-15) •Jews studied Greek literature, music, and philosophy •Proximity of Gymnasium to temple...Yikes... Architecture •Tombs of Bnei Hezir and Zechariah in the Kidron Valley...Wait a sec... •#copycat •Parthenon in Athens Language: linguistic shifts •During the Hellenistic period, we witness the linguistic shift of the population Review: what linguistic shifts have we seen hitherto? •Hebrew → Aramaic •During the Persian period, most Jews shifted from Hebrew to Aramaic •2 Kings 18:27, Ezra 4:7 Religion •This was the most PROVOCATIVE form of Hellenism •Trespassing on their Jewish right to practice their religion and worship would have serious consequences (we'll see more about this later)

Qiblah

• Solomon's Temple (first direction of prayer - qibla)

Chapel of Helena

•Able to distinguish the true cross from the others because it can heal the ill woman •Site of Helena's discovery of the three crosses

The Caliphate - Sunni / Shi'a Muslims

•Caliph (khalifa): Arabic for successor or deputy •The caliph assumed Muhammad's role as head of the Muslim polity Caliphs generally did not have any claim to divine sanction. They did not inherit Muhammad's role as the prophet/perfect man. •There was a debate between who should be the successor. The part of 'Ali (shi'at Ali) argued that the Caliph, or Imam, should lead the community (umma) •Eventually evolve into the Shi'a Others argued that knowledge and practice of Muhammad's precedent (sunna) is all that is required in a leader •Eventually evolve into the Sunni Muslims

Caliph Umar (634-644) Umayyad

•Establishes a system of military pay and organization based on the idea of hijra (emigration) and jihad (struggle/endeavor). •Captures the capital of the Sassanian (Persian) Empire •Pushes the Byzantines out of most of the Levant and Egypt o Captures Jerusalem in 638 (or 637) •According to some accounts, he first re-enacts the ban on Jewish settlement in Jerusalem. Shortly after, he allows Jews to settle in the city. •Clears the debris and trash from the are Temple Mount and builds a wooden mosque. Caliph Umar enters Jerusalem, 638 (surrendered by Patriarch Sophronius after a two-year siege) oCa. 638 Umar builds a wooden mosque on the Temple platform, the Haram as-Sharif, and makes restroations to the haram oUmayyad Dynasty, 661-750 (Damascus, Syria) The Caliphates of Uthman and Ali •After the death of Umar in 644, Uthman, a member of the Umayyad clan, is elected caliph •Many of the non-Umayyad Muslims were alienated by his nepotism •A group of angry soldiers assassinate him in 656 •Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet becomes caliph in 661 Ali's Contested Caliphate (656-661 CE) •Uthman's killers had raised the call for Ali to become Caliph •Mu'awiya, an Umayyad [...]

Alexander the Great

•Few Facts about Alexander the Great 1. He was very great (obviously!) 2. Born in 356 B.C.E in Ancient Greece 3. At the age of 20, he ascended to the throne 4. By the age of 22, he invaded the Archamenid Empire (aka Persians) Expansion of the Empire: 336-323 B.C.E •Defeats Darius III, King of Persia, in 333, Jerusalem falls the following year Empire at its greatest extent was 2,000,000 square miles The Bigger the Better •Length of the empire - 3,000 miles 323 B.C.E: Alexander Dies •In 323 B.C.E, Alexander the Great dies in Babylon at the age of 32 •His death ensued with infighting among his surviving generals, each of whom vied for control of the enormous expanse of land •Ultimately, the kingdom was divided in two Two new empires: Ptolemies and Seleucids

Rabbis and Yavneh

•From Priests to Rabbis •Relocation to Yavneh o In the aftermath of the Temple's destruction, the town Yavneh becomes center of Rabbinic activity as they relocate from Jerusalem to Yavneh o In the midst of the great revolt—R, Yohanan b. Zakkai: Give me Yavneh and her sages! Think it is lost cause— they need to get out of Jerusalem o Students put him in a coffin and said they need to get him out Jerusalem to bury him and they sneak out of Jerusalem and come upon the Roman general leading campaign against Jewish revolt until he became emperor of Rome o He was voted emperor when the emperor died... Yohanan had prophesized that he would become emperor and says that he gets a wish o Asks him to go to Yavneh and establish a new center there •Historical version of this story is rather doubtful, but there is something there because Yavneh becomes a center for activity •Rabbis understood themselves as coming in in the face of sure defeat and trying to salvage what could be preserved of Judaism •"Give me Yavneh and her sages"=let me go and rebuild Judaism without a temple •Transformation of Judaism o Could be practiced without the temple o New paths to God—adapted Judaism to ensure its relevance after destruction and its continuity •"it's the same old thing with a few minor tweeks"...maintaining continuity •placing the Temple and Jerusalem at the center of Jewish practice to ensure continuity

Crusades

•Holy War •Battles between Roman Catholic forces against Muslims (and other political enemies of the various popes.) •Attempt to recapture Jerusalem (and the Holy Land) from Islamic rule •Launched partly in response to westward expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks. Causes of the Crusades •Political: Reaction against expansion of Islam o Against foothold in Europe (Spain and France) o Islamic trade in slaves from southern Europe (~200,000 slaves) •Political: Emergence of Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe o Division in Christianity o Pope Urban II calls for Crusade, 1095 • Free the Lord's Heritage (Psalm 78:1) • Religious: Late reaction to persecution of Christian population of Jerusalem oAl-Hakim destroys Holy Sepulcher (1009): persecution of Christians oDecline in Jerusalem's importance oDifficulty of Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem • Socio-Economic: phenomenon of 2nd and 3rd son •Fatamid Control o Egyptian Ishkids take control of Palestine (990-1099), Muhammad al-Sinaji institutes persecution •The Church of the Holy Sepulcher and the Church of St. Constantine are looted •The Church of the Holy Sepulcher is set on fire and its dome collapses, killing Johannes VII, Patriarch of Jerusalem, in 965 •The Church of Zion is sacked and burned down •A Christian chronicler implicates Jewish residents of Jerusalem in the riots against Christians •Crusader Period Ends: July 4, 1187 - Saladin routs Crusaders at Horns of Hattin (Galilee) o Jerusalem surrenders to Saladin

Antiochus IV

•King of Seleucid Empire from 175 B.C.E until 164 •Started to persecute the Jews, nullifying the tolerant policies of previous emperors and kingdoms •Enacts an edict in 167 BC.E. forbidding the Jews from: o Circumcision (Reformation ceremony / olympics) o Shabbat (Sabbath) o Dieting (pork; kosher) •Antiochus IV sacrifices a PIG on the altar, desecrating the temple o Violating sacred space; mixing the profane with the sacred

Quran

•Longer chapters are in the front, shorter ones come last •Each chapter is called a sūra(h) •Each verse is called an ayā(t) o Not organized chronologically; long chapters in the front and short ones in the back

Umayyad

•Massive building in Jerusalem o Caliph 'Abd al-Malik (r. 685-705) •Undertakes extensive building plan in and around Jerusalem •Dome of the Rock, which was completed in 692 o Al-Aqsa Mosque built on the site of Umar's mosque during the reign of Caliph Walid (ca. 705-715) o Great palaces/administrative buildings built south of haram o Citadel begun •Newly-built Ramla (near Lod) becomes the administrative capital of Palestine, AD 712 •Continuing pilgrimage of Jews and Christians •In creasing Muslim population

Church of the Holy Sepulcher / Church of the Anastasis

•Migrating Myth o Primal myths transferred from Temple to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher o Tomb was a "theophany" (Eusebius) o Adam buried at Golgotha o Abraham bound Isaac for sacrifice there o The symbolic center where divinity touches humanity in a unique way