Khan APUSH Per 8

"If the G.I. Bill of Rights altered the landscape of higher education in America, it transformed the cultural and physical landscape of the country even more dramatically. The American suburban exodus of the 1950s did not simply spring into existence on its own: It is no exaggeration to say that the creation of suburbia and the resulting extension of home ownership to a majority of families in American was launched, underwritten, and paid for by the G.I. Bill." -Source: Edward Humes, historian, Over Here: How the G.I. Bill Transformed the American Dream, 2014 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the GI Bill had on American society?

It caused millions of American families to relocate to suburbs in the South and West.

Population by region, 1940-1960 -Source: US census The overall trend from 1940 to 1970 depicted in the table was most directly caused by which of the following factors?

creation of more economic opportunities

Number of live births in the United States: 1930 to 1970 -Source: US Census Bureau Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1946 to 1961 shown in the graph?

the economic prosperity felt after World War II

"The protest is keeping the people off the bus, and we know it is more than successful. A number of people are working from more than full time to part time to operate a transportation system inspite [sic] of all obstacles placed against us. The people have walked when they could not get rides in the most inclimate [sic] weather. Many are still saying they will walk forever before they will go back to riding the bus under the same conditions." -Source: Rosa Parks, Rosa Parks Papers, Library of Congress, 1955-1956 The protest described in the passage is best known as the:

Montgomery Bus Boycott

"The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use [our] wealth to enrich and elevate our national life and to advance the quality of our American civilization. "You imagination, your initiative, and your indignation will determine whether we build a society where progress is the servant of our needs or a society where old values and new visions are buried under unbridled growth. For in your time we have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society." -President Lyndon B. Johnson, Commencement speech at the University of Michigan, 1964 The Great Society, as described in the excerpt, has the most in common with which of the following earlier domestic policy initiatives?

The New Deal

Population by region, 1940-1960 -Source: US census Which of the following statements best describes the long-term effect that the migration depicted in the table had on American politics?

The Sunbelt emerged as a significant political force, holding a majority of electoral votes.

"It is important to United States security interests that all practicable measures be taken to prevent further communist expansion in Southeast Asia. Indo-China is a key area of Southeast Asia and is under immediate threat. The neighboring countries of Thailand and Burma could be expected to fall under Communist domination if a Communist-dominated government controlled Indo-China. The balance of Southeast Asia would then be in grave hazard." -Source: Draft Report by the National Security Council, 1950 The author's views expressed in the excerpt best reflect a foreign policy built around:

containing the influence of the Soviet Union.

"Those who uphold the Administration defense budget are right on one count: we cannot be certain that the Soviets will have, during the term of the next Administration, the tremendous lead in missile striking power which they give every evidence of building — and we cannot be certain that they will use that lead to threaten or launch an attack upon the United States. Consequently those of us who call for a higher defense budget are taking a chance on spending money unnecessarily. But those who oppose these expenditures are taking a chance on our very survival as a nation." Source: Senator John F. Kennedy, "An Investment for Peace," 1960 Based on the excerpt, Kennedy would most likely support which of the following?

creating federal grants for technological innovators in science

"My friends, I must say to you that we have not made a single gain in civil rights without determined legal and nonviolent pressure. History is the long and tragic story of the fact that privileged groups seldom give up their privileges voluntarily. . . . We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed." -Source: Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," 1963 Which of the following best describes the tactics King and his fellow activists used to gain their civil rights?

direct action

"The disaster was, in fact, no greater than several oil tanker spills the world had suffered but, with the scenic beauty of the Californian coast as a backdrop, it still made for great television. Birds covered with sticky oil struggled for life; dead seals floated ashore; enraged Santa Barbara housewives cried for the cameras. The oil spill's cost to the environment was immense, but in a sense the tragedy served a purpose, for as the oil spread, so did national outrage." -Source: J. Brooks Flippen, historian, Nixon and the Environment, 2000 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?

lack of federal regulation of the oil industry

"The integrity of the U.S. commitment is the principal pillar of peace throughout the world. If that commitment becomes unreliable, the communist world would draw conclusions that would lead to our ruin and almost certainly to a catastrophic war. So long as the South Vietnamese are prepared to fight for themselves, we cannot abandon them without disaster to peace and to our interests throughout the world." -Source: Secretary of State Dean Rusk, 1965 Which of the following United States actions most directly resulted from the goals expressed in the excerpt?

sending troops and military resources to South Vietnam

"Those who uphold the Administration defense budget are right on one count: we cannot be certain that the Soviets will have, during the term of the next Administration, the tremendous lead in missile striking power which they give every evidence of building — and we cannot be certain that they will use that lead to threaten or launch an attack upon the United States. Consequently those of us who call for a higher defense budget are taking a chance on spending money unnecessarily. But those who oppose these expenditures are taking a chance on our very survival as a nation." Source: Senator John F. Kennedy, "An Investment for Peace," 1960 The excerpt most directly reflects the United States' efforts to:

sustain technological innovation and military production.

"[In 1963,] peaceful protests— and the violent backlash against them— had spread across the South, from lunch counter sit-ins and 'Freedom Rides' aimed at desegregating public places and interstate buses, to firebombing mobs and defiant public school boards that had closed their districts' doors rather than mix black and white students. Rigid racial segregation remained a fact of law and life in the states of the Old Confederacy nearly a century after the War Between the States had ended." -Source: Todd S. Purdum, historian, An Idea Whose Time Has Come, 2014 Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances described in the excerpt?

the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson

"The Pill! The fact that it is referred to so majestically represents something of the measure of importance that is generally attached to this genuinely revolutionary development. For it is a revolutionary development, probably to be ranked among the half dozen or so major innovations in man's two or more million years of history. In its effects I believe that the pill ranks in importance with the discovery of fire, the creation and employment of tools, the development of hunting, the invention of agriculture, the development of urbanism, scientific medicine, and the release and control of nuclear energy." -Source: Ashley Montagu, philosopher, Sex, Man and Society, 1969 The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following trends of the 1960s?

the changes in sexual attitudes and sexual behaviors

"The spill occurred on federal tidelands, under federal leases, with federal permits, and federal approval; therefore, the federal government had full responsibility for creating the conditions that led up to the spill and its aftermath. . . . Understanding the opportunity, Scoop Jackson wasted no time in bringing comprehensive environmental policy to the forefront of discussions with congressional colleagues. . . . The Santa Barbara spill gave the ignored environmental policy champion the perfect weapon to push his ideas through the Senate and to maneuver through House roadblocks." -Source: Teresa Sabol Spezio, environmental analyst, Slick Policy, 2018 Which of the following earlier trends was most similar to the pattern described in the excerpt?

the conservation movement in the 1900s

"The disaster was, in fact, no greater than several oil tanker spills the world had suffered but, with the scenic beauty of the Californian coast as a backdrop, it still made for great television. Birds covered with sticky oil struggled for life; dead seals floated ashore; enraged Santa Barbara housewives cried for the cameras. The oil spill's cost to the environment was immense, but in a sense the tragedy served a purpose, for as the oil spread, so did national outrage." -Source: J. Brooks Flippen, historian, Nixon and the Environment, 2000 The trends described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency

"There was no question that in 1974-75, we faced a serious energy problem. Nuclear energy was just beginning to be a factor. Hydroelectric power was at its peak. . . . Oil and gas were having troubles. Domestically, we were so much more dependent on foreign oil. We had a real crisis, so it was important that we make some headway, not only in conservation but in more production." -Source: Gerald Ford, former president, in an interview with Yanek Mieczkowski, 1994 Which of the following political shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt?

the development of a federal department to regulate and develop sources

"But in recent years, the withdrawal from the hysteria of the Cold War and the development of a more aggressive, activist foreign policy have done much to force many of us to rethink attitudes that were deep and basic sentiments about our country. And now the incredible war in Vietnam has provided the razor, the terrifying sharp cutting edge that has finally severed the last vestiges of our illusion that morality and democracy are the guiding principles of American foreign policy. . . . "Not even the President can say that we are defending freedom in Vietnam. Perhaps what the President wants to say is that we are attempting to defend the freedom of the American people." -Source: Paul Potter, president of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), "The Incredible War," 1965 The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following trends during the 1960s?

the emergence of an antiwar movement that protested the Vietnam War

"The protest is keeping the people off the bus, and we know it is more than successful. A number of people are working from more than full time to part time to operate a transportation system inspite [sic] of all obstacles placed against us. The people have walked when they could not get rides in the most inclimate [sic] weather. Many are still saying they will walk forever before they will go back to riding the bus under the same conditions." -Source: Rosa Parks, Rosa Parks Papers, Library of Congress, 1955-1956 The events described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Immigrant share of total US population Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 1850-2000," 2002 Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1970 to 2000 shown in the graph?

the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act

"To propose federal 'intrusion' into the sanctity of the state-local-private preserve of education was to stride boldly into a uniquely dangerous political [minefield] that pitted Democrat against Republican; liberal against conservative; Catholic against Protestant and Jew; federal power against states rights; white against black; and rich constituency against poor in mercurial cross-cutting alliances." -Source: Hugh Davis Graham, historian, The Uncertain Triumph: Federal Education Policy in the Kennedy and Johnson Years, 1984 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the 1960s?

the rise in conflicts between conservatives and liberals over the role of government

"Why do we fear the communists? Why, in the paper this morning, I saw that in the West there were eighteen new communists arrested who have all these years apparently succeeded in hiding their identity or at least their connections with that party. We fear communism abroad, and we fear its infiltration at home. Why do we have to do that? We are not accustomed to the kind of leadership that leaves us bewildered [and] helpless. We want to get rid of those people soon." -Source: Dwight D. Eisenhower, in a speech in Davenport, Iowa, 1952 The ideas expressed about communism in this excerpt are most similar to ideas expressed about which other historical conflict?

fears over the rise of Bolshevism in the 1920s

"There was no question that in 1974-75, we faced a serious energy problem. Nuclear energy was just beginning to be a factor. Hydroelectric power was at its peak. . . . Oil and gas were having troubles. Domestically, we were so much more dependent on foreign oil. We had a real crisis, so it was important that we make some headway, not only in conservation but in more production." -Source: Gerald Ford, former president, in an interview with Yanek Mieczkowski, 1994 The "serious energy problem" referred to in the excerpt was most directly a response to the experience of:

an embargo by petroleum-producing countries.

Number of live births in the United States: 1930 to 1970 -Source: US Census Bureau Which of the following factors contributed most to the major trend depicted in the graph?

the end of World War II and the creation of the GI Bill

Number of live births in the United States: 1930 to 1970 -Source: US Census Bureau Which of the following historical developments was a direct effect of the trend illustrated by the graph?

the rise of suburban communities

"So now the court has found in our favor and recognized our human psychological complexity and citizenship and another battle of the Civil War has been won. The rest is up to us and I am very glad. . . So now the judges found Negroes must be individuals and that is hopeful and good. What a wonderful world of possibilities are unfolded for the children." -Source: Ralph Waldo Ellison, in a letter, 1954 In the decades following Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the African American Civil Rights Movement focused its energies most strongly on which of the following?

ending racial discrimination in public places

". . . [The] Court regularly handed down opinions that have transformed American constitutional doctrine and, in turn, profoundly affected American society." "The range of the Warren Court's influence has been enormous. The Court initiated a revolution in race relations; expanded the constitutional guarantee of 'equal protection of the laws'; dramatically expanded the protections of freedom of speech and press; overturned unequally apportioned legislative districts; accorded defendants in criminal cases massively expanded constitutional protections; and recognized for the first time a constitutional right to privacy." -Source: Morton J. Horowitz, historian, The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice, 1999 Which of the following cases best supports the author's argument that "the Court initiated a revolution in race relations" in the excerpt?

Brown v. Board of Education

"The unsettled nature of Latin American politics was well matched to the context of international relations as a whole. The late 1950s and early 1960s witnessed fundamental changes in the Cold War. . . Added to the concurrent collapse of European colonialism, these trends increasingly pushed U.S.-Soviet conflict into the underdeveloped world. . . They vied for access to the strategic real estate and resources of the underdeveloped countries . . . For the United States, this meant showing that democracy and liberal capitalism could serve as a path to wealth and political stability. For Moscow, it meant proving that state-directed socialism could bring about economic equity and social justice. The fight for the [underdeveloped world] revolved around ideology no less than economics or strategy." -Source: Hal Brands, historian, Latin America's Cold War, 2012 The United States' strategies expressed in the excerpt have the most in common with which of the following?

Harry Truman's strategy in Greece and Turkey in the 1940s

"In the 1950's this America worried about itself, yet even its anxieties were products of abundance. . . Now the American city has been transformed. The poor still inhabit the miserable housing in the central areas, but are increasingly isolated from contact with, or sight of, anybody else. . . . [T]he poor are politically invisible. It is one of the cruelest ironies of social life in advanced countries that the dispossessed at the bottom of society are unable to speak for themselves. The people of the other America do not, by far and large, belong to unions, to fraternal organizations, or to political parties. They are without lobbies of their own; they put forward no legislative program. As a group, they are atomized. They have no face; they have no voice . . ." -Source: Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States, 1962 The sentiments expressed in the excerpt prompted Congress to take which of the following actions?

expand the government's role in order to address the causes of poverty

"I think it is legitimate to say, then, that the Beat Generation's worship of primitivism and spontaneity is more than a cover for hostility to intelligence; it arises from a pathetic poverty of feeling as well. The hipsters and hipster-lovers of the Beat Generation are rebels, all right, but not against anything so sociological and historical as the middle class or capitalism or even respectability. This is the revolt of the spiritually underprivileged and the crippled of soul—young men who can't think straight and so hate anyone who can; young men who can't get outside the morass of self and so construct definitions of feeling that exclude all human beings who manage to live, even miserably, in a world of objects. . ." -Source: Norman Podhoretz, "The Know-Nothing Bohemians," Partisan Review, 1958 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how challenges to conformity created a generational divide in the 1950s

"But it's no good— deep in our guts we know this. Cooking and cleaning and children have not given us the fulfillment the ladies' magazines promise even after we've followed all their recipes. . . . Some women— such as those who have expressed themselves in the platform of this march— look to the state and federal legislation to give us the unrestricted humanity which has been denied us for so long. They have decided to 'work within the system.' . . . Is this really what we want? How about female generals in Vietnam? DO WE WANT EQUALITY IN THE MAN'S WORLD, OR DO WE WANT TO MAKE IT IN A NEW WORLD? "Women being ourselves and believing in ourselves, women finding the strength to live how we feel, powerful women, can lead the way to create a new kind of politics, a new life." -Source: Bread and Roses, Outreach Leaflet, 1970 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how feminists rejected the previous generation's social roles

"The Pill! The fact that it is referred to so majestically represents something of the measure of importance that is generally attached to this genuinely revolutionary development. For it is a revolutionary development, probably to be ranked among the half dozen or so major innovations in man's two or more million years of history. In its effects I believe that the pill ranks in importance with the discovery of fire, the creation and employment of tools, the development of hunting, the invention of agriculture, the development of urbanism, scientific medicine, and the release and control of nuclear energy." -Source: Ashley Montagu, philosopher, Sex, Man and Society, 1969 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how new inventions challenged traditional sexual norms

"As we meet here today, we stand on the threshold of a new era of peace in the world. . . . This past year saw far-reaching results from our new policies for peace. By continuing to revitalize our traditional friendships, and by our missions to Peking and to Moscow, we were able to establish the base for a new and more durable pattern of relationships among the nations of the world. . . . Let us continue to bring down the walls of hostility which have divided the world for too long, and to build in their place bridges of understanding — so that despite profound differences between systems of government, the people of the world can be friends. Let us build a structure of peace in the world." -Source: President Richard Nixon, Second Inaugural Address, 1973 The ideas expressed in the excerpt differed from the prevailing United States approach to foreign policy issues primarily in that the president was:

advocating for relaxing tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States.

"The struggle against the totalitarian forces of Stalinism is not merely of a military character. It is political and ideological in nature as well. We stand opposed to the doctrines which enslave men, reduce men to mere automatons. We believe in the inherent dignity and worth of man, that man is an end in himself, that only in a genuinely free society can man attain his true nature. We believe that given equality of opportunity, each individual, irrespective of color, religion, national origin, or race, can realize his true self." -Source: President Dwight D. Eisenhower, State of the Union Address, 1953 Eisenhower's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following developments during the mid-twentieth century?

rise in concerns about the Soviet Union's threat to the American way of life

"But it's no good— deep in our guts we know this. Cooking and cleaning and children have not given us the fulfillment the ladies' magazines promise even after we've followed all their recipes. . . . Some women— such as those who have expressed themselves in the platform of this march— look to the state and federal legislation to give us the unrestricted humanity which has been denied us for so long. They have decided to 'work within the system.' . . . Is this really what we want? How about female generals in Vietnam? DO WE WANT EQUALITY IN THE MAN'S WORLD, OR DO WE WANT TO MAKE IT IN A NEW WORLD? "Women being ourselves and believing in ourselves, women finding the strength to live how we feel, powerful women, can lead the way to create a new kind of politics, a new life." -Source: Bread and Roses, Outreach Leaflet, 1970 Which of the following types of evidence supports the argument in the excerpt that some women looked "to the state and federal legislation to give us ... unrestricted humanity"?

supporting civil rights laws to end discrimination in higher education

"If the police do not protect homosexuals as they have not protected us in the past, then I can see in the near future a separate police force paid for and operated by the homophile community. Unless restrictive laws are changed, unless the courts uphold the rights of homosexuals, we shall have no alternative but to go to the Supreme Court and overturn these laws that state all men are treated equally in our courts except for homosexuals. If politicians do not openly address themselves to homosexuals, it will be because they do not need our 90,000 votes in San Francisco. We shall put in office public servants who will talk to homosexuals. "We ask no special favor. We want only ordinary rights like every other citizen of these United States— jobs, homes, friends, social lives, safety and security. "Here is our challenge to San Francisco: FACE REALITY—FACE HOMOSEXUALITY." -William Beardemphl, "A Challenge to San Francisco," The Ladder, 1966 The ideas of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement, as expressed in the excerpt, had most in common with the ideas of which of the following groups?

the Black Power movement

"The critique of mass consumption, of course, went beyond the biting commentary and far-ranging analyses of intellectuals. The Beats in the 1950s, the hippies in the 1960s, the 'Small Is Beautiful' and environmentally sensitive Greens of the 1970s, and some strands of the religious right of the 1980s all developed identities based on a rejection of a mainstream culture built around mass consumption. Cultural rebels shared intellectuals' obsession with mass consumption, . . . confirming just how much mass consumption stood at the core of how Americans regarded their society in the second half of the twentieth century." -Source: Lizabeth Cohen, historian, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America, 2004 Which of the following earlier trends was most similar to the pattern described in the excerpt?

the Transcendentalist movement in the 1820s

"If the nations of that area should lose their independence, if they were dominated by alien forces hostile to freedom, that would be both a tragedy for the area and for many other free nations whose economic life would be subject to near strangulation. Western Europe would be endangered . . . The free nations of Asia and Africa, too, would be placed in serious jeopardy. And the countries of the Middle East would lose the markets upon which their economies depend. All this would have the most adverse, if not disastrous, effect upon our own nation's economic life and political prospects." -Source: President Dwight D. Eisenhower, "Eisenhower Doctrine," 1957 The conditions described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

the United States and the Soviet Union seeking to secure allies

"When the Constitutional Convention was debating allocation of the war power, George Mason of Virginia said that he was against giving the power of war to the Executive, because not safely to be trusted with it; or to the Senate, because not so constructed as to be entitled to it. He was for clogging rather than facilitating war; but 'for facilitating peace.' . . . "Not only in the policies we have permitted at least two successive Presidents to pursue, but in institutional arrangements that Congress and the people have acquiesced in for some decades now, we have managed to reverse the proper order of things. We have managed to clog peace and facilitate war. I think it is time we got back on course." -Source: Alexander Bickel, Yale Law Professor, Testimony before Congress, Congressional Record,1971 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the United States' entry into the Vietnam War

"If the rules to settle our economic problems are not forthcoming, we will call a general strike to paralyze the state's agricultural economy. [applause] We will call a general strike to let the legislators and the employers know that we mean business. We will take economic pressure, strikes, boycotts, to force recognition and obtain collective bargaining rights. The social and economic revolution of the farm workers is well underway and it will not be stopped until we receive equality. The farm workers are moving. Nothing is going to stop them." -Dolores Huerta, march and rally in Sacramento, transcript from University of California San Diego, 1966 Which of the following movements used tactics most similar to those expressed in the excerpt?

the civil rights movement

"One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions; representative government; free elections; guarantees of individual liberty; freedom of speech and religion; and freedom from political oppression. "The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed on the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression; a controlled press; framed elections; and the suppression of personal freedom."I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." -Source: President Harry Truman, in an address before a Joint Session of Congress, 1947 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

"With the post-1945 emergence of America from the Great Depression and World War II, the automobile moved the nation forward into the modern age. The pioneering efforts of Henry Ford to mass-produce the automobile and offer affordable prices for average Americans created a new product called 'personal travel' and a host of new business opportunities. . . the construction of the vast interstate highway system was largely concentrated in the years 1958-72. The multi-lane highway network greatly increased the productivity of truck drivers, shortened the duration of personal trips, and increased safety." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 The patterns described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following developments?

the growth of service industries and tourism

"The American people are sick and tired of being afraid to speak their minds lest they be politically smeared as 'Communists' or 'Fascists' by their opponents. Freedom of speech is not what it used to be in America. . . . The American people are sick and tired of seeing innocent people smeared and guilty people whitewashed." "As an American, I am shocked at the way Republicans and Democrats alike are playing directly into the Communist design of 'confuse, divide, and conquer.' As an American, I do not want a Democratic administration 'whitewash' or 'coverup' any more than I want a Republican smear or witch hunt." -Source: Senator Margaret Chase Smith of Maine, in the "Declaration of Conscience," 1950 The key concern that Senator Chase Smith addresses in this excerpt is:

the methods used to expose suspected spies in the government and entertainment industry.

"To propose federal 'intrusion' into the sanctity of the state-local-private preserve of education was to stride boldly into a uniquely dangerous political [minefield] that pitted Democrat against Republican; liberal against conservative; Catholic against Protestant and Jew; federal power against states rights; white against black; and rich constituency against poor in mercurial cross-cutting alliances." -Source: Hugh Davis Graham, historian, The Uncertain Triumph: Federal Education Policy in the Kennedy and Johnson Years, 1984 The pattern described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following long-term developments?

the realignment of political parties over the role of the federal government

"This is no time for men who oppose Senator McCarthy's methods to keep silent - or for those who approve. We can deny our heritage and our history, but we cannot escape responsibility for the result. There is no way for a citizen of a republic to abdicate his responsibilities . . . We proclaim ourselves, as indeed we are, the defenders of freedom, wherever it continues to exist in the world. But we cannot defend freedom abroad by deserting it at home. The actions of the junior Senator from Wisconsin have caused alarm and dismay amongst our allies abroad and given considerable comfort to our enemies. And whose fault is that? Not really his. He didn't create this situation of fear. He merely exploited it, and rather successfully." Source: Edward R. Murrow, news anchor, in a "See It Now" broadcast, 1954 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the rise in anti-communist sentiment

"This is no time for men who oppose Senator McCarthy's methods to keep silent - or for those who approve. We can deny our heritage and our history, but we cannot escape responsibility for the result. There is no way for a citizen of a republic to abdicate his responsibilities . . . We proclaim ourselves, as indeed we are, the defenders of freedom, wherever it continues to exist in the world. But we cannot defend freedom abroad by deserting it at home. The actions of the junior Senator from Wisconsin have caused alarm and dismay amongst our allies abroad and given considerable comfort to our enemies. And whose fault is that? Not really his. He didn't create this situation of fear. He merely exploited it, and rather successfully." Source: Edward R. Murrow, news anchor, in a "See It Now" broadcast, 1954 The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments?

the rise in opposition to the methods used to expose suspected communists in the federal government

"The middle-class white family structure of the 1950s consisted of cookie-cutter houses, cars, and fashion. . . . [T]he mass media proved it could point people into certain sartorial and class codes of the suburbanite. Americans were expected to dress a certain way, and the avalanche of commercial imagery that accompanied the postwar boom — magazines; advertisements; and the new "Information Bomb," television — supplied constant reminders. Doris Day, Father Knows Best, Betty Furness, Ronald Reagan for General Electric — these were the voices and imagistic role models of suburbanization." -Source: J. Kole Kleeman, historian, "Commodification and the Counterculture," We Are What We Sell: How Advertising Shapes American Life. . . And Always Has, 2014 Which of the following cultural and social shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt?

the rise of challenges to conformity by the younger generation

"Franklin Roosevelt's rapid conversion from Constitutionalism to the doctrine of unlimited government, is an oft-told story. But I am here concerned not so much by the abandonment of States' Rights by the national Democratic Party— an event that occurred some years ago when that party was captured by the Socialist ideologues in and about the labor movement— as by the unmistakable tendency of the Republican Party to adopt the same course. The result is that today neither of our two parties maintains a meaningful commitment to the principle of States' Rights. Thus, the cornerstone of the Republic, our chief bulwark against the encroachment of individual freedom by Big Government, is fast disappearing under the piling sands of absolutism." -Barry Goldwater, The Conscience of a Conservative, 1960 Goldwater most likely wrote his account for which of the following reasons?

to persuade the Republican Party to adopt conservative values

"The Pill! The fact that it is referred to so majestically represents something of the measure of importance that is generally attached to this genuinely revolutionary development. For it is a revolutionary development, probably to be ranked among the half dozen or so major innovations in man's two or more million years of history. In its effects I believe that the pill ranks in importance with the discovery of fire, the creation and employment of tools, the development of hunting, the invention of agriculture, the development of urbanism, scientific medicine, and the release and control of nuclear energy." -Source: Ashley Montagu, philosopher, Sex, Man and Society, 1969 The excerpt provided is best understood in the context of which of the following?

the emergence of a sexual revolution

"If the police do not protect homosexuals as they have not protected us in the past, then I can see in the near future a separate police force paid for and operated by the homophile community. Unless restrictive laws are changed, unless the courts uphold the rights of homosexuals, we shall have no alternative but to go to the Supreme Court and overturn these laws that state all men are treated equally in our courts except for homosexuals. If politicians do not openly address themselves to homosexuals, it will be because they do not need our 90,000 votes in San Francisco. We shall put in office public servants who will talk to homosexuals. "We ask no special favor. We want only ordinary rights like every other citizen of these United States— jobs, homes, friends, social lives, safety and security. "Here is our challenge to San Francisco: FACE REALITY—FACE HOMOSEXUALITY." -William Beardemphl, "A Challenge to San Francisco," The Ladder, 1966 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following?

the legalization of same-sex marriage

"The integrity of the U.S. commitment is the principal pillar of peace throughout the world. If that commitment becomes unreliable, the communist world would draw conclusions that would lead to our ruin and almost certainly to a catastrophic war. So long as the South Vietnamese are prepared to fight for themselves, we cannot abandon them without disaster to peace and to our interests throughout the world." -Source: Secretary of State Dean Rusk, 1965 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the rise of a Communist leader in Northern Vietnam

". . . [In] the late 1960s, conservative Protestants succeeded not only in making alliances with Republican politicians, but in changing the agenda of the party. . . . [This] time, they focused more on the culture wars than the Cold War. Conservative Protestants who mobilized against feminism, abortion, pornography, and gay rights acquired control of the Republican Party, partly because of their long-standing alliances with Republican politicians, but perhaps more important because of the united front they presented, and because of demographic and political shifts that favored evangelicals. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Christian Right was the most powerful group in the GOP." -Daniel K. Williams, historian, God's Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right, 2012 One major change in United States politics from 1960 to 1980 was the:

emergence of a political action group that sought to further a religious agenda.

"The present racial crisis in this country carries within it, powerful destructive ingredients that may soon erupt into an uncontrollable explosion . . . "If capitalistic Kennedy and communistic Khrushchev can find something in common on which to form a United Front despite their tremendous ideological differences, it is a disgrace for Negro leaders not to be able to submerge our 'minor' differences in order to seek a common solution to a common problem posed by a Common Enemy." -Source: Malcolm X, in a letter to Martin Luther King, Jr., Stanford University, 1963 The key concern that the excerpt was designed to address was the:

growing divisions within the civil rights movement.

"So now the court has found in our favor and recognized our human psychological complexity and citizenship and another battle of the Civil War has been won. The rest is up to us and I am very glad. . . So now the judges found Negroes must be individuals and that is hopeful and good. What a wonderful world of possibilities are unfolded for the children." -Source: Ralph Waldo Ellison, in a letter, 1954 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the decision in Brown v. Board of Education

"President Eisenhower was well aware of the political costs of intervening in the Little Rock situation — or not intervening. He knew for one thing that the leadership in the Congress, both the Senate and the House, would be antagonized if he decided to send troops into Little Rock. . . But he knew that not going into Little Rock would mean that he would be charged, and rightfully charged, with not enforcing the Supreme Court decision in the Brown case. Upholding the Constitution was his duty as president, so on balance he never had any hesitation once the crisis developed." -Source: Herbert Brownwell, historian, Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s, 2011 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?

the work of the NAACP to challenge segregation through the judicial branch

"You say, 'the basic misperception is that our enemy is man, not capitalism.' I say, the basic misperception is the facile identification of the 'system' with 'capitalism.' In reality, the American system consists of two interdependent but distinct parts— the capitalist state and the patriarchal family. . . . "But it is important for women to recognize and deal with the exploited position in the family system for it is primarily in terms of the family system that we are oppressed as women. If you really think about our exploitation under capitalism— as cheap labor and as consumers— you will see that our position in the family system is at the root." -Source: Ellen Willis, "Letter to the Left," The Guardian, 1969 The excerpt was most likely intended to do which of the following?

to encourage men in the left-leaning political parties to address gender issues and sexism

"The critique of mass consumption, of course, went beyond the biting commentary and far-ranging analyses of intellectuals. The Beats in the 1950s, the hippies in the 1960s, the 'Small Is Beautiful' and environmentally sensitive Greens of the 1970s, and some strands of the religious right of the 1980s all developed identities based on a rejection of a mainstream culture built around mass consumption. Cultural rebels shared intellectuals' obsession with mass consumption, . . . confirming just how much mass consumption stood at the core of how Americans regarded their society in the second half of the twentieth century." -Source: Lizabeth Cohen, historian, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America, 2004 According to the passage, which of the following best explains one long-term effect that mass consumption had on society?

It led to the creation of countercultural movements.

"We saw the seriousness of the early antiwar movement not so much in an analysis of whether it was a minority or a majority— it was always a minority. We saw that as affecting overall public opinion, we saw that as affecting the Congress, and as furthering the defection of the press. . . . This might be a bunch of wild-eyed kids or little old ladies in tennis shoes walking down Pennsylvania Avenue. . . but it had an insidious effect in public opinion and in the Congress." -Source: Roger Morris, in an interview with Tom Wells, printed in The War Within: America's Battle Over Vietnam, 1994 According to the passage, which of the following was the most important effect that the antiwar movement had on society?

It swayed the American public towards disapproval of the war.

"The American people are sick and tired of being afraid to speak their minds lest they be politically smeared as 'Communists' or 'Fascists' by their opponents. Freedom of speech is not what it used to be in America. . . . The American people are sick and tired of seeing innocent people smeared and guilty people whitewashed." "As an American, I am shocked at the way Republicans and Democrats alike are playing directly into the Communist design of 'confuse, divide, and conquer.' As an American, I do not want a Democratic administration 'whitewash' or 'coverup' any more than I want a Republican smear or witch hunt." -Source: Senator Margaret Chase Smith of Maine, in the "Declaration of Conscience," 1950 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which historical development?

McCarthyism

Population by region, 1940-1960 -Source: US census Which of the following best explains the overall population trend shown from 1940 to 1970?

People relocated to the Sunbelt at greater rates than any other region.

"The task of public authority, like that of private individuals, will be to distribute this increase in accordance with relative need. Schools and road will then no longer be at a disadvantage . . . The practical solution would be much eased were the revenues of the federal government available for the service of social balance. . . . The test is not that high military costs make reductions in other public outlays necessary. Rather, it is whether, given these military outlays (which may be regretted), we are more in need of the services that improve social balance or the additional private goods with which we are more affluently supplied than ever before." -Source: John Kenneth Galbraith, economist, The Affluent Society, 1958 Which of the following movements expressed ideas most similar to the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

Progressivism in the early 1900s

"The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use [our] wealth to enrich and elevate our national life and to advance the quality of our American civilization. "You imagination, your initiative, and your indignation will determine whether we build a society where progress is the servant of our needs or a society where old values and new visions are buried under unbridled growth. For in your time we have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society." -President Lyndon B. Johnson, Commencement speech at the University of Michigan, 1964 Which of the following was a key difference between the New Deal and the Great Society?

The Great Society had policies that addressed racial inequalities, while the New Deal did not.

"Why do we fear the communists? Why, in the paper this morning, I saw that in the West there were eighteen new communists arrested who have all these years apparently succeeded in hiding their identity or at least their connections with that party. We fear communism abroad, and we fear its infiltration at home. Why do we have to do that? We are not accustomed to the kind of leadership that leaves us bewildered [and] helpless. We want to get rid of those people soon." -Source: Dwight D. Eisenhower, in a speech in Davenport, Iowa, 1952 Critics of Eisenhower's sentiments in the speech would agree which of the following statements?

The government should not take away a person's right to support a political party of their choosing.

Public trust in government, 1958 to 1980 Source: Pew Research Center, 2019. Which of the following factors contributed most to the major trend depicted in the graph?

a period of stagnation in economic growth and inflation of the dollar

"The present racial crisis in this country carries within it, powerful destructive ingredients that may soon erupt into an uncontrollable explosion . . . "If capitalistic Kennedy and communistic Khrushchev can find something in common on which to form a United Front despite their tremendous ideological differences, it is a disgrace for Negro leaders not to be able to submerge our 'minor' differences in order to seek a common solution to a common problem posed by a Common Enemy." -Source: Malcolm X, in a letter to Martin Luther King, Jr., Stanford University, 1963 Which of the following most directly contributed to the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?

social and political unrest across the United States

"With the post-1945 emergence of America from the Great Depression and World War II, the automobile moved the nation forward into the modern age. The pioneering efforts of Henry Ford to mass-produce the automobile and offer affordable prices for average Americans created a new product called 'personal travel' and a host of new business opportunities. . . the construction of the vast interstate highway system was largely concentrated in the years 1958-72. The multi-lane highway network greatly increased the productivity of truck drivers, shortened the duration of personal trips, and increased safety." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that increased federal spending had on the United States?

spurred economic growth

"We must formulate and put forward for other nations a much more positive and constructive picture of the sort of world we would like to see than we have put forward in past. It is not enough to urge people to develop political processes similar to our own. Many foreign peoples, in Europe at least, are tired and frightened by experiences of past, and are less interested in abstract freedom than in security . . . We should be better able than Russians to give them this. And unless we do, Russians certainly will." -Source: George Kennan, State Department telegram, 1946 The excerpt best reflects a growing belief after 1946 that the United States needed to:

support war-torn countries against the influence of the Soviet Union.

"It is important to United States security interests that all practicable measures be taken to prevent further communist expansion in Southeast Asia. Indo-China is a key area of Southeast Asia and is under immediate threat. The neighboring countries of Thailand and Burma could be expected to fall under Communist domination if a Communist-dominated government controlled Indo-China. The balance of Southeast Asia would then be in grave hazard." -Source: Draft Report by the National Security Council, 1950 Which of the following developments in the 1960s best represented the continuation of the ideas expressed in the passage?

supporting non-Communist regimes in Latin America

"Those who uphold the Administration defense budget are right on one count: we cannot be certain that the Soviets will have, during the term of the next Administration, the tremendous lead in missile striking power which they give every evidence of building — and we cannot be certain that they will use that lead to threaten or launch an attack upon the United States. Consequently those of us who call for a higher defense budget are taking a chance on spending money unnecessarily. But those who oppose these expenditures are taking a chance on our very survival as a nation." Source: Senator John F. Kennedy, "An Investment for Peace," 1960 Kennedy's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the mid-twentieth century?

the arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States

"We saw the seriousness of the early antiwar movement not so much in an analysis of whether it was a minority or a majority— it was always a minority. We saw that as affecting overall public opinion, we saw that as affecting the Congress, and as furthering the defection of the press. . . . This might be a bunch of wild-eyed kids or little old ladies in tennis shoes walking down Pennsylvania Avenue. . . but it had an insidious effect in public opinion and in the Congress." -Source: Roger Morris, in an interview with Tom Wells, printed in The War Within: America's Battle Over Vietnam, 1994 By the 1970s, the ideas of the antiwar movement contributed most directly to the:

withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam.

Immigrant share of the total US population Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 1850-2000," 2002. Which of the following best explains the overall demographic trend shown in the chart?

An increase in the number of non-European immigrants

Immigrant share of total US population Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 1850-2000," 2002. Which of the following best explains the overall demographic trend shown in the chart?

An increase in the number of non-European immigrants

"The middle-class white family structure of the 1950s consisted of cookie-cutter houses, cars, and fashion. . . . [T]he mass media proved it could point people into certain sartorial and class codes of the suburbanite. Americans were expected to dress a certain way, and the avalanche of commercial imagery that accompanied the postwar boom — magazines; advertisements; and the new "Information Bomb," television — supplied constant reminders. Doris Day, Father Knows Best, Betty Furness, Ronald Reagan for General Electric — these were the voices and imagistic role models of suburbanization." -Source: J. Kole Kleeman, historian, "Commodification and the Counterculture," We Are What We Sell: How Advertising Shapes American Life. . . And Always Has, 2014 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that mass media had on society?

It created a homogeneous culture.

"The present racial crisis in this country carries within it, powerful destructive ingredients that may soon erupt into an uncontrollable explosion . . . "If capitalistic Kennedy and communistic Khrushchev can find something in common on which to form a United Front despite their tremendous ideological differences, it is a disgrace for Negro leaders not to be able to submerge our 'minor' differences in order to seek a common solution to a common problem posed by a Common Enemy." -Source: Malcolm X, in a letter to Martin Luther King, Jr., Stanford University, 1963 Which of the following statements best describes the "'minor' differences" between Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. referenced in the excerpt above?

Malcolm X argued that African Americans should gain equality by any means necessary, but King argued that African Americans should only use nonviolent tactics.

"The commercial development of television in the post-World War II years as a mechanism for reaching into the household represents a singularly significant moment in the development of the American economy and culture. Through television, American business has represented, penetrated and constructed the family. . . In the television age, consumption and social control have become linked." -Source: Nick Browne, historian, "The Political Economy of the Television (Super) Text (1984)," American Television: New Directions in History and Theory, 2013 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the television had on society?

Televised advertisements influenced consumption habits, contributing to a homogeneous culture.

"As soon as they announced an embargo, one of President Nixon's top advisers dubbed it 'an Energy Pearl Harbor.' There were no bombs, no bloodshed, no loss of life. But the embargo stunned Americans, as if they had come under a surprise attack, if not an outright act of war, because of the serious implications for the economy and the country's security. By 1973, Americans relied on oil for almost half of all their energy needs, and each day imports made up an expanding portion of the country's supply. . . . Oil was both the lifeline of the economy and vital resource for the country's national defense. American oil had played a decisive role in the Allies' World War II victory, and with the Cold War raging on, U.S. oil remained a top national security concern." -Source: Meg Jacobs, historian, Panic at the Pump: The Energy Crisis and the Transformation of American Politics in the 1970s, 2016 Which of the following was a consequence of the 1973 oil embargo referenced in this excerpt?

There was a shortage of available gas for automobiles.

Public trust in government, 1958 to 1980 Source: Pew Research Center, 2019. Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1958 to 1980 shown in the graph?

a series of political scandals within the federal government

"If the nations of that area should lose their independence, if they were dominated by alien forces hostile to freedom, that would be both a tragedy for the area and for many other free nations whose economic life would be subject to near strangulation. Western Europe would be endangered . . . The free nations of Asia and Africa, too, would be placed in serious jeopardy. And the countries of the Middle East would lose the markets upon which their economies depend. All this would have the most adverse, if not disastrous, effect upon our own nation's economic life and political prospects." -Source: President Dwight D. Eisenhower, "Eisenhower Doctrine," 1957 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following?

entry into the Vietnam War

"The integrity of the U.S. commitment is the principal pillar of peace throughout the world. If that commitment becomes unreliable, the communist world would draw conclusions that would lead to our ruin and almost certainly to a catastrophic war. So long as the South Vietnamese are prepared to fight for themselves, we cannot abandon them without disaster to peace and to our interests throughout the world." -Source: Secretary of State Dean Rusk, 1965 The excerpt most directly reflects the United States efforts to:

limit the spread of communism.

"But in recent years, the withdrawal from the hysteria of the Cold War and the development of a more aggressive, activist foreign policy have done much to force many of us to rethink attitudes that were deep and basic sentiments about our country. And now the incredible war in Vietnam has provided the razor, the terrifying sharp cutting edge that has finally severed the last vestiges of our illusion that morality and democracy are the guiding principles of American foreign policy. . . . "Not even the President can say that we are defending freedom in Vietnam. Perhaps what the President wants to say is that we are attempting to defend the freedom of the American people." -Source: Paul Potter, president of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), "The Incredible War," 1965 People who shared Potter's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by doing which of the following?

hosting teach-ins on college campuses to debate American involvement in the war

"This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence — economic, political, even spiritual — is felt in every city, every state house, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. . . "We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together." -Source: President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell Address, 1961 The warning expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to debates in the United States about the continued:

rise of the military-industrial complex.

"It is important to United States security interests that all practicable measures be taken to prevent further communist expansion in Southeast Asia. Indo-China is a key area of Southeast Asia and is under immediate threat. The neighboring countries of Thailand and Burma could be expected to fall under Communist domination if a Communist-dominated government controlled Indo-China. The balance of Southeast Asia would then be in grave hazard." -Source: Draft Report by the National Security Council, 1950 The ideas expressed in the passage most strongly influenced which United States foreign policy decision in the 1960s?

sending troops to Vietnam to overthrow the rising Communist government

Soviet union snake -Source: Joaquin De Alba Carmona, "What's the price of the apple?" Wikimedia Commons, 1965 The developments referenced by the image most directly contributed to which of the following United States actions?

sending troops to Vietnam to support the Southern Vietnamese forces

"The commercial development of television in the post-World War II years as a mechanism for reaching into the household represents a singularly significant moment in the development of the American economy and culture. Through television, American business has represented, penetrated and constructed the family. . . In the television age, consumption and social control have become linked." -Source: Nick Browne, historian, "The Political Economy of the Television (Super) Text (1984)," American Television: New Directions in History and Theory, 2013 Which of the following earlier trends was most similar to the pattern described in the excerpt?

the invention of the radio in the 1920s

"My friends, I must say to you that we have not made a single gain in civil rights without determined legal and nonviolent pressure. History is the long and tragic story of the fact that privileged groups seldom give up their privileges voluntarily. . . . We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed." -Source: Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," 1963 People who shared King's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by doing which of the following?

using public mass demonstrations

"You say, 'the basic misperception is that our enemy is man, not capitalism.' I say, the basic misperception is the facile identification of the 'system' with 'capitalism.' In reality, the American system consists of two interdependent but distinct parts— the capitalist state and the patriarchal family. . . . "But it is important for women to recognize and deal with the exploited position in the family system for it is primarily in terms of the family system that we are oppressed as women. If you really think about our exploitation under capitalism— as cheap labor and as consumers— you will see that our position in the family system is at the root." -Source: Ellen Willis, "Letter to the Left," The Guardian, 1969 Which of the following was a key difference between First-wave feminism of the 1900s and Second-wave feminism of the 1960s?

First-wave feminists fought to gain political rights, while second-wave feminists aimed to change social roles and access to employment.

"The struggle against the totalitarian forces of Stalinism is not merely of a military character. It is political and ideological in nature as well. We stand opposed to the doctrines which enslave men, reduce men to mere automatons. We believe in the inherent dignity and worth of man, that man is an end in himself, that only in a genuinely free society can man attain his true nature. We believe that given equality of opportunity, each individual, irrespective of color, religion, national origin, or race, can realize his true self." -Source: President Dwight D. Eisenhower, State of the Union Address, 1953 Which of the following United States actions most directly resulted from the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?

a campaign to identify and arrest suspected communists

"As soon as they announced an embargo, one of President Nixon's top advisers dubbed it 'an Energy Pearl Harbor.' There were no bombs, no bloodshed, no loss of life. But the embargo stunned Americans, as if they had come under a surprise attack, if not an outright act of war, because of the serious implications for the economy and the country's security. By 1973, Americans relied on oil for almost half of all their energy needs, and each day imports made up an expanding portion of the country's supply. . . . Oil was both the lifeline of the economy and vital resource for the country's national defense. American oil had played a decisive role in the Allies' World War II victory, and with the Cold War raging on, U.S. oil remained a top national security concern." -Source: Meg Jacobs, historian, Panic at the Pump: The Energy Crisis and the Transformation of American Politics in the 1970s, 2016 The conditions described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

a loss in public confidence in the government's ability to solve economic issues

Immigrant share of total US population Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 1850-2000," 2002 A development related to the overall trend from 1920 to 1970 depicted on the graph was the:

implementation of a national origins quota on incoming immigrants.

"There was no question that in 1974-75, we faced a serious energy problem. Nuclear energy was just beginning to be a factor. Hydroelectric power was at its peak. . . . Oil and gas were having troubles. Domestically, we were so much more dependent on foreign oil. We had a real crisis, so it was important that we make some headway, not only in conservation but in more production." -Source: Gerald Ford, former president, in an interview with Yanek Mieczkowski, 1994 The developments described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

new calls to create a new national energy policy that reduced oil imports

"When the Constitutional Convention was debating allocation of the war power, George Mason of Virginia said that he was against giving the power of war to the Executive, because not safely to be trusted with it; or to the Senate, because not so constructed as to be entitled to it. He was for clogging rather than facilitating war; but 'for facilitating peace.' . . . "Not only in the policies we have permitted at least two successive Presidents to pursue, but in institutional arrangements that Congress and the people have acquiesced in for some decades now, we have managed to reverse the proper order of things. We have managed to clog peace and facilitate war. I think it is time we got back on course." -Source: Alexander Bickel, Yale Law Professor, Testimony before Congress, Congressional Record,1971 Which of the following federal actions most directly supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

passage of the War Powers Act

"The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use [our] wealth to enrich and elevate our national life and to advance the quality of our American civilization. "Your imagination, your initiative, and your indignation will determine whether we build a society where progress is the servant of our needs or a society where old values and new visions are buried under unbridled growth. For in your time we have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society." -President Lyndon B. Johnson, Commencement speech at the University of Michigan, 1964 The policies described in the excerpt contributed most directly to debates in the United States about the:

role of government in solving social and economic issues.

"President Eisenhower was well aware of the political costs of intervening in the Little Rock situation — or not intervening. He knew for one thing that the leadership in the Congress, both the Senate and the House, would be antagonized if he decided to send troops into Little Rock. . . But he knew that not going into Little Rock would mean that he would be charged, and rightfully charged, with not enforcing the Supreme Court decision in the Brown case. Upholding the Constitution was his duty as president, so on balance he never had any hesitation once the crisis developed." -Source: Herbert Brownwell, historian, Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s, 2011 The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the mid-twentieth century?

the legal and political successes of desegregation

Soviet union snake -Source: Joaquin De Alba Carmona, "What's the price of the apple?" Wikimedia Commons, 1965 Which of the following developments is the most direct effect of the situation portrayed in the image?

The United States supported South Vietnam.

"Truman's commitment to civil rights, and perhaps most significantly his desegregation of the armed forces, brought him important political benefits. For one thing, most African Americans who voted supported Truman in 1948. Perhaps most significantly, Truman's desegregation of the armed forces helped offset negative perceptions of the Democratic Party caused by Southern segregationists in Congress and elsewhere, and it helped prevent the Republican Party from regaining its pre-New Deal level of support among African Americans." -Source: Tom Lansford and Richard M. Yon, historians, "Political Pragmatism and Civil Rights Policy," The Civil Rights Legacy of Harry S. Truman, 2007 Which of the following evidence would best support the authors' argument in the excerpt?

data showing the demographic makeup of voters for each candidate in presidential elections

Excerpt 1: "It would be an unspeakable tragedy if these countries, which have struggled so long against overwhelming odds, should lose that victory for which they sacrificed so much. Collapse of free institutions and loss of independence would be disastrous not only for them but for the world. . . . "In addition to funds, I ask the Congress to authorize the detail of American civilian and military personnel to Greece and Turkey, at the request of those countries, to assist in the tasks of reconstruction, and for the purpose of supervising the use of such financial and material assistance as may be furnished." -Source: Harry Truman, Special Message to the Congress on Greece and Turkey, 1947 Excerpt 2: "As we meet here today, we stand on the threshold of a new era of peace in the world. . . . This past year saw far-reaching results from our new policies for peace. By continuing to revitalize our traditional friendships, and by our missions to Peking and to Moscow, we were able to establish the base for a new and more durable pattern of relationships among the nations of the world. . . . Let us continue to bring down the walls of hostility which have divided the world for too long, and to build in their place bridges of understanding — so that despite profound differences between systems of government, the people of the world can be friends. Let us build a structure of peace in the world." -Source: Richard Nixon, Second Inaugural Address, 1973 A historian would most likely use these passages to illustrate which of the following?

how different administrations strategized during the Cold War

"The head pin was China. It is down already. The two pins in the second row are Burma and Indochina. If they go, the three pins in the next row, Siam, Malaya, and Indonesia, are pretty sure to topple in their turn. And if all the rest of Asia goes, the resulting psychological, political, and economic magnetism will almost certainly drag down the four pins of the fourth row, India, Pakistan, Japan, and the Philippines." -Source: Stewart Alsop, "We Are Losing Asia Fast," Saturday Evening Post, 1950 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

intervention in the Korean War

"If the rules to settle our economic problems are not forthcoming, we will call a general strike to paralyze the state's agricultural economy. [applause] We will call a general strike to let the legislators and the employers know that we mean business. We will take economic pressure, strikes, boycotts, to force recognition and obtain collective bargaining rights. The social and economic revolution of the farm workers is well underway and it will not be stopped until we receive equality. The farm workers are moving. Nothing is going to stop them." -Dolores Huerta, march and rally in Sacramento, transcript from University of California San Diego, 1966 The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments in the 1960s?

new demands for labor protections for Latino Americans

"As soon as they announced an embargo, one of President Nixon's top advisers dubbed it 'an Energy Pearl Harbor.' There were no bombs, no bloodshed, no loss of life. But the embargo stunned Americans, as if they had come under a surprise attack, if not an outright act of war, because of the serious implications for the economy and the country's security. By 1973, Americans relied on oil for almost half of all their energy needs, and each day imports made up an expanding portion of the country's supply. . . . Oil was both the lifeline of the economy and vital resource for the country's national defense. American oil had played a decisive role in the Allies' World War II victory, and with the Cold War raging on, U.S. oil remained a top national security concern." -Source: Meg Jacobs, historian, Panic at the Pump: The Energy Crisis and the Transformation of American Politics in the 1970s, 2016 Which of the following US actions most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt?

supporting Israel in the Middle East

"Why do we fear the communists? Why, in the paper this morning, I saw that in the West there were eighteen new communists arrested who have all these years apparently succeeded in hiding their identity or at least their connections with that party. We fear communism abroad, and we fear its infiltration at home. Why do we have to do that? We are not accustomed to the kind of leadership that leaves us bewildered [and] helpless. We want to get rid of those people soon." -Source: Dwight D. Eisenhower, in a speech in Davenport, Iowa, 1952 Which of the following claims about the United States in 1952 is best supported by this excerpt?

the American public's anti-communist sentiment strengthened as the perceived threat of the Soviet Union increased

"The head pin was China. It is down already. The two pins in the second row are Burma and Indochina. If they go, the three pins in the next row, Siam, Malaya, and Indonesia, are pretty sure to topple in their turn. And if all the rest of Asia goes, the resulting psychological, political, and economic magnetism will almost certainly drag down the four pins of the fourth row, India, Pakistan, Japan, and the Philippines." -Source: Stewart Alsop, "We Are Losing Asia Fast," Saturday Evening Post, 1950 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the Communist revolution led by Mao Zedong

"We must formulate and put forward for other nations a much more positive and constructive picture of the sort of world we would like to see than we have put forward in past. It is not enough to urge people to develop political processes similar to our own. Many foreign peoples, in Europe at least, are tired and frightened by experiences of past, and are less interested in abstract freedom than in security . . . We should be better able than Russians to give them this. And unless we do, Russians certainly will." -Source: George Kennan, State Department telegram, 1946 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

the announcement of the Truman Doctrine

"President Eisenhower was well aware of the political costs of intervening in the Little Rock situation — or not intervening. He knew for one thing that the leadership in the Congress, both the Senate and the House, would be antagonized if he decided to send troops into Little Rock. . . But he knew that not going into Little Rock would mean that he would be charged, and rightfully charged, with not enforcing the Supreme Court decision in the Brown case. Upholding the Constitution was his duty as president, so on balance he never had any hesitation once the crisis developed." -Source: Herbert Brownwell, historian, Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s, 2011 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the desegregation of public schools

"There was no question that in 1974-75, we faced a serious energy problem. Nuclear energy was just beginning to be a factor. Hydroelectric power was at its peak. . . . Oil and gas were having troubles. Domestically, we were so much more dependent on foreign oil. We had a real crisis, so it was important that we make some headway, not only in conservation but in more production." -Source: Gerald Ford, former president, in an interview with Yanek Mieczkowski, 1994 Which of the following political shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt?

the development of a federal department to regulate and develop sources of energy

"The head pin was China. It is down already. The two pins in the second row are Burma and Indochina. If they go, the three pins in the next row, Siam, Malaya, and Indonesia, are pretty sure to topple in their turn. And if all the rest of Asia goes, the resulting psychological, political, and economic magnetism will almost certainly drag down the four pins of the fourth row, India, Pakistan, Japan, and the Philippines." -Source: Stewart Alsop, "We Are Losing Asia Fast," Saturday Evening Post, 1950 The ideas about Asia expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following?

the domino theory

". . . [In] the late 1960s, conservative Protestants succeeded not only in making alliances with Republican politicians, but in changing the agenda of the party. . . . [This] time, they focused more on the culture wars than the Cold War. Conservative Protestants who mobilized against feminism, abortion, pornography, and gay rights acquired control of the Republican Party, partly because of their long-standing alliances with Republican politicians, but perhaps more important because of the united front they presented, and because of demographic and political shifts that favored evangelicals. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Christian Right was the most powerful group in the GOP." -Source: Daniel K. Williams, historian, God's Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right, 2012 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?

the emergence of a sexual revolution that challenged traditional values

"The unsettled nature of Latin American politics was well matched to the context of international relations as a whole. The late 1950s and early 1960s witnessed fundamental changes in the Cold War. . . Added to the concurrent collapse of European colonialism, these trends increasingly pushed U.S.-Soviet conflict into the underdeveloped world. . . They vied for access to the strategic real estate and resources of the underdeveloped countries . . . For the United States, this meant showing that democracy and liberal capitalism could serve as a path to wealth and political stability. For Moscow, it meant proving that state-directed socialism could bring about economic equity and social justice. The fight for the [underdeveloped world] revolved around ideology no less than economics or strategy." -Source: Hal Brands, historian, Latin America's Cold War, 2012 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the 1960s?

the extension of the Cold War competition outside of Asia and Africa

"The struggle against the totalitarian forces of Stalinism is not merely of a military character. It is political and ideological in nature as well. We stand opposed to the doctrines which enslave men, reduce men to mere automatons. We believe in the inherent dignity and worth of man, that man is an end in himself, that only in a genuinely free society can man attain his true nature. We believe that given equality of opportunity, each individual, irrespective of color, religion, national origin, or race, can realize his true self." -Source: President Dwight D. Eisenhower, State of the Union Address, 1953 Which of the following issues of the period was Eisenhower most likely concerned with in this excerpt?

the influence of the Soviet Union

Public trust in government, 1958 to 1980 Source: Pew Research Center, 2019. The overall trend from 1958 to 1980 depicted on the graph most directly reflects which of the following developments?

Americans lost confidence that the federal government could solve social and economic issues.

"As we meet here today, we stand on the threshold of a new era of peace in the world. . . . This past year saw far-reaching results from our new policies for peace. By continuing to revitalize our traditional friendships, and by our missions to Peking and to Moscow, we were able to establish the base for a new and more durable pattern of relationships among the nations of the world. . . . Let us continue to bring down the walls of hostility which have divided the world for too long, and to build in their place bridges of understanding — so that despite profound differences between systems of government, the people of the world can be friends. Let us build a structure of peace in the world." -Source: President Richard Nixon, Second Inaugural Address, 1973 An opponent of Nixon's foreign policy would agree which of the following statements?

By reducing tensions with the Soviet Union, the United States would look weak in the eyes of their adversaries.

"My friends, I must say to you that we have not made a single gain in civil rights without determined legal and nonviolent pressure. History is the long and tragic story of the fact that privileged groups seldom give up their privileges voluntarily. . . . We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed." -Source: Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," 1963 After 1963, which of the following best serves as an example of "nonviolent pressure" that the excerpt refers to?

The March from Selma to Montgomery

". . . [The] Court regularly handed down opinions that have transformed American constitutional doctrine and, in turn, profoundly affected American society." "The range of the Warren Court's influence has been enormous. The Court initiated a revolution in race relations; expanded the constitutional guarantee of 'equal protection of the laws'; dramatically expanded the protections of freedom of speech and press; overturned unequally apportioned legislative districts; accorded defendants in criminal cases massively expanded constitutional protections; and recognized for the first time a constitutional right to privacy." -Source: Morton J. Horowitz, historian, The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice, 1999 The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following aspects of the Supreme Court in the 1960s?

The Supreme Court expanded civil rights and liberties through a series of significant decisions.

"[In 1963,] peaceful protests— and the violent backlash against them— had spread across the South, from lunch counter sit-ins and 'Freedom Rides' aimed at desegregating public places and interstate buses, to firebombing mobs and defiant public school boards that had closed their districts' doors rather than mix black and white students. Rigid racial segregation remained a fact of law and life in the states of the Old Confederacy nearly a century after the War Between the States had ended." -Source: Todd S. Purdum, historian, An Idea Whose Time Has Come, 2014 The pattern described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following developments during the 1960s?

The federal government used its power to promote racial equality.

"This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence — economic, political, even spiritual — is felt in every city, every state house, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. . . "We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together." -Source: President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell Address, 1961 The excerpt was most likely intended to do which of the following?

warn the United States about the military-industrial complex

"Truman's commitment to civil rights, and perhaps most significantly his desegregation of the armed forces, brought him important political benefits. For one thing, most African Americans who voted supported Truman in 1948. Perhaps most significantly, Truman's desegregation of the armed forces helped offset negative perceptions of the Democratic Party caused by Southern segregationists in Congress and elsewhere, and it helped prevent the Republican Party from regaining its pre-New Deal level of support among African Americans." -Source: Tom Lansford and Richard M. Yon, historians, "Political Pragmatism and Civil Rights Policy," The Civil Rights Legacy of Harry S. Truman, 2007 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that desegregation of the military had on the United States?

It ensured that the black community would support the Democratic Party.

Excerpt 1: "It would be an unspeakable tragedy if these countries, which have struggled so long against overwhelming odds, should lose that victory for which they sacrificed so much. Collapse of free institutions and loss of independence would be disastrous not only for them but for the world. . . . "In addition to funds, I ask the Congress to authorize the detail of American civilian and military personnel to Greece and Turkey, at the request of those countries, to assist in the tasks of reconstruction, and for the purpose of supervising the use of such financial and material assistance as may be furnished." -Source: Harry Truman, Special Message to the Congress on Greece and Turkey, 1947 Excerpt 2: "As we meet here today, we stand on the threshold of a new era of peace in the world. . . . This past year saw far-reaching results from our new policies for peace. By continuing to revitalize our traditional friendships, and by our missions to Peking and to Moscow, we were able to establish the base for a new and more durable pattern of relationships among the nations of the world. . . . Let us continue to bring down the walls of hostility which have divided the world for too long, and to build in their place bridges of understanding — so that despite profound differences between systems of government, the people of the world can be friends. Let us build a structure of peace in the world." -Source: Richard Nixon, Second Inaugural Address, 1973 Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between the two excerpts?

Truman advocates for indirect military action, whereas Nixon advocates for mutual coexistence.

"We must formulate and put forward for other nations a much more positive and constructive picture of the sort of world we would like to see than we have put forward in past. It is not enough to urge people to develop political processes similar to our own. Many foreign peoples, in Europe at least, are tired and frightened by experiences of past, and are less interested in abstract freedom than in security . . . We should be better able than Russians to give them this. And unless we do, Russians certainly will." -Source: George Kennan, State Department telegram, 1946 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the approach advocated by Kennan in this telegram?

a foreign policy shift towards collective security and containment

"The unsettled nature of Latin American politics was well matched to the context of international relations as a whole. The late 1950s and early 1960s witnessed fundamental changes in the Cold War. . . Added to the concurrent collapse of European colonialism, these trends increasingly pushed U.S.-Soviet conflict into the underdeveloped world. . . They vied for access to the strategic real estate and resources of the underdeveloped countries . . . For the United States, this meant showing that democracy and liberal capitalism could serve as a path to wealth and political stability. For Moscow, it meant proving that state-directed socialism could bring about economic equity and social justice. The fight for the [underdeveloped world] revolved around ideology no less than economics or strategy." -Source: Hal Brands, historian, Latin America's Cold War, 2012 Which of the following is one important continuity in American foreign policy throughout the mid-twentieth century?

containing the Soviet Union's attempts to spread communism

"One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions; representative government; free elections; guarantees of individual liberty; freedom of speech and religion; and freedom from political oppression. "The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed on the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression; a controlled press; framed elections; and the suppression of personal freedom. "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." -Source: President Harry Truman, in an address before a Joint Session of Congress, 1947 What's the main foreign policy strategy that Truman's promoting here?

containment of communism

"I think it is legitimate to say, then, that the Beat Generation's worship of primitivism and spontaneity is more than a cover for hostility to intelligence; it arises from a pathetic poverty of feeling as well. The hipsters and hipster-lovers of the Beat Generation are rebels, all right, but not against anything so sociological and historical as the middle class or capitalism or even respectability. This is the revolt of the spiritually underprivileged and the crippled of soul—young men who can't think straight and so hate anyone who can; young men who can't get outside the morass of self and so construct definitions of feeling that exclude all human beings who manage to live, even miserably, in a world of objects. . ." -Source: Norman Podhoretz, "The Know-Nothing Bohemians," Partisan Review, 1958 The excerpt was most likely intended to do which of the following?

criticize the counterculture movement

"If the G.I. Bill of Rights altered the landscape of higher education in America, it transformed the cultural and physical landscape of the country even more dramatically. The American suburban exodus of the 1950s did not simply spring into existence on its own: It is no exaggeration to say that the creation of suburbia and the resulting extension of home ownership to a majority of families in American was launched, underwritten, and paid for by the G.I. Bill." -Source: Edward Humes, historian, Over Here: How the G.I. Bill Transformed the American Dream, 2014 Which of the following pieces of historical evidence from the United States census could best be used to support the argument in the excerpt?

data showing the number of veterans who bought houses

"This is no time for men who oppose Senator McCarthy's methods to keep silent - or for those who approve. We can deny our heritage and our history, but we cannot escape responsibility for the result. There is no way for a citizen of a republic to abdicate his responsibilities . . . We proclaim ourselves, as indeed we are, the defenders of freedom, wherever it continues to exist in the world. But we cannot defend freedom abroad by deserting it at home. The actions of the junior Senator from Wisconsin have caused alarm and dismay amongst our allies abroad and given considerable comfort to our enemies. And whose fault is that? Not really his. He didn't create this situation of fear. He merely exploited it, and rather successfully." Source: Edward R. Murrow, news anchor, in a "See It Now" broadcast, 1954 The excerpt was most likely intended to do which of the following?

end the investigations conducted by the Senate to expose communists

"When the Constitutional Convention was debating allocation of the war power, George Mason of Virginia said that he was against giving the power of war to the Executive, because not safely to be trusted with it; or to the Senate, because not so constructed as to be entitled to it. He was for clogging rather than facilitating war; but 'for facilitating peace.' . . . "Not only in the policies we have permitted at least two successive Presidents to pursue, but in institutional arrangements that Congress and the people have acquiesced in for some decades now, we have managed to reverse the proper order of things. We have managed to clog peace and facilitate war. I think it is time we got back on course." -Source: Alexander Bickel, Yale Law Professor, Testimony before Congress, Congressional Record,1971 The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger intellectual debate over the:

expansion of presidential powers.

"The American people are sick and tired of being afraid to speak their minds lest they be politically smeared as 'Communists' or 'Fascists' by their opponents. Freedom of speech is not what it used to be in America. . . . The American people are sick and tired of seeing innocent people smeared and guilty people whitewashed." "As an American, I am shocked at the way Republicans and Democrats alike are playing directly into the Communist design of 'confuse, divide, and conquer.' As an American, I do not want a Democratic administration 'whitewash' or 'coverup' any more than I want a Republican smear or witch hunt." -Source: Senator Margaret Chase Smith of Maine, in the "Declaration of Conscience," 1950 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how politicians argued over the proper methods to used to expose suspected communists

"You say, 'the basic misperception is that our enemy is man, not capitalism.' I say, the basic misperception is the facile identification of the 'system' with 'capitalism.' In reality, the American system consists of two interdependent but distinct parts— the capitalist state and the patriarchal family. . . . "But it is important for women to recognize and deal with the exploited position in the family system for it is primarily in terms of the family system that we are oppressed as women. If you really think about our exploitation under capitalism— as cheap labor and as consumers— you will see that our position in the family system is at the root." -Source: Ellen Willis, "Letter to the Left," The Guardian, 1969 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how women challenged the social and economic values of the previous generation

"If the police do not protect homosexuals as they have not protected us in the past, then I can see in the near future a separate police force paid for and operated by the homophile community. Unless restrictive laws are changed, unless the courts uphold the rights of homosexuals, we shall have no alternative but to go to the Supreme Court and overturn these laws that state all men are treated equally in our courts except for homosexuals. If politicians do not openly address themselves to homosexuals, it will be because they do not need our 90,000 votes in San Francisco. We shall put in office public servants who will talk to homosexuals. "We ask no special favor. We want only ordinary rights like every other citizen of these United States— jobs, homes, friends, social lives, safety and security. "Here is our challenge to San Francisco: FACE REALITY—FACE HOMOSEXUALITY." -William Beardemphl, "A Challenge to San Francisco," The Ladder, 1966 This excerpt is best understood in the context of which of the following?

mobilization for legal and social equality by lesbian and gay activists

"There is at the outset a very obvious and almost facile connection between the war in Vietnam and the struggle I and others have been waging in America. A few years ago there was a shining moment in that struggle. It seemed as if there was a real promise of hope for the poor, both black and white, through the poverty program. There were experiments, hopes, new beginnings. Then came the buildup in Vietnam, and I watched this program broken and eviscerated as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war. And I knew that America would never invest the necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic, destructive suction tube." -Source: Martin Luther King, Jr., "Beyond Vietnam," 1967 The excerpt reflects some antiwar protestors' belief at the time that the federal government was:

not doing enough to address domestic social and economic issues.

"One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions; representative government; free elections; guarantees of individual liberty; freedom of speech and religion; and freedom from political oppression. "The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed on the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression; a controlled press; framed elections; and the suppression of personal freedom."I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." -Source: President Harry Truman, in an address before a Joint Session of Congress, 1947 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following?

offering aid to free and democratic governments who refused the Soviet Union

"But it's no good— deep in our guts we know this. Cooking and cleaning and children have not given us the fulfillment the ladies' magazines promise even after we've followed all their recipes. . . . Some women— such as those who have expressed themselves in the platform of this march— look to the state and federal legislation to give us the unrestricted humanity which has been denied us for so long. They have decided to 'work within the system.' . . . Is this really what we want? How about female generals in Vietnam? DO WE WANT EQUALITY IN THE MAN'S WORLD, OR DO WE WANT TO MAKE IT IN A NEW WORLD? "Women being ourselves and believing in ourselves, women finding the strength to live how we feel, powerful women, can lead the way to create a new kind of politics, a new life." -Source: Bread and Roses, Outreach Leaflet, 1970 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the Women's Liberation movement

"The critique of mass consumption, of course, went beyond the biting commentary and far-ranging analyses of intellectuals. The Beats in the 1950s, the hippies in the 1960s, the 'Small Is Beautiful' and environmentally sensitive Greens of the 1970s, and some strands of the religious right of the 1980s all developed identities based on a rejection of a mainstream culture built around mass consumption. Cultural rebels shared intellectuals' obsession with mass consumption, . . . confirming just how much mass consumption stood at the core of how Americans regarded their society in the second half of the twentieth century." -Source: Lizabeth Cohen, historian, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America, 2004 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the 1950s?

the challenges to conformity by younger people, artists, and academics

"This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence — economic, political, even spiritual — is felt in every city, every state house, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. . . "We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together." -Source: President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell Address, 1961 The excerpt provided is best understood in the context of which of the following?

the continued indirect conflict with the Soviet Union

"The task of public authority, like that of private individuals, will be to distribute this increase in accordance with relative need. Schools and road will then no longer be at a disadvantage . . . The practical solution would be much eased were the revenues of the federal government available for the service of social balance. . . . The test is not that high military costs make reductions in other public outlays necessary. Rather, it is whether, given these military outlays (which may be regretted), we are more in need of the services that improve social balance or the additional private goods with which we are more affluently supplied than ever before." -Source: John Kenneth Galbraith, economist, The Affluent Society, 1958 Ideas similar to those expressed in the passage directly contributed to the development of which of the following aspects in the 1960s?

the creation of domestic programs that combat poverty and promote social welfare

"In the 1950's this America worried about itself, yet even its anxieties were products of abundance. . . Now the American city has been transformed. The poor still inhabit the miserable housing in the central areas, but are increasingly isolated from contact with, or sight of, anybody else. . . . [T]he poor are politically invisible. It is one of the cruelest ironies of social life in advanced countries that the dispossessed at the bottom of society are unable to speak for themselves. The people of the other America do not, by far and large, belong to unions, to fraternal organizations, or to political parties. They are without lobbies of their own; they put forward no legislative program. As a group, they are atomized. They have no face; they have no voice . . ." -Source: Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States, 1962 The author's account in the excerpt above most directly encouraged which of the following changes in subsequent years?

the creation of government programs to combat poverty and social issues

"I think it is legitimate to say, then, that the Beat Generation's worship of primitivism and spontaneity is more than a cover for hostility to intelligence; it arises from a pathetic poverty of feeling as well. The hipsters and hipster-lovers of the Beat Generation are rebels, all right, but not against anything so sociological and historical as the middle class or capitalism or even respectability. This is the revolt of the spiritually underprivileged and the crippled of soul—young men who can't think straight and so hate anyone who can; young men who can't get outside the morass of self and so construct definitions of feeling that exclude all human beings who manage to live, even miserably, in a world of objects. . ." -Source: Norman Podhoretz, "The Know-Nothing Bohemians," Partisan Review, 1958 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the development of a counterculture

"There is at the outset a very obvious and almost facile connection between the war in Vietnam and the struggle I and others have been waging in America. A few years ago there was a shining moment in that struggle. It seemed as if there was a real promise of hope for the poor, both black and white, through the poverty program. There were experiments, hopes, new beginnings. Then came the buildup in Vietnam, and I watched this program broken and eviscerated as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war. And I knew that America would never invest the necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic, destructive suction tube." -Source: Martin Luther King, Jr., "Beyond Vietnam," 1967 The ideas expressed in the passage most strongly influenced which United States foreign policy decision in the 1970s?

the efforts to train Southern Vietnamese soldiers and withdraw American soldiers

"To propose federal 'intrusion' into the sanctity of the state-local-private preserve of education was to stride boldly into a uniquely dangerous political [minefield] that pitted Democrat against Republican; liberal against conservative; Catholic against Protestant and Jew; federal power against states rights; white against black; and rich constituency against poor in mercurial cross-cutting alliances." -Source: Hugh Davis Graham, historian, The Uncertain Triumph: Federal Education Policy in the Kennedy and Johnson Years, 1984 The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following?

the growing clashes between political groups over the power of the federal government

"If the nations of that area should lose their independence, if they were dominated by alien forces hostile to freedom, that would be both a tragedy for the area and for many other free nations whose economic life would be subject to near strangulation. Western Europe would be endangered . . . The free nations of Asia and Africa, too, would be placed in serious jeopardy. And the countries of the Middle East would lose the markets upon which their economies depend. All this would have the most adverse, if not disastrous, effect upon our own nation's economic life and political prospects." -Source: President Dwight D. Eisenhower, "Eisenhower Doctrine," 1957 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the emergence of powerful nationalist movements in Africa and the Middle East

"The spill occurred on federal tidelands, under federal leases, with federal permits, and federal approval; therefore, the federal government had full responsibility for creating the conditions that led up to the spill and its aftermath. . . . Understanding the opportunity, Scoop Jackson wasted no time in bringing comprehensive environmental policy to the forefront of discussions with congressional colleagues. . . . The Santa Barbara spill gave the ignored environmental policy champion the perfect weapon to push his ideas through the Senate and to maneuver through House roadblocks." -Source: Teresa Sabol Spezio, environmental analyst, Slick Policy, 2018 The patterns described in the excerpt most directly signaled which of the following later developments?

the federal government establishing stricter environmental regulations.

"The task of public authority, like that of private individuals, will be to distribute this increase in accordance with relative need. Schools and road will then no longer be at a disadvantage . . . The practical solution would be much eased were the revenues of the federal government available for the service of social balance. . . . The test is not that high military costs make reductions in other public outlays necessary. Rather, it is whether, given these military outlays (which may be regretted), we are more in need of the services that improve social balance or the additional private goods with which we are more affluently supplied than ever before." -Source: John Kenneth Galbraith, economist, The Affluent Society, 1958 The excerpt most directly reflects a growing belief after 1945 that:

the government was the best entity to address social and economic issues.

"Franklin Roosevelt's rapid conversion from Constitutionalism to the doctrine of unlimited government, is an oft-told story. But I am here concerned not so much by the abandonment of States' Rights by the national Democratic Party— an event that occurred some years ago when that party was captured by the Socialist ideologues in and about the labor movement— as by the unmistakable tendency of the Republican Party to adopt the same course. The result is that today neither of our two parties maintains a meaningful commitment to the principle of States' Rights. Thus, the cornerstone of the Republic, our chief bulwark against the encroachment of individual freedom by Big Government, is fast disappearing under the piling sands of absolutism." -Source: Barry Goldwater, The Conscience of a Conservative, 1960 Which of the following issues of the period was Goldwater most likely concerned with in the excerpt?

the growing power of the federal government

"Franklin Roosevelt's rapid conversion from Constitutionalism to the doctrine of unlimited government, is an oft-told story. But I am here concerned not so much by the abandonment of States' Rights by the national Democratic Party— an event that occurred some years ago when that party was captured by the Socialist ideologues in and about the labor movement— as by the unmistakable tendency of the Republican Party to adopt the same course. The result is that today neither of our two parties maintains a meaningful commitment to the principle of States' Rights. Thus, the cornerstone of the Republic, our chief bulwark against the encroachment of individual freedom by Big Government, is fast disappearing under the piling sands of absolutism." -Barry Goldwater, The Conscience of a Conservative, 1960 The remarks in the excerpt were most likely given in response to which of the following?

the growth of the federal government's powers

"There is at the outset a very obvious and almost facile connection between the war in Vietnam and the struggle I and others have been waging in America. A few years ago there was a shining moment in that struggle. It seemed as if there was a real promise of hope for the poor, both black and white, through the poverty program. There were experiments, hopes, new beginnings. Then came the buildup in Vietnam, and I watched this program broken and eviscerated as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war. And I knew that America would never invest the necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic, destructive suction tube." -Source: Martin Luther King, Jr., "Beyond Vietnam," 1967 Which of the following aspects of the author's description expresses a major change in Americans' views of the Vietnam War?

the idea that the United States pursued immoral policies abroad instead of addressing domestic issues

"But in recent years, the withdrawal from the hysteria of the Cold War and the development of a more aggressive, activist foreign policy have done much to force many of us to rethink attitudes that were deep and basic sentiments about our country. And now the incredible war in Vietnam has provided the razor, the terrifying sharp cutting edge that has finally severed the last vestiges of our illusion that morality and democracy are the guiding principles of American foreign policy. . . . "Not even the President can say that we are defending freedom in Vietnam. Perhaps what the President wants to say is that we are attempting to defend the freedom of the American people." -Source: Paul Potter, president of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), "The Incredible War," 1965 Which of the following aspects of the author's description expresses a major change in Americans' views of the Cold War?

the idea that the United States should not intervene in the affairs of other countries

"The middle-class white family structure of the 1950s consisted of cookie-cutter houses, cars, and fashion. . . . [T]he mass media proved it could point people into certain sartorial and class codes of the suburbanite. Americans were expected to dress a certain way, and the avalanche of commercial imagery that accompanied the postwar boom — magazines; advertisements; and the new "Information Bomb," television — supplied constant reminders. Doris Day, Father Knows Best, Betty Furness, Ronald Reagan for General Electric — these were the voices and imagistic role models of suburbanization." -Source: J. Kole Kleeman, historian, "Commodification and the Counterculture," We Are What We Sell: How Advertising Shapes American Life. . . And Always Has, 2014 The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following?

the impact media had on mass culture

"If the G.I. Bill of Rights altered the landscape of higher education in America, it transformed the cultural and physical landscape of the country even more dramatically. The American suburban exodus of the 1950s did not simply spring into existence on its own: It is no exaggeration to say that the creation of suburbia and the resulting extension of home ownership to a majority of families in America was launched, underwritten, and paid for by the G.I. Bill." -Source: Edward Humes, historian, Over Here: How the G.I. Bill Transformed the American Dream, 2014 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the 1950s?

the improvement in social mobility for most Americans

"With the post-1945 emergence of America from the Great Depression and World War II, the automobile moved the nation forward into the modern age. The pioneering efforts of Henry Ford to mass-produce the automobile and offer affordable prices for average Americans created a new product called 'personal travel' and a host of new business opportunities. . . the construction of the vast interstate highway system was largely concentrated in the years 1958-72. The multi-lane highway network greatly increased the productivity of truck drivers, shortened the duration of personal trips, and increased safety." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 The rise of highways, as described in the excerpt, most directly contributed to which of the following characteristics of United States society during the period?

the improvement to standards of living

"The commercial development of television in the post-World War II years as a mechanism for reaching into the household represents a singularly significant moment in the development of the American economy and culture. Through television, American business has represented, penetrated and constructed the family. . . In the television age, consumption and social control have become linked." -Source: Nick Browne, historian, "The Political Economy of the Television (Super) Text (1984)," American Television: New Directions in History and Theory, 2013 The rise of what the excerpt describes as "the commercial development of television" most directly contributed to which of the following characteristics of US society during the period?

the increase in consumerism in American culture

". . . [In] the late 1960s, conservative Protestants succeeded not only in making alliances with Republican politicians, but in changing the agenda of the party. . . . [This] time, they focused more on the culture wars than the Cold War. Conservative Protestants who mobilized against feminism, abortion, pornography, and gay rights acquired control of the Republican Party, partly because of their long-standing alliances with Republican politicians, but perhaps more important because of the united front they presented, and because of demographic and political shifts that favored evangelicals. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Christian Right was the most powerful group in the GOP." -Source: Daniel K. Williams, historian, God's Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right, 2012 The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following?

the influence of evangelical groups on politics

"We saw the seriousness of the early antiwar movement not so much in an analysis of whether it was a minority or a majority— it was always a minority. We saw that as affecting overall public opinion, we saw that as affecting the Congress, and as furthering the defection of the press. . . . This might be a bunch of wild-eyed kids or little old ladies in tennis shoes walking down Pennsylvania Avenue. . . but it had an insidious effect in public opinion and in the Congress." -Source: Roger Morris, in an interview with Tom Wells, printed in The War Within: America's Battle Over Vietnam, 1994 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to support the argument in the excerpt about how the antiwar movement affected Congressional actions?

the introduction of the War Powers Act of 1973

"Truman's commitment to civil rights, and perhaps most significantly his desegregation of the armed forces, brought him important political benefits. For one thing, most African Americans who voted supported Truman in 1948. Perhaps most significantly, Truman's desegregation of the armed forces helped offset negative perceptions of the Democratic Party caused by Southern segregationists in Congress and elsewhere, and it helped prevent the Republican Party from regaining its pre-New Deal level of support among African Americans." -Source: Tom Lansford and Richard M. Yon, historians, "Political Pragmatism and Civil Rights Policy," The Civil Rights Legacy of Harry S. Truman, 2007 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?

the issuance of Executive Order 9981

"The protest is keeping the people off the bus, and we know it is more than successful. A number of people are working from more than full time to part time to operate a transportation system inspite [sic] of all obstacles placed against us. The people have walked when they could not get rides in the most inclimate [sic] weather. Many are still saying they will walk forever before they will go back to riding the bus under the same conditions." -Source: Rosa Parks, Rosa Parks Papers, Library of Congress, 1955-1956 The tactics described in the excerpt best represent which of the following?

using nonviolent boycotts to fight against unjust treatment

"[In 1963,] peaceful protests— and the violent backlash against them— had spread across the South, from lunch counter sit-ins and 'Freedom Rides' aimed at desegregating public places and interstate buses, to firebombing mobs and defiant public school boards that had closed their districts' doors rather than mix black and white students. Rigid racial segregation remained a fact of law and life in the states of the Old Confederacy nearly a century after the War Between the States had ended." -Source: Todd S. Purdum, historian, An Idea Whose Time Has Come, 2014 The conditions described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

"The disaster was, in fact, no greater than several oil tanker spills the world had suffered but, with the scenic beauty of the Californian coast as a backdrop, it still made for great television. Birds covered with sticky oil struggled for life; dead seals floated ashore; enraged Santa Barbara housewives cried for the cameras. The oil spill's cost to the environment was immense, but in a sense the tragedy served a purpose, for as the oil spread, so did national outrage." -Source: J. Brooks Flippen, historian, Nixon and the Environment, 2000 The rise of what the excerpt describes as "national outrage" most directly contributed to which of the following characteristics of United States politics during the period?

the rise of environmentalism as a major policy issue

Soviet union snake -Source: Joaquin De Alba Carmona, "What's the price of the apple?" Wikimedia Commons, 1965 Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image?

the rise of independence movements in Asia against colonialism

"So now the court has found in our favor and recognized our human psychological complexity and citizenship and another battle of the Civil War has been won. The rest is up to us and I am very glad. . . So now the judges found Negroes must be individuals and that is hopeful and good. What a wonderful world of possibilities are unfolded for the children." -Source: Ralph Waldo Ellison, in a letter, 1954 People who shared Ellison's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by doing which of the following?

using nonviolent protests and boycotts

"The spill occurred on federal tidelands, under federal leases, with federal permits, and federal approval; therefore, the federal government had full responsibility for creating the conditions that led up to the spill and its aftermath. . . . Understanding the opportunity, Scoop Jackson wasted no time in bringing comprehensive environmental policy to the forefront of discussions with congressional colleagues. . . . The Santa Barbara spill gave the ignored environmental policy champion the perfect weapon to push his ideas through the Senate and to maneuver through House roadblocks." -Source: Teresa Sabol Spezio, environmental analyst, Slick Policy, 2018 The ideas described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

the rise of public support for government protection of natural resources

"In the 1950's this America worried about itself, yet even its anxieties were products of abundance. . . Now the American city has been transformed. The poor still inhabit the miserable housing in the central areas, but are increasingly isolated from contact with, or sight of, anybody else. . . . [T]he poor are politically invisible. It is one of the cruelest ironies of social life in advanced countries that the dispossessed at the bottom of society are unable to speak for themselves. The people of the other America do not, by far and large, belong to unions, to fraternal organizations, or to political parties. They are without lobbies of their own; they put forward no legislative program. As a group, they are atomized. They have no face; they have no voice . . ." -Source: Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States, 1962 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

the rising concerns about widespread poverty and efforts to raise it as a national issue

". . . [The] Court regularly handed down opinions that have transformed American constitutional doctrine and, in turn, profoundly affected American society." "The range of the Warren Court's influence has been enormous. The Court initiated a revolution in race relations; expanded the constitutional guarantee of 'equal protection of the laws'; dramatically expanded the protections of freedom of speech and press; overturned unequally apportioned legislative districts; accorded defendants in criminal cases massively expanded constitutional protections; and recognized for the first time a constitutional right to privacy." -Source: Morton J. Horowitz, historian, The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice, 1999 Which of the following contributed most directly to the trend described in the excerpt?

the use of legal challenges by social movements

"If the rules to settle our economic problems are not forthcoming, we will call a general strike to paralyze the state's agricultural economy. [applause] We will call a general strike to let the legislators and the employers know that we mean business. We will take economic pressure, strikes, boycotts, to force recognition and obtain collective bargaining rights. The social and economic revolution of the farm workers is well underway and it will not be stopped until we receive equality. The farm workers are moving. Nothing is going to stop them." -Dolores Huerta, march and rally in Sacramento, transcript from University of California San Diego, 1966 The tactics described in the excerpt best represent which of the following?

using nonviolence