KIN 224 FINAL EXAM

Select all that are examples of how autonomic reflexes help maintain homeostasis. A. Decreasing blood pressure B. Emptying of the bladder C.Initiating defecation D. Preventing overstretching of skeletal muscles

(A,B) Decreasing blood pressure, Emptying the bladder

Endocrine system

- Releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution - sometimes has very general effects

Nervous system

- Releases neurotransmitters at synapses - usually has relatvely local - specific effects, reacts quickly to stimuli - stops quickly when stimulus stops

Which of the following statements is true regarding the adrenal glands relationship with the autonomic nervous system?

A. Neurosecretory cells of the adrenal medulla secrete norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system B. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal medulla

Which system engages in mass activation? A. Sympathetic nervous system B. Parasympathetic nervous system

A. Sympathetic nervous system

When norepinephrine is released from postganglionic neurons, its targets are A. adrenergic receptors on effectors such as smooth muscle. B. cholinergic receptors on effectors such as cardiac muscle. C. adrenergic receptors on preganglionic sympathetic neurons. D. cholinergic receptors on preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

A. adrenergic receptors on effectors such as smooth muscle.

The cortex of the suprarenal (adrenal) glands produces A. corticosteroids. B. epinephrine. C. insulin. D. thyroxine.

A. corticosteroids.

Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by the A. gray rami communicates. B. superior cervical ganglion. C. white rami communicates. D. pterygopalatine ganglion. E. splanchnic nerves

A. gray rami communicates.

Activation of parasympathetic fibers in pelvic splanchnic nerves leads to A. increased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract. B. decreased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract. C. no effect on the digestive tract.

A. increased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract.

Adrenal cortex

ACTH

Read each description below regarding the dual innervation of the ANS. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category based on whether it is an example of antagonistic or cooperative innervation.

Antagonistic The parasympathetic division constricts the pupils while the sympathetic division dilated the pupils The sympathetic division stimulates an increase in heart rate while the parasympathetic division stimulates a decrease in heart rate Cooperative The sympathetic division stimulates mucus production by salivary glands while the parasympathetic division stimulates enzyme secretion During sex, the parasympathetic division stimulates arousal while the sympathetic division stimulates orgasm

Which division functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients? A. Somatic B. Parasympathetic C. Sympathetic

B. Parasympathetic

In which sympathetic pathway does the pre-ganglionic neuron synapse with a ganglionic neuron, and the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus, but instead projects directly to the effector A. Splanchnic nerve pathway B. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway C. Adrenal medulla pathway D. Descending pathway

B. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

Which of the following is an example of a system or function only controlled by the sympathetic nervous system? A. Heart rate B. The adrenal medulla C. The digestive (GI) tract D. Pupil size

B. The adrenal medulla

Muscarinic receptors are proteins that bind the neurotransmitter A. norepinephrine. B. acetylcholine. C. epinephrine.

B. acetylcholine.

The treatment for Type I diabetes always includes A. oral thiazolidinedione. B. insulin. C. metformin D. dialysis.

B. insulin

Sweat glands and arrector pili muscles are controlled A. only by the parasympathetic nervous system. B. only by the sympathetic nervous system. C. by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. D. by both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.

B. only by the sympathetic nervous system.

Which type of innervation causes pupil dilation? A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic

B. symapthetic

Many different neurons can stimulate an autonomic ganglion cell simultaneously due to A. Reverberation B. Divergence C. Convergence D. Reciprocity

C. Convergence

The parasympathetic autonomic responses associated with defecation and urination are processed and controlled at the level of the A. hypothalamus B. Limbic center C. Spinal cord D. Cerebellum E. Brainstem

C. Spinal cord

Postganglionic axons are A. Sometimes myelinated and sometimes unmyelinated B. Myelinated C. Unmyelinated

C. Unmyelinated

Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS? a: Ill b: IV c: V d: VII e: IX f: X g: XII A. c,d,f,g B. b,c,d,e C. a,d,e,f D. a,c,d,g E. b,e,f,g

C. a,d,e,f

In Type I diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because A. too much insulin is released. B. protein is converted to glucose. C. no insulin is released. D. the kidneys are not working.

C. no insulin is released.

Which system has long preganglionic axons and therefore ganglia that are relatively far from the central nervous system? A. Sympathetic nervous system B. Somatic nervous system C. Parasympathetic nervous system

C. parasympathetic nervous system

Dual innervation means that an individual effector A. receives two autonomic axons on each smooth muscle cell. B. may be excited or inhibited by a single division of the autonomic nervous system. C. receives input from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. D. receives input from both the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems.

C. receives input from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems

Which may be involved in an autonomic reflex? A. Cardiac muscle contraction B. Smooth muscle contraction C. Secretion by glands D. All of the choices are correct. E. None of the choices are correct.

D. All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following statements about thyroxine is true? A. It is water-insoluble. B. it is lipophilic. C. It can pass through the cell membrane. D. All of these choices are correct.

D. All of these choices are correct.

Which autonomic plexus innervates viscera within the pelvic region? A. Esophageal plexus B. Pulmonary plexus C. Cardiac plexus D. Hypogastric plexus E. bdominal aortic plexus

D. Hypogastric plexus

The suprarenal (adrenal) glands are located superior to which organ(s)? A. Pancreas B. Liver C. Small intestine D.Kidneys

D. Kidneys

The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that are controlled by pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate the a: Large intestine b: Reproductive organs c: Salivary glands d: Pupillary constrictor muscles e: Urinary bladder f: Ureters A. b,c,e B. a,c C. a,d,e D. a,b,e,f E. c,d,f

D. a,b,e,f

The pancreas is A. located superior to the kidneys. B. located between the lobes of the liver. C. fused to the diaphragm. D. located between the duodenum and spleen, just inferior to the stomach.

D. located between the duodenum and spleen, just inferior to the stomach.

Pelvic spinach is parasympathetic axons cause increased smooth muscle contraction in which of the following anatomical destinations? Check all that apply A. Heart/lungs B. Digestive organs C. Kidneys/ureters D. Urinary Bladder

Digestive organs, kidneys/ureters, Urinary bladder (B,C,D)

Which neurotransmitters are considered catecholamines? Check all that apply A. Dopamine B. Norepinephrine C. Acetylcholine D. Epinephrine

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine (A,B,D)

The prevertebral ganglion that receives axons that originate in the L1-L2 segments of the spinal cord is the ganglion. A. superior mesenteric B. hepatic C. splenic D. celiac E. inferior mesenteric

E. inferior mesenteric

Liver, Fat, Muscle, Bone

GH IGF

Drag each of the following labels into the appropriate box to identify which division of the autonomic nervous system is identified by the given function.

Parasympathetic digesting defecation contraction of gallbladder rest-and-digest Sympathetic running stress excitement fight or flight system

Autonomic reflexes enable the ANS to control what kinds of visceral functions? Check all that apply. a. Smooth muscle contractions b. Secretion by glandsSecretion by glands c. Skeletal muscle contractionsSkeletal muscle contractions d. Cardiac muscle contractions

Smooth muscle contractions, Secretion by glandsSecretion by glands, Cardiac muscle contractions (a, b, d)

Select all that are locations where neurons in the enteric nervous system can be found A. Submucosal plexus B. Myenteric plexus C. Cardiac plexus D. Hypogastric plexus

Submucosal plexus, Myenteric plexus (A,B)

Thyroid

TSH

How many autonomic plexuses are in the human body? a. Five b. Three c. Two d. Four

a. Five

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood? a. Lipid-soluble hormone b. Water-soluble hormone c. Oligopeptide d. Autocrine hormone

a. Lipid-soluble hormone

You pull out of the school parking lot and almost enter the road in front of an oncoming truck. For the next several minutes, you experience an increase in your breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and vision sensitivity. What aspect of the sympathetic division is this attributed to? Check all that apply. a. Mass activation b. One axon innervates one effector, called the "leader" effector c. Increased output from the vagus nerves d. Numerous axons cause an effect in many effector organs

a. Mass activation, d. Numerous axons cause an effect in many effector organs

Which of the following is false? a. Melatonin makes us feel alert and awake. b. The pineal gland is found within the diencephalon of the brain. c. The pineal gland forms part of the epithalamus. d. The pineal gland secretes melatonin in a cyclical fashion.

a. Melatonin makes us feel alert and awake.

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions? a. Pancreas b. Anterior pituitary gland c. Thyroid gland d. Pineal gland

a. Pancreas

Testosterone is an example of which type of hormone? a. Steroid hormone b. Biogenic amine c. Peptide hormone

a. Steroid hormone

The metabolic condition called ___________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response. a. Type 1 diabetes b. beta cell diabetes c. insulin-independent diabetes mellitus d. Type 2 diabetes e. gestational diabetes

a. Type 1 diabetes

When ACh binds to nicotinic receptors, it a. always produces an excitatory response. b. sometimes excites and sometimes inhibits the target cell depending on the subtype ofreceptor. c. always produces an inhibitory response. d. sometimes excites and sometimes inhibits the target cell depending on the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell.

a. always produces an excitatory response.

Hormone ___________ is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells. a. elimination b. binding c. synthesis d. balance

a. elimination

Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by a. humoral stimulation. b. neural stimulation. c. positive feedback stimulation. d. hormonal stimulation.

a. humoral stimulation.

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the a. hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. b. primary plexus. c. supraoptic portal system. d. secondary plexus.

a. hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose. a. increase, increase b. decrease, increase c. decrease, decrease d. increase, decrease

a. increase, increase

Compared to young adults, the elderly usually have ______ levels of circulating growth hormone and _____ levels of circulating sex hormones. a. lower, lower b. higher, higher c. lower, higher d. higher, lower

a. lower, lower

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has a. more widespread and long-lasting effects. b. more localized and short-term effects. c. more localized and long-lasting effects. d. more widespread and short-term effects.

a. more widespread and long-lasting effects.

Protein hormones are a. water-soluble. b. soluble in both water and lipids. c. lipid-soluble. d. soluble in neither water nor lipids.

a. water-soluble.

Which of the following does not have an endocrine function? a. Liver b. Urinary bladder c. Adipose tissue d. Small intestine

b. Urinary bladder

Muscarinic receptors are proteins that bind the neurotransmitter a. epinephrine. b. acetylcholine. c. norepinephrine.

b. acetylcholine.

Glucagon and insulin work _________ on blood glucose levels. a. synergistically b. antagonistically c. permissively

b. antagonistically

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that a. activate adenylate cyclase. b. bind to DNA and initiate transcription. c. open ion channels in the cell membrane. d. activate a G protein and second-messenger cascade

b. bind to DNA and initiate transcription.

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from a. nucleic acids. b. cholesterol. c. glycerol. d. amines. e. polypeptides.

b. cholesterol.

The adrenal medulla secretes a. androgens. b. epinephrine and norepinephrine. c. glucocorticoids. d. aldosterone.

b. epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the a. thymus and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. b. hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary. c. hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the posterior pituitary. d. parathyroid hormone and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. e. anterior pituitary and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.

b. hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the a. anterior pituitary. b. hypothalamus. c. thalamus. d. posterior pituitary. e. cerebrum.

b. hypothalamus.

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system a. does not use receptors. b. may have a longer lasting effect. c. takes only seconds. d. is not essential to life. e. None of these are correct.

b. may have a longer lasting effect.

Sympathetic splanchnic nerves are composed of a. preganglionic sympathetic axons that synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion. b. preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion. c. postganglionic sympathetic axons that synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion. d. postganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion. e. None of the choices is correct.

b. preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by a. adrenocorticotropic hormone. b. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. c. follicle-stimulating hormone. d. growth hormone. e. thyrotropic hormone.

b. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to a. down-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity. b. up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity. c. up-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity. d. down-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.

b. up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.

How does the urinary bladder respond to the micturition reflex? a. Contraction of the urinary sphincters b. Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter c. Contraction of its wall d. Relaxation of its wall

c. Contraction of its wall

_____________ hormones bind to nuclear receptors, usually found in the nucleus; _____________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors. a. Water-soluble; lipid-soluble b. Water-soluble; water-soluble c. Lipid-soluble; water-soluble d. Lipid-soluble; lipid-soluble

c. Lipid-soluble; water-soluble

The sympathetic division is also called what? a. Craniolumbar division b. Craniosacral division c. Thoracolumbar division d. Thoracosacral division

c. Thoracolumbar division

Gray rami from the sympathetic trunk connect to a. alternating spinal nerves. b. the cranial nerves. c. all spinal nerves. d. the sympathetic trunk.

c. all spinal nerves.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes recognize a. receptors on B-lymphocytes. b. fragments of self proteins of infected cells. c. antigens and MHC class I. d. antigens and MHC class II.

c. antigens and MHC class I.

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary a. are synthesized there and are released upon signals from the anterior pituitary. b. are synthesized in the anterior pituitary and are transported to and from the posterior pituitary by the primary and secondary plexus. c. are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive. d. are synthesized in the posterior pituitary and released by the anterior pituitary by way of the hypophyseal portal system.

c. are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive.

Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a a. protein hormone that is water-soluble. b. steroid hormone that is water-soluble. c. biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble. d. monoamine that is water-soluble. e. steroid hormone that is lipid-soluble.

c. biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble.

Many different neurons can stimulate an autonomic ganglion cell simultaneously due to a. reciprocity. b. divergence. c. convergence. d. reverberation.

c. convergence.

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to a. remain unchanged. b. decrease. c. increase.

c. increase.

A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a a. short half-life. b. no half-life. c. long half-life. d. whole life.

c. long half-life.

Compared to the nervous system,the endocrine system has a. more widespread and short-term effects. b. more localized and long-lasting effects. c. more widespread and long-lasting effects. d. more localized and short-term effects.

c. more widespread and long-lasting effects.

In the heart, activation of these receptors increases heart rate. a. β2 b. α2 c. β1 d. α1

c. β1

Which may be involved in an autonomic reflex? a. Cardiac muscle contraction b. Smooth muscle contraction c. Secretion by glands d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

d. All of the choices are correct.

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone? a. Hair follicles b. Mammary glands c. Uterus d. Ovaries and testes e. Thyroid follicles

d. Ovaries and testes

Which is NOT characteristic of the endocrine system? a. Effects: causes metabolic activity changes in target cells b. Response time: slow reaction time = seconds to hours c. Communication method: hormones in the bloodstream d. Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level e. Duration of response: long-lasting = minutes to weeks

d. Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level

Which statement accurately compares the motor systems of the somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)? a. Neither the SNS nor the ANS houses its motor neurons in ganglia. b. Both the SNS and the ANS house their motor neurons in ganglia. c. The ANS does not have ganglia for its motor neurons but the SNS does. d. The SNS does not have ganglia for its motor neurons but the ANS does.

d. The SNS does not have ganglia for its motor neurons but the ANS does.

Which is false regarding the somatic nervous system (SNS)? a. The SNS is part of both the CNS and the PNS. b. The SNS is under voluntary control. c. The SNS innervates skeletal muscle fibers. d. The SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons. e. The SNS uses motor and sensory neurons.

d. The SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons.

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by a. oxytocin. b. antidiuretic hormone. c. luteinizing hormone. d. adrenocorticotropic hormone. e. thyroid hormone.

d. adrenocorticotropic hormone.

The circuitry of the autonomic system allows for control in activation. The characteristic that allows a small number of preganglionic cells to stimulate a large number of postganglionic cells is a. reverberation. b. reciprocal innervation. c. convergence. d. divergence.

d. divergence.

Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably a. down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand. b. up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate. c. up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand. d. down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate.

d. down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate.

Oxytocin results in more forceful smooth muscle contractions in the uterus by causing target cells to increase production of a. glucose. b. adenylate cyclase. c. mRNA for myosin. d. inositol triphosphate.

d. inositol triphosphate.

Cholinergic receptors that are always excitatory in the presence of ACh are called __________ receptors. a. muscarinic b. catecholamine c. beta d. nicotinic

d. nicotinic

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling. a. allomone b. autocrine c. pheromone d. paracrine

d. paracrine

The diameter of many blood vessels is controlled exclusively by the ________ nervous system, and decreases in the activity of this system result in _________. a. parasympathetic; vasoconstriction b. sympathetic; vasoconstriction c. somatic; vasoconstriction d. sympathetic; vasodilation e. parasympathetic; vasodilation

d. sympathetic; vasodilation

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells. a. triiodothyronine b. thyroxine c. colloid d. thyroglobulin e. tetraiodothyronine

d. thyroglobulin

The endocrine gland that is devoted entirely to endocrine activities and has a distinctive butterfly shape is the a. adrenal gland. b. pancreas. c. thymus. d. thyroid gland.

d. thyroid gland.

Endocrine glands a. are ductless glands. b. are the organs of the endocrine system. c. secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. d. help maintain homeostasis. e. All of the choices are correct.

e. All of the choices are correct.

The preganglionic axons of CN VII extend to the a. pterygopalatine ganglion. b. submandibular ganglion. c. otic ganglion. d. pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia. e. pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia.

e. pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia.

Steroid

testosterone