JONES AND BARTLETT VEHICLE RESCUE AND EXTRICATION CHAPTER 6

Hydrogen Storage Tanks. Hydrogen must be cooled to __ degrees or it will boil off as a gas. Can be compressed and stored in a high pressure tank, with pressures of __ , __ and __ p s i. Can be chemically combined in __ with certain metals and it will be more compact. Can be stored in the microscopic pores of __ . Has very strict storage requirements and can cause some metals to become __ and fail.

-425 degrees, 3600, 5000, and 10000 psi, hydride, carbon nanotubes, brittle

Fully Electric Vehicles Emergency Procedures. The exact same as a H E V. with __ preconnect.

1

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Emergency Procedures. BIg DIFFERENCE, is that only __ preconnect needs to be used, instead of __ for the rest, "TEST QUESTION" . Capacitors can hold power from __ to __ minutes, so remove keys at least 20 feet. Be Careful if it is a rollover, prob can't do a __ technique through the trunk because of the battery locations. Be mindful of high voltage wires, during a dash replacement. Never cut a __ , no matter what. Don't cut the floor pan out under the __ and __. "Lots of wires"

1, 2, 5 to 30 minutes, tunneling technique, high voltage wires, gas and brake pedals

L P G Emergencies. Basically the same as L N G or C N G except that propane is __ times heavier than air and has a flammability range of __ to __ %.

1.5 times, 2 to 10 %

Give extra precaution for any rolled over hydrogen vehicles because they might have leaked. __ degree rule.

45

It might take __ to __ minutes for a hydrogen fuel cell capacitor to fully discharge after it has been shut down.

5 to 10

__ foam is used on ethanol and methanol. suppress the vapors, and dike a spill.

Alcohol resistant

The Four basic elements make up a fuel cell. __

Anode. Cathode. Electrolyte. Catalyst.

__ monitoring should be done during alternative fuel fires, especially gasses that are __ than air.

Atmospheric, heavier

Natural Gas Emergency Procedures. The I C should use the __ and do a quick hazard and risk analysis before taking action. __ identifies conditions that might hurt personnel, property or the environment. Risk analysis, assesses the risk to rescuers. A Hazard and risk analysis should be constantly __.

ERG, hazard analysis, reevaluated

__ is produced from corn, sugar, trees, grasses and grain alcohol. Don't drink it.

Ethanol

The Energy Policy Act of 1992 list of alternative fuel vehicles: (7) __

Ethanol. Methanol. Natural gas. L P G. Biodiesel. Hydrogen. Electric.

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle badging.__

F C V. F C H V. F C X. Fuel cell vehicle .

Some incidents may require a LDH and a master stream, until fire control is established and class B foam for vapor suppression. - an__.

alcohol resistant AFFF

Best practice is to pre plan for __ vehicles.

alternative After conducting a size up and a known IDLH hazard is seen, then set __ per the E R G.[hazard control zones

Voltage Color Coding. 36 volt, - __ wiring or __ , depending on the manufacturer. 42 volt, - __ wiring or __ , depending on the manufacturer. 60 volt- is __ and is required for over 60 volts. No industry standard on the low, or medium volts but can be __ or __ . One mild hybrid vehicle uses an inverter to change the 36 volt into a 120 volt. The 120 volt wiring is __ .

blue or yellow, blue or yellow, orange, blue or yellow, orange,

Look for__, listen for __ for a release, through a P R D.

clouds,hissing

Full or Mild H E V Designs. Full hybrids can use its __ or an __ or a combo of both, to propel a vehicle. Mild H e v Designs, must use the __ with the __ for propulsion.

electric motor or internal combustion engine, electric motor with internal combustion

E 85 is 85 % ethanol and 15 % gas and is called a__

flex fuel.

Natural Gas. Is a __ fuel . Mostly made of __. Can be used as __ natural gas or __ natural gas. One of the cleanest burning alternative fuels. When cooled to minus 260 degrees it turns into a cryo liquid.

fossil, methane,compressed, liquid

Hydrogen Fuel- Cell Vehicles . A __ is an electrochemical device that combines __ and __ to produce electricity to a motor or a generator, with the byproducts being __ and __ . The fuel cell uses onboard hydrogen in combination, with the outside oxygen to make __ . According to the California air resources board, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are potentially __ to __ times more efficient than conventional vehicles and produce little to no greenhouse gas. Nasa has been using this tech for years. The first fuel cell was developed in 1839, by __ ," Father of the fuel cell".

fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen, water and heat, electricity, 2 to 3, Sir William Grove

E 10 is called __ and the E P A says it is basically no different than gas.

gasohol

H E V Drive Systems. They have an electric motor, an Internal Combustion Engine, a __ and a __ . Can be a __ , or __ system. In a Series System, the __ motor powers the transmission and charges the batteries, weirdly the __ supplies power to the electric motor like a generator. The more COMMON __ system, uses the Internal combustion engine or the Electric motor for propulsion and is dependent on the speed of the vehicle. slow=__ motor and fast is the __ . Badging will be on the sides, or on the rear of the vehicle. Badging,- a green leaf logo, or HYBRID, or just the letter H.

generator, battery pack, series or parallel, electric motor, internal combustion engine, parallel, electric, internal combustion engine

__ is created in this chemical reaction, which requires __ to keep the fuel cell at the proper temperature.

heat, water

Hazard Control Zones three areas are __ , __ and __ .

hot, warm and cold

Some say monitoring for __ is not necessary, because it will dissipate in the air quickly but do it anyways.

hydrogen

A fuel cell design will normally use a compressed __ gas system, consisting of several type __ and __ cylinders, as opposed to a liquefied hydrogen cryogenic storage system. Which requires extreme temperatures to keep the hydrogen liquid super cold.

hydrogen, 3 and 4 cylinders

General emergency procedures for L N G or C N G. Don appropriate P P E. Establish hazard control zones. Conduct __ and __ surveys. Approach __ , __ and __ , to avoid an exploding fuel tank. Use a __ meter, continuously. Look for C N G or L N G Badges. Use __ preconnects to disperse vapors and for fire control. When it's safe, make sure the vehicle is in __ and the keys are removed. Stabilize the vehicle using cribbing and be careful where you locate the cribbing. Adjust any seats or windows, before disconnecting the battery. Disconnect the battery, __ wire first. Manually turn off the gas at the tank. Manufacturers recommend removing the __ but it's up to the A H J. Keep the fuel tank cool, don't extinguish the fire. Like a bleve. Be Aware of where the fuel lines are, before cutting. Don't cut under the __ or __ , possible high voltage wires or fuel lines are there.

inner and outer, upwind, uphill and from the side, multigas meter, 2 preconnects, park, negative, main fuse, brake or gas pedals

The four different types of compressed natural gas containers. __ only " most common". Steel or aluminum, with a __ , that goes around the cylinder. Steel or aluminum with the wrapping covering the entire tank and it has a metal liner made of __ . Has a non metallic liner that is usually __ and is fully wrapped and the tank is made of steel or aluminum. In 2018 only __ commercial hydrogen fuel stations in the US. __ in California. __ in South carolina. __ in Massachusetts. __ in Connecticut.

steel, partial hoop wrap, aluminum, plastic, 40, 36, 2, 1, 1

Liquified Petroleum Gas "L P G" or propane. Is a fossil fuel produced from processing natural gas or from the refining process of crude oil. __ most used fuel source. __ times heavier than air. Propane fuel tanks are built to the specs of the __ , boiler and pressure vessel code. Tanks are made of __ . __ times more puncture resistant than a standard gas tank. Not larger than __ gallon tanks. The tanks will have a, __ , on the side, for water capacity, because this is how they are measured. Propane has an expansion rate of, __ to __ . "bleve" When tanks are filled there is a __ % reduction in product, to account for expansion. Propane weighs __ pounds, per gallon. __ is added, for smell. A, P R D is also used on the propane tanks and are required to be vented to the outside of the vehicle and will also vent, when a __ change is detected. Propane turns to a vapor at __ degrees. Frost can be produced on the

third, 1.5 times heavier, american society of mechanical engineers, carbon steel, 20 times, 200 gallon, WC on the side, 270 to 1, 20%, 4.24 pounds, mercaptan, 45 degrees, minus 44 degrees, 250 psi, 312 psi, NFPA 58

Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Combines __ or __ power sources for propulsion, one of which is __ . Hybrid technology has been around for over a century. The first hybrid vehicle was patented in __ , by a German named Henri Piper. The battery system is normally a __ battery or a __ battery. Each battery will produce __ to __ volts of D C Power. The H E V design may use a high voltage, "__ ", or a medium to low voltage system.

two or more, electric, 1909, Nimh or Li-on, 1 to 1.5 volts, 60 volt

Most Safety procedures can be __ but some are product specific.

universal

Most manufacturers will use __ to identify alternative fuel vehicles.

vehicle I D badges

Since 2008 manufacturers have been using a __ gas cap, for flex fuel cars.

yellow

Hydrogen. One of the most abundant elements on earth. Odorless, colorless, flammable, non toxic gas that combines easily with other elements. was used in the __ in 1937. __ times lighter than air, rises, and disperses at __ m p h and that is __ feet per second. Flammability range of, __ to __ %, very wide, and dangerous. Almost __ burning. The dispersion rate is __ times faster than __ and __ times faster than __ . Expansion rate of, __ to __ . No __ is added because of the dispersion rate. __ % of hydrogen, is made from methane. Can be used directly for an internal combustion engine or as a __ for fuel cells. Vehicles must be clearly marked, with a label on the __ , __ rear section of the vehicle, in __ lettering on a __ , or __ background.

Hidenburg Blimp, 14 times, 44 mph, 66 fps, 4 ot 75 %, clear, 2 times, helium, 6 times natural gas, 1 to 848, chemical smell, 95%, catalyst, right, lower section, white, blue or dark

__ is the most common gas used to extract or separate hydrogen, through steam or electrolysis.

Methane

__ is a wood based alcohol and is just like E __.

Methanol, 85

__- uses a radio frequency from a computer chip, to start the vehicle.

Smart Key

Emergency procedures for Hydrogen Are The exact same as the other gasses. Use a __ to see the flame during daylight because its clear burning. Cool the tank, don't extinguish the fire. The pressure relief device will reset, once cooled. P r d vents __ the vehicle. Also the P R D will activate, if it hits the __ tilt rule. The fire at the point of product should self extinguish because the __ should escape very quickly.

TIC, outside, 45 degrees, hydrogen

The officer must also include these things in the I A P. __ objectives for the management of these fuels, regarding victim treatment, removal, spill containment, potential fire suppression and vapor suppression.

Tactical

__ can react violently to C N G's, or cryogenic liquids.

Water

Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Is a hybrid vehicle that can plug in, to recharge its battery on a 120 volt house current, "__ ". The 240 volt charging system, is known as a __ charging system. which can cut the charging time in __. A Level 3, is a "__ ", and is up to 480 volts, and is for commercial use. Level 1 charging, can take up to __ hours to charge. Some Level 3 chargers, can do a __ minute quick charge, for a __ % battery charge. Can give flexibility to run solely on electric, for short distances when fully charged. Similar to an H E V, but has a larger battery pack. Responders must unplug the vehicle, or kill the power to the house, before __ fire extinguishment can occur.

level 1, level 2, half, DC Fast Charge, 8 hours, 15 minute, 80%, interior

Liquid natural gas. Colorless, odorless, non toxic gas that floats on water and is __ than air when vaporized. Expansion vapor ratio of __ to __ . Flammability of __ to __ %. When it leaks out of a tank, it will first form a __ and then boils off into a __ form. Has a __ vapor cloud. __ gas. Avoid using __ water because it will react violently, like a bleve. Use __ foam or dry chemicals instead of water. The fuel tank must be double walled and well insulated to prevent a __. Stored at low pressures but possibly up to __ p s i. It is regulated back down to a __ p s i operating pressure. It is stored in a constant state of boil off and is constantly changing into a gas.

lighter, 600 to 1, 5 to 15 %, pool, gas, visible, cryogenic, warm, high expansion foam, bleve, 230 psi, 120 psi,

Compressed Natural Gas. Is a natural gas that is __ than air, gas compressed for use as a fuel, is made up mostly of __ plus a little __ . It is a practical fuel and is used by lots of commercial vehicles. Fuel tanks are __, __, or __, but they must pass extensive crash ratings and are located behind the __ or in the __ . Stored at __ to __ p s i. They use __ high pressure fuel lines, for the distribution to the engine. When the ignition is off, there is a safety sensor that turns off the tank also does it on L N G tanks or it will shut off if it detects a leak. They also have a manual shut off valve. The P R D is designed to rapidly release, when exposed to fire or if it tilts __ degrees up or down like a __ . __ is added to the gas for smell.

lighter, methane, hydrocarbon, steel, aluminum, or carbon fiber, passenger seat or trunk, 3000 to 3600 psi, stainless steel, 45 degrees, ethyl mercaptan

The most common issue in dealing with advanced vehicle technology, in vehicle extrication, is trying to demystify__ that may be circulating around the emergency services community. Can cause overreaction and or no reaction at all.

misinformation

The Sub-Class of the Electric Vehicle. It's called the__ . N E V's are classified as __ operated, low speed vehicles. Max __ m p h. Are approved for roads that have a max speed limit of __ m p h. Range can be up to __ miles. Uses a Level 1 charging system, or a __ volt outlet.

neighborhood electric, battery, 25 mph, 35 mph, 35 miles, 120 volt

In a fuel cell vehicle, the medium to high voltage wires normally run on the __ side of the hydrogen fuel lines.

opposite

All unignited fuels should be managed as __ needing a polymeric membrane over the fuel for vapor control.

polar solvents

In a fuel cell, an electrolyte membrane called a __ , or __ is placed between an anode "__ " and a cathode "__ ". The polymer exchange membrane exchanges positive electrons.

polymer exchange membrane or proton exchange membrane, negative, positive

The process begins with hydrogen from an onboard storage tank that enters the anode and is split into __ ions and __ electrons.

positive, negative

The __ hydrogen ions pass through the P E M, which is only permeable to positive ions and combines at the cathode with the outside oxygen. Creating a byproduct of __ . The __ ions are used to power the engine.

positive, water, negative

The vehicle normally has reinforced framing in the areas of the fuel cell for protection. Toyota uses a __ color coding system for hydrogen lines. They are the only ones that do this. All hydrogen storage tanks come with a P R D or a temp relief device, normally it takes a couple of __ for it to dump everything and it makes a loud hissing noise. Don't use __ on a hydrogen cell because it might freeze the P R D. You can use water to disperse the vapor cloud through a. "__ ". Most vehicles use a __ , to deactivate a hydrogen system.

red, minutes, water, fog pattern, crash sensor

Biodiesel. Made from __ resources like plant oils, animal fats, used cooking oil or algae. Biodiesel can be used by itself as a diesel but not recommended for use in low temps, "__ ". Biodiesel can be blended with __ . Fewer air pollutants, safe, non-toxic and biodegradable. The D O T does not classify biodiesel as a flammable liquid, because it has a high flash point of __ degrees. Regular diesel's flash point is __ degrees. Gasoline's flash point is __ degrees. Best to use __ on biodiesel, probably even better to use __ .

renewable, b100, regular diesel, 199 degrees, 100 degrees, -45 degrees, AFFF, AR-AFFF

Upon conducting a size-up, the officer must recognize the various types of alternative fuels and establish __ based on the E R G.

safety zones

A __ is used to route the positive and negative elements to their correct path. Each fuel cell produces approximately __ to __ volts of electricity.

separator, .7 to 1.1 volts

Extended Range Hybrid Electric Vehicle. The E R E V uses a __ type propulsion system that allows the vehicle to run on all battery or all electric power until near depletion. Approximately __ miles of driving. The onboard gas engine acts as a __ , extending the range several hundred miles. Can be plugged in, to fully recharge. Example, the Chevy Volt has __ color coding, for the high voltage wires. Dash displacement is an issue, because of the wiring.

series, 40, generator, orange

2 types of Mild H E V's. The __ hybrid is not a true hybrid because the motor is not used to propel the vehicle. Integrated motor assist, which is used in the __ - this also does the start, stop, but it also assists the motor with propulsion, power electrical devices and it can store and use the brakes regen system. Mild hybrids generally work off a __ to __ voltage system __ to __ volts. Still has a normal __ battery for starting and some auxiliary power.

start stop, honda systems, medium to low, 36 to 42, 12 volt

All Electric Vehicles. 100 % electric, __ emissions. Propelled by one or more electric motors that are rechargeable. The __ was the one of the first vehicles produced by a major car maker and then Tesla. They use __ braking to recharge a laminated LI-on battery with a capacity of __ kwh. This is a high voltage battery of approximately __ volts. Level 1 battery charging, can take __ hours. The high voltage battery, is encased in __ and is located in the __ . The 12 volt lead battery is located __ and it powers the low volt stuff like lights, horn, etc... Many can travel __ to __ miles without recharging. The range is affected by temp, speed, topography, driving style, cargo and the manufacturer. The Nissan Leaf has __ badges, 1 on the __ and 1 on the __ .

zero, nissan leaf, regenerative, 24 kwh, 400 volts, 20 hours, steel, undercarriage, under the hood, 100 to 200 miles, two, rear, drivers door