KAA - Chemistry for Embalmers - Week 2

AROMATIC ALCOHOLS

2 types: aromatic alcohols and phenols

full oxidation

as the skipping of one step in the oxidation process; going from an alcohol to an organic acid. results in CO2 and H2O as the products no matter what you started with, CO2 and H2O are the products

chloromethane / methyl chloride

class = Halide CH3Cl

trichloromethane / chloroform

class = Halide CHCl3 Highly flammable, anasthetic no longer used in US

tetrachloromethane/carbon tetrachloride

class = Halide every H in methane is replaced with a Cl halogen. CCl4 was used as a stain remover in dry cleaning before determined to be carcinogenic

dichloromethane/ methylene chloride

class =Halide CH2Cl2

skeleton structure

does not indicate the specific radical only that there is a radical present

partial oxidation of ethanol/ethyl alcohol/grain alcohol

ethanal/acetaldehyde as product

full oxidation of ethanol/ethyl alcohol/grain alcohol

ethanoic acid/acetic acid as product

partial oxidation of ethanal/acetaldehyde

ethanoic acid/acetic acid as product

Alcohols

hydrocarbons in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by a Hydroxyl group (-OH) Functional group OH General Formula R-OH will neutralize an organic acid because it acts as a base

partial oxidation of methanol/methyl alcohol/wood alcohol

methanal/formaldehyde as product

full oxidation of methanol/methyl alcohol/wood alcohol

methanoic acid/formic acid as product

partial oxidation of methanal/formaldehyde

methanoic acid/formic acid as product

halogenation

replacing a hydrogen with a halogen

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL / RUBBING ALCOHOL

secondary alcohol Molecular formula is: C3H8O Line Formula is: CH3CHOHCH3 in the structural formula the OH is in the middle with a methyl radical on each side

Uses/characteristics for Ethanol

used in the preparation of ether and chloroform partial oxidation of ethanol gives you acetaldehyde / ethanal the type of alcohol that we drink now being used as an alternative to gasoline

DECANOL / DECYL ALCOHOL

Molecular formula is: C10H22O Line Formula is:C10H21OH

complete oxidation of ethanol/ethyl alcohol/grain alcohol

CO2 and H2O as product

complete oxidation of methanol/methyl alcohol/wood alcohol

CO2 and H2O as product

partial oxidation of methanoic acid/formic acid

CO2 and H2O as product

Classifications of Alcohols

MONOHYDROXY ALCOHOLS DIHYDROXY ALCOHOLS TRIHYDROXY ALCOHOLS POLYHYDROXY ALCOHOLS

METHANOL / METHYL ALCOHOL / WOOD ALCOHOL

Molecular Formula is CH4O Line Formula is CH3OH Structural formula is: methanol derivative of methane, result of methane undergoing oxidation

ETHANOL / ETHYL ALCOHOL / GRAIN ALCOHOL

Molecular formula is: C2H6O Line Formula is: C2H5OH prepared by the fermentation of sugar (glucose- C6H12O6) by the enzymes found in yeast; this process is called alcoholic fermentation reaction since alcohol is one of the products C6H12O6 —yeast enzymes——> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

PROPANOL / PROPYL ALCOHOL

Molecular formula is: C3H8O Line Formula is: C3H7OH

BUTANOL / BUTYL ALCOHOL

Molecular formula is: C4H10O Line Formula is:C4H8OH

PENTANOL / PENTYL ALCOHOL

Molecular formula is: C5H12O Line Formula is:C5H11OH

HEXANOL / HEXYL ALCOHOL

Molecular formula is: C6H14O Line Formula is:C6H13OH

PHENOL / CARBOLIC ACID

Molecular formula is: C6H6O Line Formula is: C6H5OH named carbolic acid because when it is put in solution it ionizes as an acid would. highly poisonous is a powerful germicide , preservative , disinfectant, fungicide, cautery agent, reducing agent, drying agent and great bleaching agent RA: An antiseptic/disinfectant employed to dry moist tissues and to bleach discolored tissues all are a type of aromatic alcohol

HEPTANOL / HEPTYL ALCOHOL

Molecular formula is: C7H16O Line Formula is:C7H15OH

OCTANOL / OCTYL ALCOHOL

Molecular formula is: C8H18O Line Formula is:C8H17OH

NONANOL / NONYL ALCOHOL

Molecular formula is: C9H20O Line Formula is:C9H19OH

Phenols

Occur when an (-OH) group is substituted directly onto the benzene ring, it is the resulting product In a general sense means any benzene derivative with one or more (-OH) groups in direct combination with the benzene ring.

Aromatic Alcohols

Occur when an (-OH) group is substituted onto the side chain of an aromatic hydrocarbon the placement of the (-OH) is "once removed" from the carbon ring it is not directly attached to a carbon that is part of the ring; it is attached to a carbon that is attached to the carbon ring.

Organic Chemistry Neutralization

Organic Acid + Alcohol → Ester + Water

OXIDATION PROCESS

Partially oxidizing any Primary Alcohol will give you an Aldehyde Fully oxidizing any Primary Alcohol will give you an Organic Acid Partially oxidizing any Secondary Alcohol will give you a Ketone Partially oxidizing an Aldehyde will give you an Organic Acid Completely oxidizing an Alcohol (or any organic substance) will give you CO2 + H2O

alcohol isomers

Propanol / Propyl Alcohol and Isopropyl Alcohol because they have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

SORBITOL

a POLYHYDROXY ALCOHOL Molecular formula is: C6H14O6 Line Formula is: C6H8(OH)6 Sugars are a derivative of listed on product labels as a sweetener used in the synthesis of Vitamin C. Isomers of (Mannitol and Dulcitol) are used in embalming fluids as Humectants or Wetting Agents.

GLYCOL / ETHYLENE GLYCOL

a dihydroxy alcohol Molecular formula is: C2H6O2 Line Formula is: C2H4(OH)2 is a coolant or antifreeze. For embalming purposes, it is a Humectant or Wetting Agent thick colorless liquid with very little odor readily soluble in water can be used in conjunction with other humectants or on its own

Uses/characteristics for Methanol

a good solvent for organic compounds. used as certain types of gas, antifreeze, varnishes and shellacs. It is severely poisonous; it causes blindness and death. Basically if you ingest it you embalm yourself. used in the production of Formaldehyde / Methanal; by partially oxidizing (CH3OH) you get Methanal (HCHO)

GLYCEROL / GLYCERIN

a trihydroxy alcohol Molecular formula is: C3H8O3 Line Formula is: C3H5(OH)3 softener that is used in hand lotions For embalming purposes it is a Humectant or Wetting Agent as well as a solvent for high index embalming fluids. a syrupy, colorless liquid obtained from fats or oils as a by-product of the manufacturing of soaps and fatty acids used as a vehicle for some cosmetics

TERTIARY ALCOHOLS

alcohols in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is attached to three (3) other carbons the (-OH) is attached to a carbon that has three other radicals attached to it

SECONDARY ALCOHOLS

alcohols in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is attached to two (2) other carbons the (-OH) is attached to a carbon that has two other radicals attached to it

PRIMARY ALCOHOLS

alcohols where the (-OH) is attached to the carbon located at the end of the carbon chain, either the first or last carbon in the chain Since the radical was once a saturated hydrocarbon that had the suffix of ANE you drop the E and change it to OL. eg Methane becomes Methanol OR name the radical; Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl etc, then add to word alcohol. eg Methyl alcohol

POLYHYDROXY ALCOHOLS

alcohols which contain many (4 or more) (-OH) or Hydroxyl groups

MONOHYDROXY ALCOHOLS

alcohols which contain one (1) (-OH) or Hydroxyl group divided into three (3) groups. PRIMARY ALCOHOLS - 1° SECONDARY ALCOHOLS - 2° TERTIARY ALCOHOLS - 3°

TRIHYDROXY ALCOHOLS

alcohols which contain three (3) (-OH) or Hydroxyl groups

DIHYDROXY ALCOHOLS

alcohols which contain two (2) (-OH) or Hydroxyl groups

alkyl halide

an aliphalic hydrocarbon with one or more halogens attached or an aliphalic hydrocarbon that has undergone halogenation