Khan

"Opening up trade abroad became crucial for the Republican leaders. Desiring as they did the United States to remain predominantly rural and agricultural, they were confronted with the problem of ensuring sufficient markets for the agricultural surpluses of America's many hardworking and productive farmers. Since the Southern Republicans did not want America to develop huge urban centers, they could not assume the existence of a large domestic market for the surpluses of farm goods. If the farmers were unable to sell their produce somewhere, they would stagnate, slip into mere subsistence farming, and become idle and lazy and eventually morally unfit for republican government." -Source: Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, 2009 Which of the following pieces of historical evidence from the United States census would best support the argument in the excerpt? A.) Data showing population growth in rural areas in the Northeast B.) Data showing changes in agricultural production and price C.) Data showing the growth of railroad lines D.) Data showing changes in wages for workers in textile mills

B.) Data showing changes in agricultural production and price

The graph most strongly supports which of the following arguments? A.)Factories increased the number of women they hired because they were cheaper to house B.) Impoverished women were seen as both viable and inexpensive to hire for factory production C.) Gender roles changed after the Market Revolution as married women believed it was part of their duty to make money to support their families D.) Public schools created in the 1830s and 1840s included classes that gave women skills to join factories

B.) Impoverished women were seen as both viable and inexpensive to hire for factory production

"It eventuates in this: whether you, as a planter will consent to be taxed, in order to hire another man to go to work in a shoemaker's shop, or to set up a spinning jenny. For my part I will not agree to it, even though they should, by way of return, agree to be taxed to help us to plant tobacco; much less will I agree to pay all, and receive nothing for it. No, I will buy where I can get manufactures cheapest; I will not agree to lay a duty on the cultivators of the soil to encourage exotic manufactures. . ." -Souce: John Randolph, Opposition to the Tariff of 1816, The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States: With an Appendix, Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents, and All the Laws of a Public Nature; with a Copious Index, Volume 29, 1816 The excerpt most directly expresses an economic perspective that A.) sought to protect United States foreign trade. B.) prioritized regional interests. C.) supported the new tariffs on exports. D.) encouraged federal funding for internal improvements.

B.) prioritized regional interests.

Which of the following best describes the message in the political cartoon about the Monroe Doctrine? A.) It was incredibly ineffective at protecting South America from involvement in European wars. B.) It crafted a belief that the United States had the God-given right to expand westward C.) It declared that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European intervention. D.) It protected Latin America from United States expansion.

C.) It declared that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European intervention.

Which of the following factors contributed most to the major trend depicted in the table? A.) The commitment towards the education of women B.) The push for expansion into the Louisiana Territory C.) The centralization in the production of goods D.) The passage of new tariffs, making domestic goods more expensive

C.) The centralization in the production of goods

"The evil, Sir, is enormous; the inevitable suffering incalculable. Do not stain the fair fame of the country . . . Nations of dependent Indians, against their will, under color of law, are driven from their homes into the wilderness. You cannot explain it; you cannot reason it away. . . Our friends will view this measure with sorrow, and our enemies alone with joy. And we ourselves, Sir, when the interests and passions of the day are past, shall look back upon it, I fear, with self-reproach, and a regret as bitter as unavailing." -Source: Edward Everett, Speeches on the Passage of the Bill for the Removal of the Indians Delivered in the Congress of the United States, 1830 Which of the following movements expressed ideas most similar to the ideas expressed in the excerpt? A.) conservationists in the early 1900s B.) homesteaders in the 1860s C.) nativists in the 1870s D.) anti-imperialists in the early 1900s

D.) anti-imperialists in the early 1900s

"The evil, Sir, is enormous; the inevitable suffering incalculable. Do not stain the fair fame of the country . . . Nations of dependent Indians, against their will, under color of law, are driven from their homes into the wilderness. You cannot explain it; you cannot reason it away. . . Our friends will view this measure with sorrow, and our enemies alone with joy. And we ourselves, Sir, when the interests and passions of the day are past, shall look back upon it, I fear, with self-reproach, and a regret as bitter as unavailing." -Source: Edward Everett, Speeches on the Passage of the Bill for the Removal of the Indians Delivered in the Congress of the United States, 1830 Which of the following movements expressed ideas most similar to the ideas expressed in the excerpt? A.) nativists in the 1870s B.) conservationists in the early 1900s C.) homesteaders in the 1860s D.) anti-imperialists in the early 1900s

D.) anti-imperialists in the early 1900s

"If the States may tax one instrument, employed by the government in the execution of its powers, they may tax any and every other instrument. They may tax the mail; they may tax the mint; they may tax patent rights; they may tax the papers of the custom-house; they may tax judicial process; they may tax all the means employed by the government, to an excess which would defeat all the ends of government. This was not intended by the American people. They did not design to make their government dependent on the States. . ." -Source: Chief Justice John Marshall, opinion of the Court in McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 The McCulloch case emerged most directly from the context of which of the following? A.) disagreements over the role of the federal government in solving social problems B.) tensions between the sovereign indigenous nations and the federal government C.) critiques about the federal government's power to enact taxes on individuals D.) debates about the division of powers between the federal and state governments

D.) debates about the division of powers between the federal and state governments

Which of the following historical events had a significant impact on the geographical region shown on the map above? A.) the Mexican-American War B.) the Nullification Crisis of 1832 C.) the War of 1812 D.) the Missouri Compromise of 1820

D.) the Missouri Compromise of 1820

"Opening up trade abroad became crucial for the Republican leaders. Desiring as they did the United States to remain predominantly rural and agricultural, they were confronted with the problem of ensuring sufficient markets for the agricultural surpluses of America's many hardworking and productive farmers. Since the Southern Republicans did not want America to develop huge urban centers, they could not assume the existence of a large domestic market for the surpluses of farm goods. If the farmers were unable to sell their produce somewhere, they would stagnate, slip into mere subsistence farming, and become idle and lazy and eventually morally unfit for republican government." -Source: Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, 2009 Which of the following pieces of historical evidence from the United States census would best support the argument in the excerpt? A.) Data showing changes in agricultural production and price B.) Data showing changes in wages for workers in textile mills C.) Data showing the growth of railroad lines D.) Data showing population growth in rural areas in the Northeast

A.) Data showing changes in agricultural production and price

"The rapid deterioration of wooden machinery created powerful incentives to fashion equipment out of brass, iron, and steel, which required more precise fabrication of hard metal parts. Improved grinding and milling machines, drills, metal planes, and machine tools of all types poured forth from workshops in France, Great Britain, and America. These innovations allowed toolmakers to perfect rough castings and fit ever-faster speeds. Everything from clocks and watches to farm machinery and railway locomotives benefited over and over again from the constant improvement of the tools for making machines." -Source: John Lauritz Larson, "The Market Revolution in America, Liberty, Ambition, and the Eclipse of the Common Good," 2010 The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following? A.) Improvements in the manufacturing of goods B.) Increase in government funding for internal improvements C.) Establishment of a new foreign trade relationship with France D.) Decline in the purchase of domestic products

A.) Improvements in the manufacturing of goods

"The rapid deterioration of wooden machinery created powerful incentives to fashion equipment out of brass, iron, and steel, which required more precise fabrication of hard metal parts. Improved grinding and milling machines, drills, metal planes, and machine tools of all types poured forth from workshops in France, Great Britain, and America. These innovations allowed toolmakers to perfect rough castings and fit ever-faster speeds. Everything from clocks and watches to farm machinery and railway locomotives benefited over and over again from the constant improvement of the tools for making machines." -Source: John Lauritz Larson, "The Market Revolution in America, Liberty, Ambition, and the Eclipse of the Common Good," 2010 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that technological developments had on American society? A.) It was cheaper and easier to develop manufactured products. B.) It made it more difficult to sell goods to foreign markets. C.) It made artisanal goods more profitable and sought after. D.) It led to the decline of women in the workforce.

A.) It was cheaper and easier to develop manufactured products.

The major trend depicted in the graph most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States during the early nineteenth century? A.) Large numbers of immigrants from Europe moved to the Northeast to find work in prospering factories B.) The government sold inexpensive land from the Louisiana Purchase to immigrants C.) Governmental policies that limited immigration from China after complaints from American workers D.) The growing need for inexpensive labor to build railroads across the entire continental United States

A.) Large numbers of immigrants from Europe moved to the Northeast to find work in prospering factories

"Opening up trade abroad became crucial for the Republican leaders. Desiring as they did the United States to remain predominantly rural and agricultural, they were confronted with the problem of ensuring sufficient markets for the agricultural surpluses of America's many hardworking and productive farmers. Since the Southern Republicans did not want America to develop huge urban centers, they could not assume the existence of a large domestic market for the surpluses of farm goods. If the farmers were unable to sell their produce somewhere, they would stagnate, slip into mere subsistence farming, and become idle and lazy and eventually morally unfit for republican government." -Source: Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, 2009 The patterns described in the excerpt most directly signal which of the following developments? A.) Regional interests outweighed national concerns for many political leaders' positions on economic policy B.) American foreign policy became more isolationist as the United States refused to maintain peacetime alliances C.) Labor unions were developed as a way to protect workers from unsafe business practices D.) Disputes over the expansion of slavery to newly acquired territories caused the end of the Whig party

A.) Regional interests outweighed national concerns for many political leaders' positions on economic policy

The main trend shown in the table was most directly associated with which of the following government policies occurring in the United States at the time? A.) The American System B.) The Missouri Compromise C.) The Louisiana Purchase D.) The Monroe Doctrine

A.) The American System

"The papers tell you there are no parties now. Republicans and federalists [indeed] are all [combined]. This, my friend, is not so. The same parties exist now which existed before. But the name of Federalist was extinguished in the battle of New Orleans; and those who wore it now call themselves republicans. Like the fox pursued by the dogs, they take shelter in the midst of the sheep. They see that monarchism is a hopeless wish in this country, and are rallying anew to the next best point, a consolidated government. They are therefore endeavoring to break the barriers of state rights, provided by the constitution, against a consolidation." -Source: Thomas Jefferson to Gilbert du Motier, the Marquis de Lafayette, UH Digital History, 1822 Which of the following best represents continuity in the years after 1822 with the ideas that the author expressed in the excerpt? A.) The Bank War B.) The Seneca Falls Convention C.) The Missouri Compromise D.) The Indian Removal Act

A.) The Bank War

A significant long-term result of the major pattern depicted on the map was which of the following? A.) The North and West developed a strong relationship because they were linked through transportation networks. B.) The federal government began limiting westward expansion to reduce conflicts with indigenous nations. C.) The South sought to industrialize to keep up with the North and West as they continued to modernize. D.) The federal government offered citizenship to immigrants who were willing to industrialize the West.

A.) The North and West developed a strong relationship because they were linked through transportation networks.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data in the table? A.) The Northeast received more funds for internal improvements than the South. B.) The South had more representation in the federal government. C.) The South received more funds for railroads and canals than the West. D.) The Northeast and West earned more profit from exported goods than the South.

A.) The Northeast received more funds for internal improvements than the South.

"In terms of international power politics, the Monroe Doctrine represented the moment when the United States felt strong enough to assert a 'sphere of influence' that other powers must respect. In terms of national psychology, the Monroe Doctrine marked the moment when Americans no longer faced eastward across the Atlantic and turned to face westward across the continent. The changed orientation was reflected in domestic political alignments." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the Monroe Doctrine had on the United States? A.) The United States protected countries in the Western Hemisphere from further European intervention B.) The United States acquired Texas along with territory in present-day California C.) The United States decreased funds to their peace-time military D.) The United States strengthened an alliance with Britain

A.) The United States protected countries in the Western Hemisphere from further European intervention

The policy suggested in the image was most directly a response to which of the following early nineteenth century historical development? A.) The successful independence movements by Latin American countries B.) The armed rebellion of Texas against the government of Mexico C.) The expansion of Mexico into present-day California, Utah, and New Mexico D.) The continued conflicts between Britain and France in the Napoleonic Wars

A.) The successful independence movements by Latin American countries

"The papers tell you there are no parties now. Republicans and federalists [indeed] are all [combined]. This, my friend, is not so. The same parties exist now which existed before. But the name of Federalist was extinguished in the battle of New Orleans; and those who wore it now call themselves republicans. Like the fox pursued by the dogs, they take shelter in the midst of the sheep. They see that monarchism is a hopeless wish in this country, and are rallying anew to the next best point, a consolidated government. They are therefore endeavoring to break the barriers of state rights, provided by the constitution, against a consolidation." -Source: Thomas Jefferson to Gilbert du Motier, the Marquis de Lafayette, UH Digital History, 1822 Which of the following developments in the 1820s best represented the continuation of the ideas expressed in the passage? A.) opposition to federally funded internal improvements B.) resistance to increased immigration C.) arguments supporting Romanticism D.) debates over the cult of domesticity

A.) opposition to federally funded internal improvements

"The papers tell you there are no parties now. Republicans and federalists [indeed] are all [combined]. This, my friend, is not so. The same parties exist now which existed before. But the name of Federalist was extinguished in the battle of New Orleans; and those who wore it now call themselves republicans. Like the fox pursued by the dogs, they take shelter in the midst of the sheep. They see that monarchism is a hopeless wish in this country, and are rallying anew to the next best point, a consolidated government. They are therefore endeavoring to break the barriers of state rights, provided by the constitution, against a consolidation." -Source: Thomas Jefferson to Gilbert du Motier, the Marquis de Lafayette, UH Digital History, 1822 The excerpt provided is best understood in the context of which of the following? A.) re-emergence of partisan politics B.) increase in support for a women's rights movement C.) rise in religious revivalism throughout the United States D.) growth in regional tensions over various political issues

A.) re-emergence of partisan politics

Which of the following developments is the most direct effect of the situation portrayed in the image? A.) the increase expansion to international markets B.) the passage of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 C.) the end of the Atlantic Slave Trade D.) the change towards an isolationist foreign policy

A.) the increase expansion to international markets

"So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty." "If, then, the courts are to regard the constitution, and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply." Source: John Marshall, Opinion of the Court in Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Which of the following statements best summarizes Marshall's argument about the Supreme Court? A.) It should judge whether the law or the Constitution ought to determine a case. B.) It should judge whether a law is constitutional. C.) It should judge ordinary acts as equal to the Constitution. D.) It should judge whether both a law and the Constitution apply to a case.

B.) It should judge whether a law is constitutional.

"In terms of international power politics, the Monroe Doctrine represented the moment when the United States felt strong enough to assert a 'sphere of influence' that other powers must respect. In terms of national psychology, the Monroe Doctrine marked the moment when Americans no longer faced eastward across the Atlantic and turned to face westward across the continent. The changed orientation was reflected in domestic political alignments." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 Which of the following historical events best illustrates the general argument in the excerpt about how Americans "turned to face westward across the continent"? A.) The Nullification Crisis B.) The Mexican-American War C.) The Second Great Awakening D.) The Embargo Act of 1807

B.) The Mexican-American War

"[T]his momentous question, like a firebell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it, at once as the [death] knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived, and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper." -Thomas Jefferson, in a letter to John Randolph, 1820 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical events? A.) The Louisiana Purchase B.) The Missouri Compromise C.) The Nullification Crisis D.) The Monroe Doctrine

B.) The Missouri Compromise

The map most directly depicts which of the following? A.) increase in the number of French colonial holdings in the United States B.) expansion of land owned by the United States federal government C.) land ceded by Britain following its defeat in the War of 1812 D.) mass relocation of indigenous nations to undesirable land in the Midwest

B.) expansion of land owned by the United States federal government

"The Embargo, giving time to the belligerent powers to revise their unjust proceedings and to listen to the dictates of justice, of interest and reputation, which equally urge the correction of their wrongs, has availed our country of the only honorable expedient for avoiding war: and should a repeal of these Edicts supersede the cause for it, our commercial brethren will become sensible that it has consulted their interests, however against their own will. It will be unfortunate for their country if, in the mean time, these, their expressions of impatience, should have the effect of prolonging the very suffering which have produced them, by exciting a fallacious hope that we may, under any pressure, relinquish our equal right of navigating the ocean, go to such ports only as others may prescribe, and there pay the tributary exactions they may impose. . ." Source: Thomas Jefferson, in a broadside signed to Eliot Brown, Jr., UH digital history, 1808 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Jefferson's views expressed in this excerpt? A.) the Federalists B.) the Democratic-Republicans C.) merchants in the North D.) farmers in the South

B.) the Democratic-Republicans

"So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty." "If, then, the courts are to regard the constitution, and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply." Source: John Marshall, Opinion of the Court in Marbury v. Madison, 1803 This ruling overturned which of the following laws? A.) the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 B.) the Judiciary Act of 1789 C.) the Embargo Act of 1807 D.) the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

B.) the Judiciary Act of 1789

Which of the following historical events had a significant impact on the geographical region shown on the map above? A.) the War of 1812 B.) the Missouri Compromise of 1820 C.) the Mexican-American War D.) the Nullification Crisis of 1832

B.) the Missouri Compromise of 1820

"For those at the bottom—immigrant and black day laborers, outwork seamstresses, the casual poor—a combination of overstocked labor markets and intense competition among employers kept wages and earnings near or below subsistence levels. Even in New England, farm girls who went off to work in factories expecting decent situations and high wages found that mill conditions had deteriorated by the mid-1830s. Those small independent artisans and well-paid craft workers who survived faced the real possibility of falling into similar distress, victimized as they were by an increasingly volatile business cycle and by the downward pressures on earnings and real wages in various important trades. By the 1830s a new working class was beginning to carve its own identity in a variety of trade unions and in political efforts aimed at redirecting the course and consequences of American economic expansion." -Source: Sean Wilentz, "Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848," *The New American History, 1990 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt? A.) Rise in immigration from Germany and Ireland to the Midwest B.) Surge in emigration from the United States to more developed factory systems in Europe C.) Development of low-cost machines that standardized mass production D.) Increase in support for public education, specifically for impoverished working families

C.) Development of low-cost machines that standardized mass production

The image was created most directly in response to which of the following? A.) The Treaty of Ghent B.) The Monroe Doctrine C.) The Missouri Compromise D.) The Embargo Act

D.) The Embargo Act

"In the meantime, what has agriculture been doing in spite of all Mr. Clay's efforts to convert our young farmers into manufacturers? . . . Our agriculture is spreading in every direction, not only counties but by States, while population in our manufacturing regions is almost stationary. . . Although agriculture must thus outgrow this legislative home market, till our unexplored forests on north-western, western, and south-western borders, are converted into fields and pastures, we must go on taxing ourselves for generations to come, to increase the wealth of a small portion of our wealthy men and their posterity. Strip this American system of all its sophistries, and what is it, but a fraudulent partnership between a portion of our politicians and capitalists . . ." -Source: "Commercial Reciprocity and the American System," The United States Democratic Review, 1844 Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with? A.) The American System would help to connect and unify all the different regions of the United States. B.) The Southern states should diversify their agricultural products to improve their local economy. C.) The American System benefitted industrial economies more than agricultural economies. D.) The federal government had the power to tax imports and exports under the necessary and proper clause.

C.) The American System benefitted industrial economies more than agricultural economies.

"In terms of international power politics, the Monroe Doctrine represented the moment when the United States felt strong enough to assert a 'sphere of influence' that other powers must respect. In terms of national psychology, the Monroe Doctrine marked the moment when Americans no longer faced eastward across the Atlantic and turned to face westward across the continent. The changed orientation was reflected in domestic political alignments." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the early nineteenth century? A.) The rise in a nativist movement targeting German and Irish immigrants B.) An improvement in technology, leading to more innovation C.) The establishment of the United States as a major world power in the Western Hemisphere D.) An increase in support for women's right to vote

C.) The establishment of the United States as a major world power in the Western Hemisphere

The migrants represented by the graph most typically settled in which of the following regions of the United States? A.) The Midwest B.) The Southeast C.) The Mideast D.) The Northeast

D.) The Northeast

"In civil and political affairs, American women take no interest or concern, except so far as they sympathize with their family and personal friends; but in all cases, in which they do feel a concern, their opinions and feelings have a consideration, equal, or even superior, to that of the other sex. "In matters pertaining to the education of their children, in the selection and support of a clergyman, in all benevolent enterprises, and in all questions relating to morals or manners, they have a superior influence. In such concerns, it would be impossible to carry a point, contrary to their judgement [sic] and feelings; while an enterprise, sustained by them, will seldom fail of success." -Source: Catharine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, 1841 The excerpt best reflects which of the following? A.) The surge in women's participation in the workforce as domestic laborers B.) The lack of influence of the Second Great Awakening C.) The growth in the belief of the separate spheres ideology D.) The rise in women's participation in the Abolition movement

C.) The growth in the belief of the separate spheres ideology

Which of the following developments most directly relates to the overall trend from 1800 to 1840 depicted on the graph? A.) tariffs that increased the cost of goods produced in the United States B.) economic policies that granted subsidies to cotton farmers C.) agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods D.) infrastructure improvements that made traveling faster

C.) agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods

"The apprehended danger from the experiment of universal suffrage applied to the whole legislative department is no dream of the imagination. . . . The tendency of universal suffrage is to jeopardize the rights of property and the principles of liberty. There is a constant tendency . . . in the poor to covet and to share the plunder of the rich; in the debtor to relax or avoid the obligation of contracts; in the majority to tyrannize over the minority and trample down their rights in the indolent and and the profligate to cast the whole burdens of society upon the industrious and virtuous . . . . We are no longer to remain plain and simple republics of farmers. . . . We are fast becoming a great nation, with great commerce, manufactures, population, wealth, luxuries, and with the vices and miseries that they engender." -James Kent, excerpt from the Proceedings and Debates of the Convention Assembled for the Purpose of Amending the Constitution of the State of New York, 1821 The excerpt was designed to address which key concern? A.) appeals for the introduction of a secret ballot for all elections B.) requests for the end to the practice of enslaving people of African descent C.) demands for the extension of the right to vote to all white men D.) calls for the extension of the right to vote to white women

C.) demands for the extension of the right to vote to all white men

Which of the following most directly contributed to the creation of the Cumberland Road as depicted on the map? A.) new innovations in the production of steel like the Bessemer process B.) new efforts by the Spanish to claim ownership of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers C.) new federal funding that supported the development of infrastructure projects D.) new agricultural inventions like the Cotton Gin and the Reaper

C.) new federal funding that supported the development of infrastructure projects

."The evil, Sir, is enormous; the inevitable suffering incalculable. Do not stain the fair fame of the country . . . Nations of dependent Indians, against their will, under color of law, are driven from their homes into the wilderness. You cannot explain it; you cannot reason it away. . . Our friends will view this measure with sorrow, and our enemies alone with joy. And we ourselves, Sir, when the interests and passions of the day are past, shall look back upon it, I fear, with self-reproach, and a regret as bitter as unavailing." -Source: Edward Everett, Speeches on the Passage of the Bill for the Removal of the Indians Delivered in the Congress of the United States, 1830 Which of the following identifies the key concern that the excerpt was designed to address? A.) lack of available land for western farmers to expand B.) continued battles fought between western settlers and indigenous people C.) policy that forced the relocation of indigenous people D.) demand for the extension of citizenship to indigenous people

C.) policy that forced the relocation of indigenous people

As a means of effecting this end I suggest for your consideration the propriety of setting apart an ample district west of the Mississippi, and without the limit of any State or Territory now formed, to be guaranteed to the Indian tribes as long as they shall occupy it. . . There they may be secured in the enjoyment of governments of their own choice, subject to no other control from the United States than such as may be necessary to preserve peace on the frontier and between the several tribes. There the benevolent may endeavor to teach them the arts of civilization. . . "This emigration would be voluntary, for it would be as cruel and unjust to compel the aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers and seek a home in a distant land. But they should be distinctly informed that if they remain within the limits of the States they must be subject to their laws. . ." -Source: Andrew Jackson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1829 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following? A.) the rise in religious revivalism B.) the direct election of senators C.) the creation of indigenous reservations D.) the passage of the Indian Citizenship Act

C.) the creation of indigenous reservations

"In debate, Democrats and Whigs alike employed the rhetoric of American republicanism, invoking popular 'virtue' against 'corruption,' though Democrats used it to denounce the money power and Whigs to denounce executive usurpation. Democrats more often looked to invoke Lockean natural rights; Whigs, Anglo-American traditions of resistance to monarchical misrule. Both traced their origins to Republicanism. . . For all that they had in common as American republicans, however, the Whigs and Democrats differed markedly in their conception of America's future. They disagreed not simply over means but also over ends. The goals of the two parties' voters added up to rival visions of the national destiny." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 The conflict between the Whigs' and the Democrats' views on government power during the 1820s, as described in the excerpt, is best reflected by which of the following? A.) the expansion of the women's rights movement as a result of the ideas of republican motherhood B.) the shift towards a more religious society during the Second Great Awakening C.) the debates over the use of a tariff to help increase the sale of manufactured goods D.) the existence of utopian societies and the spread of transcendentalism

C.) the debates over the use of a tariff to help increase the sale of manufactured goods

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data in the table? A.) The South received more funds for railroads and canals than the West. B.) The Northeast and West earned more profit from exported goods than the South. C.) The South had more representation in the federal government. D.) The Northeast received more funds for internal improvements than the South.

D.) The Northeast received more funds for internal improvements than the South.

Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1800 to 1840 as shown in the graph? A.) The reemergence of the Atlantic Slave Trade B.) The creation of barbed wire C.) The increase in the supply of cotton D.) The development of the Cotton Gin

D.) The development of the Cotton Gin

The image most directly illustrates a United States foreign policy that emphasized which of the following? A.) The authority of the United States to interfere in European wars B.) The efforts of the United States to spread democracy in Latin America to stop the influence of Communism C.) The expansion of American territorial holdings into Mexico and Guatemala D.) The dominance of the United States as the major power in the Western Hemisphere

D.) The dominance of the United States as the major power in the Western Hemisphere

Due to the changes shown in the map, by 1820, which of the following developments had taken place? A.) a decline in foreign migration to major cities across the United States B.) the emergence of a transcontinental railroad C.) the creation of a path to citizenship for indigenous people living in the Louisiana region D.) a rise in sectional conflicts over the expansion of slavery

D.) a rise in sectional conflicts over the expansion of slavery

"[T]his momentous question, like a firebell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it, at once as the [death] knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived, and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper." -Thomas Jefferson, in a letter to John Randolph, 1820 Which of the following developments in the 1840s best represented the continuation of the ideas expressed in the passage? A.) conflicts with European powers over continued colonization efforts in the Americas B.) clashes between citizens and German and Irish immigrants over increased immigration to the United States C.) disputes over the federal government's role in influencing the economy D.) debates over the expansion of slavery to land acquired after the Mexican-American War

D.) debates over the expansion of slavery to land acquired after the Mexican-American War

"The question before us is the right of suffrage— who shall or who shall not have the right to vote. The committee have presented the scheme they thought best; to abolish all existing distinctions, and make the right of voting uniform. Is this not right? . . . The principle of the scheme now proposed is, that those who bear the burthens [sic] of the state, should choose those that rule it. — There is no privilege given to property, as such; but those who contribute to the public support, we consider as entitled to a share in the election of rulers." -Nathan Sanford, excerpt from the Report of the Debates and Proceedings of the Convention of the State of New York, 1821 The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following? A.) expansion of citizenship to formerly enslaved persons B.) creation of new tariffs for manufactured goods C.) spread in the belief that there is an inherent goodness of people and nature D.) extension of the right to vote to all white males

D.) extension of the right to vote to all white males

"In debate, Democrats and Whigs alike employed the rhetoric of American republicanism, invoking popular 'virtue' against 'corruption,' though Democrats used it to denounce the money power and Whigs to denounce executive usurpation. Democrats more often looked to invoke Lockean natural rights; Whigs, Anglo-American traditions of resistance to monarchical misrule. Both traced their origins to Republicanism. . . For all that they had in common as American republicans, however, the Whigs and Democrats differed markedly in their conception of America's future. They disagreed not simply over means but also over ends. The goals of the two parties' voters added up to rival visions of the national destiny." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 Which of the following identifies one major change in United States politics from 1790 to 1840? A.) the rapid growth of transcendentalism B.) the completion of transcontinental railroads C.) the rise of reform movements to address social problems D.) the development of a two-party system

D.) the development of a two-party system

"The question before us is the right of suffrage— who shall or who shall not have the right to vote. The committee have presented the scheme they thought best; to abolish all existing distinctions, and make the right of voting uniform. Is this not right? . . . The principle of the scheme now proposed is, that those who bear the burthens [sic] of the state, should choose those that rule it. — There is no privilege given to property, as such; but those who contribute to the public support, we consider as entitled to a share in the election of rulers." -Nathan Sanford, excerpt from the Report of the Debates and Proceedings of the Convention of the State of New York, 1821 Which of the following movements expressed ideas most similar to the ideas expressed in the excerpt? A.) abolition movement B.) nativism C.) transcendentalism D.) women's rights movement

D.) women's rights movement

The image most directly illustrates a United States foreign policy that emphasized which of the following? A.) Regulated the number of goods merchants could send to the British and the French B.) Limited European colonization in the Western Hemisphere C.) Prohibited new immigrants the right to vote D.) Banned all American ships from sailing to foreign ports for trade

D.) Banned all American ships from sailing to foreign ports for trade

"The Embargo, giving time to the belligerent powers to revise their unjust proceedings and to listen to the dictates of justice, of interest and reputation, which equally urge the correction of their wrongs, has availed our country of the only honorable expedient for avoiding war: and should a repeal of these Edicts supersede the cause for it, our commercial brethren will become sensible that it has consulted their interests, however against their own will. It will be unfortunate for their country if, in the mean time, these, their expressions of impatience, should have the effect of prolonging the very suffering which have produced them, by exciting a fallacious hope that we may, under any pressure, relinquish our equal right of navigating the ocean, go to such ports only as others may prescribe, and there pay the tributary exactions they may impose. . ." Source: Thomas Jefferson, in a broadside signed to Eliot Brown, Jr., UH digital history, 1808 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the edict described in the excerpt? A.) American industry suffered as Britain started substituting South American goods for American goods. B.) France and Britain declared war on the United States and began capturing US merchant ships. C.) Merchants and farmers disobeyed the Embargo Act of 1807 and continued to trade with Britain and France. D.) Congress repealed the Embargo Act of 1807 and trade with Britain and France increased to all-time highs during the Napoleonic Wars.

A.) American industry suffered as Britain started substituting South American goods for American goods.

"The apprehended danger from the experiment of universal suffrage applied to the whole legislative department is no dream of the imagination. . . . The tendency of universal suffrage is to jeopardize the rights of property and the principles of liberty. There is a constant tendency . . . in the poor to covet and to share the plunder of the rich; in the debtor to relax or avoid the obligation of contracts; in the majority to tyrannize over the minority and trample down their rights in the indolent and the profligate to cast the whole burdens of society upon the industrious and virtuous . . . . We are no longer to remain plain and simple republics of farmers. . . . We are fast becoming a great nation, with great commerce, manufactures, population, wealth, luxuries, and with the vices and miseries that they engender." -James Kent, excerpt from the Proceedings and Debates of the Convention Assembled for the Purpose of Amending the Constitution of the State of New York, 1821 Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the views expressed in the excerpt? A.) Whigs B.) Progressives C.) Jacksonian Democrats D.) Abolitionists

A.) Whigs

"The Embargo, giving time to the belligerent powers to revise their unjust proceedings and to listen to the dictates of justice, of interest and reputation, which equally urge the correction of their wrongs, has availed our country of the only honorable expedient for avoiding war: and should a repeal of these Edicts supersede the cause for it, our commercial brethren will become sensible that it has consulted their interests, however against their own will. It will be unfortunate for their country if, in the mean time, these, their expressions of impatience, should have the effect of prolonging the very suffering which have produced them, by exciting a fallacious hope that we may, under any pressure, relinquish our equal right of navigating the ocean, go to such ports only as others may prescribe, and there pay the tributary exactions they may impose. . ." Source: Thomas Jefferson, in a broadside signed to Eliot Brown, Jr., UH digital history, 1808 The excerpt best reflects which of the following? A.) the US government's efforts to avoid conflicts with Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars B.) the federal government's efforts to expand their borders in North America C.) the Democratic-Republican party's attempt to punish merchants who supported the Federalist party D.) the United States' support for the British during the Napoleonic Wars

A.) the US government's efforts to avoid conflicts with Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars

Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image? A.) The development of the American System B.) The emergence of new agriculture technologies C.) The introduction of the Atlantic Slave Trade D.) The creation of farming organizations like the Grange

B.) The emergence of new agriculture technologies

"If the States may tax one instrument, employed by the government in the execution of its powers, they may tax any and every other instrument. They may tax the mail; they may tax the mint; they may tax patent rights; they may tax the papers of the custom-house; they may tax judicial process; they may tax all the means employed by the government, to an excess which would defeat all the ends of government. This was not intended by the American people. They did not design to make their government dependent on the States. . ." -Source: Chief Justice John Marshall, opinion of the Court in McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the ruling excerpted? A.) The United States suffered from an economic crisis called the Panic of 1819. B.) South Carolina started the Nullification Crisis, declaring the national bank was unconstitutional. C.) Congress continued to run the Second National Bank of the United States. D.) The national bank's charter ran out, and the president vetoed the new charter.

C.) Congress continued to run the Second National Bank of the United States.

"Opening up trade abroad became crucial for the Republican leaders. Desiring as they did the United States to remain predominantly rural and agricultural, they were confronted with the problem of ensuring sufficient markets for the agricultural surpluses of America's many hardworking and productive farmers. Since the Southern Republicans did not want America to develop huge urban centers, they could not assume the existence of a large domestic market for the surpluses of farm goods. If the farmers were unable to sell their produce somewhere, they would stagnate, slip into mere subsistence farming, and become idle and lazy and eventually morally unfit for republican government." -Source: Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, 2009 Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's argument in the passage above? A.) Democratic-Republicans increased tariffs to drive up the price of foreign agricultural products B.) Democratic-Republicans encouraged farmers to diversify their agricultural products to limit their environmental impact C.) Democratic-Republicans wanted to increase foreign trade to continue to sell large amounts of agricultural goods D.) Democratic-Republicans wanted to decrease foreign trade as foreign competition undercut the price of manufactured goods

C.) Democratic-Republicans wanted to increase foreign trade to continue to sell large amounts of agricultural goods

"If the States may tax one instrument, employed by the government in the execution of its powers, they may tax any and every other instrument. They may tax the mail; they may tax the mint; they may tax patent rights; they may tax the papers of the custom-house; they may tax judicial process; they may tax all the means employed by the government, to an excess which would defeat all the ends of government. This was not intended by the American people. They did not design to make their government dependent on the States. . ." -Source: Chief Justice John Marshall, opinion of the Court in McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 Which of the following statements best summarizes the Court's ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland? A.) States can create "separate but equal" facilities for black people and white people. B.) The Supreme Court has the power to rule a law unconstitutional. C.) Federal laws have supremacy over state laws. D.) Congress only has the powers enumerated in the Constitution.

C.) Federal laws have supremacy over state laws.

"For those at the bottom—immigrant and black day laborers, outwork seamstresses, the casual poor—a combination of overstocked labor markets and intense competition among employers kept wages and earnings near or below subsistence levels. Even in New England, farm girls who went off to work in factories expecting decent situations and high wages found that mill conditions had deteriorated by the mid-1830s. Those small independent artisans and well-paid craft workers who survived faced the real possibility of falling into similar distress, victimized as they were by an increasingly volatile business cycle and by the downward pressures on earnings and real wages in various important trades. By the 1830s a new working class was beginning to carve its own identity in a variety of trade unions and in political efforts aimed at redirecting the course and consequences of American economic expansion." -Source: Sean Wilentz, "Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848," *The New American History, 1990 According to the excerpt, which of the following best explains the most significant impact that the Market Revolution had on society? A.) The increase in support for the Women's Rights Movement B.) The rise in labor union membership to fight for higher wages C.) The growth of an impoverished class of factory workers D.) The elimination of a middle class that developed after the American Revolution

C.) The growth of an impoverished class of factory workers

"By the middle of the nineteenth century, thus, the nation had taken significant steps in the direction of universal white male suffrage. Spurred by the development of the economy, shifts in the social structure, the dynamics of party politics, the diffusion of democratic ideals, the experiences of war, and the need to maintain militias, the states, the federal government, and municipalities all had dismantled the most fundamental obstacles to the participation of men in elections. . . "The expansion of the suffrage in fact played a key role in the enormous upsurge of political participation in the 1830s and 1840s, when turnout in some locales reached 80 percent of all adult male citizens." -Source: Alexander Keyssar, "The Right to Vote: the Contested History of Democracy in the United States," 2009 The author's claim that there was an "enormous upsurge of political participation" most directly contributed to which of the following characteristics of United States politics during the period? A.) a realignment of political parties along regional lines B.) a transition to an elite democracy C.) a transition to a participatory democracy D.) a shift towards a three-party political system

C.) a transition to a participatory democracy

"So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty." "If, then, the courts are to regard the constitution, and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply." Source: John Marshall, Opinion of the Court in Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the ruling excerpted? A.) The Supreme Court's jurisdiction shrank to only cases that have gone through the entire appeals process. B.) The Court granted the executive branch the power to relocate indigenous nations to reservations. C.) The Court granted the states the power to nullify federal laws if the law gave the federal government powers not specifically assigned in the Constitution. D.) The Supreme Court demonstrated its powers as the third branch of government after establishing its power of judicial review.

D.) The Supreme Court demonstrated its powers as the third branch of government after establishing its power of judicial review.

"As a means of effecting this end I suggest for your consideration the propriety of setting apart an ample district west of the Mississippi, and without the limit of any State or Territory now formed, to be guaranteed to the Indian tribes as long as they shall occupy it. . . There they may be secured in the enjoyment of governments of their own choice, subject to no other control from the United States than such as may be necessary to preserve peace on the frontier and between the several tribes. There the benevolent may endeavor to teach them the arts of civilization. . . "This emigration would be voluntary, for it would be as cruel and unjust to compel the aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers and seek a home in a distant land. But they should be distinctly informed that if they remain within the limits of the States they must be subject to their laws. . ." -Source: Andrew Jackson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1829 Which of the following events best represents a subsequent event that contradicts the sentiments expressed in the excerpt? A.) The establishment of the Transcontinental Railroad B.) The rise of the California Gold Rush C.) The creation of the Erie Canal D.) The forced relocation of indigenous people

D.) The forced relocation of indigenous people

"By the middle of the nineteenth century, thus, the nation had taken significant steps in the direction of universal white male suffrage. Spurred by the development of the economy, shifts in the social structure, the dynamics of party politics, the diffusion of democratic ideals, the experiences of war, and the need to maintain militias, the states, the federal government, and municipalities all had dismantled the most fundamental obstacles to the participation of men in elections. . . "The expansion of the suffrage in fact played a key role in the enormous upsurge of political participation in the 1830s and 1840s, when turnout in some locales reached 80 percent of all adult male citizens." -Source: Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: the Contested History of Democracy in the United States, 2009 Which of the following pieces of evidence from 1820 to 1850 would best support the author's argument in the excerpt? A.) data showing population growth in Western territories B.) data showing the average socioeconomic status of white men C.) data showing the change in how many electoral votes are allocated to each state D.) data showing the percentage of the voting eligible population that voted in presidential elections

D.) data showing the percentage of the voting eligible population that voted in presidential elections

"It eventuates in this: whether you, as a planter will consent to be taxed, in order to hire another man to go to work in a shoemaker's shop, or to set up a spinning jenny. For my part I will not agree to it, even though they should, by way of return, agree to be taxed to help us to plant tobacco; much less will I agree to pay all, and receive nothing for it. No, I will buy where I can get manufactures cheapest; I will not agree to lay a duty on the cultivators of the soil to encourage exotic manufactures. . ." -Souce: John Randolph, Opposition to the Tariff of 1816, The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States: With an Appendix, Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents, and All the Laws of a Public Nature; with a Copious Index, Volume 29, 1816 The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments? A.) increasing regional differences about the extension of slavery B.) decreasing efforts by the United States to engage in international trade C.) declining support for the Democratic Party in the South D.) increasing regional differences over economic policy

D.) increasing regional differences over economic policy

"In the meantime, what has agriculture been doing in spite of all Mr. Clay's efforts to convert our young farmers into manufacturers? . . . Our agriculture is spreading in every direction, not only counties but by States, while population in our manufacturing regions is almost stationary. . . Although agriculture must thus outgrow this legislative home market, till our unexplored forests on north-western, western, and south-western borders, are converted into fields and pastures, we must go on taxing ourselves for generations to come, to increase the wealth of a small portion of our wealthy men and their posterity. Strip this American system of all its sophistries, and what is it, but a fraudulent partnership between a portion of our politicians and capitalists . . ." -Source: "Commercial Reciprocity and the American System," The United States Democratic Review, 1844 Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the views expressed in the excerpt? A.) factory owners in the Northeast B.) railroad workers in the West C.) merchants in the Northeast D.) plantation owners in the South

D.) plantation owners in the South