KIN 224 FINAL Practice Exam Questions

Match the prevertebral ganglion with the splanchnic nerves that synapse there.

- Celiac ganglion: Greater thoracic splanchnic nerves - Inferior mesenteric ganglion: Lumbar splanchnic nerves - Superior mesenteric gangion: Lesser and least thoracic splanchnic nerves

Which hormone is released by adipose tissue and is associated with decreasing appetite? a. Leptin b. Erythropoietin c. Secretin d. Calcitriol

a. Leptin

Which system has long preganglionic axons and therefore ganglia that are relatively far from the central nervous system? a. Parasympathetic nervous system b. Somatic nervous system c. Sympathetic nervous system

a. Parasympathetic nervous system

Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries? a. Pulmonary circuit b. Coronary circuit c. Systemic circuit d. Visceral circuit

a. Pulmonary circuit

Which system contains short preganglionic axons that branch extensively? a. Sympathetic nervous system b. Parasympathetic nervous system c. Somatic nervous system

a. Sympathetic nervous system

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system includes the left ventricle and aorta? a. Systemic circuit b. Pulmonary circuit c. Cardio circuit d. Coronary circuit

a. Systemic circuit

Which is false regarding the somatic nervous system (SNS)? a. The SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons. b. The SNS innervates skeletal muscle fibers. c. The SNS uses motor and sensory neurons. d. The SNS is part of both the CNS and the PNS.

a. The SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons.

Prevertebral ganglia are located a. anterior to the vertebral column. b. medial to the dorsal spinal columns. c. at the termination site of the postganglionic axon. d. posterior to the vertebral column. e. lateral to the vertebral column.

a. anterior to the vertebral column.

The _____ in the pulmonary circuit carry deoxygenated blood. a. arteries b. veins

a. arteries

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will a. decrease. b. increase.

a. decrease.

The main function of leukocytes is to a. defend against pathogens. b. carry oxygen through the blood. c. form clots. d. trigger allergies. e. carry carbon dioxide through the blood.

a. defend against pathogens.

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that a. each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many. b. enzymes are used up and degraded after each individual reaction they catalyze. c. each step involves one molecule activating or synthesizing exactly one other molecule for precise control.

a. each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many.

The atrioventricular (AV) node is located in the a. floor of the right atrium. b. back wall of the left ventricle. c. floor of the left atrium. d. back wall of the right ventricle. e. roof of the left ventricle.

a. floor of the right atrium.

The pituitary gland is located in the a. hypophyseal fossa. b. cavernous sinus. c. tentorial incisure. d. nasal cavity.

a. hypophyseal fossa.

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to a. increase the viscosity of the blood. b. decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. c. increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. d. increase the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood. e. decrease the blood pressure in the arteries.

a. increase the viscosity of the blood.

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to a. increase. b. decrease. c. remain unchanged.

a. increase.

Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure. a. opposite b. similar

a. opposite

The heart valves a. permit the passage of blood in one direction. b. are only used in the fetal heart. c. separate the right and left sides of the heart. d. direct the conduction impulse through the heart muscle. e. stabilize and hold the arteries leaving the heart.

a. permit the passage of blood in one direction.

The parathyroid glands are located on the _________ surface of the thyroid gland. a. posterior b. inferior c. anterior d. lateral

a. posterior

The pancreas is located _________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the _________. a. posterior, spleen b. anterior, spleen c. posterior, liver d. anterior, liver

a. posterior, spleen

The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is a. slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues. b. rapid, which prevents pooling in lower extremeties. c. rapid, due to their small total cross sectional area. d. slow, due to small total cross-sectional area, low friction and high pressure.

a. slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

Autonomic tone refers to a. the continual activity maintained by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. b. the degree of tension in skeletal muscles at rest. c. whether the body's reaction is to fight or to flee. d. whether a response is stimulatory or inhibitory.

a. the continual activity maintained by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate a. the wrong blood type was used. b. the donor had type O blood. c. there were no agglutinins (antibodies) in the recipient blood. d. the recipient had type AB blood.

a. the wrong blood type was used.

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells. a. tunica media b. tunica externa c. tunica intima d. tunica interna e. None of the answers is correct.

a. tunica media

During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time? a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. Highly variable, depending on the heart beat rate e. None of the choices is correct.

b. 2

Which sympathetic pathway involves only a preganglionic axon going to the effector? a. Splanchnic nerve pathway b. Adrenal medulla pathway c. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway d. Spinal nerve pathway

b. Adrenal medulla pathway

Which type of pathway is illustrated? a. Raynaud nerve pathway b. Adrenal medulla pathway c. Spinal nerve pathway d. Splanchnic nerve pathway e. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

b. Adrenal medulla pathway

The cranial nerve that supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs is a. CN II. b. CN X. c. CN IX. d. CN III. e. CN VI.

b. CN X.

What does the red highlighted structure represent? a. Sympathetic component of vagus n. b. Parasympathetic component of vagus n. c. Motor component of vagus n. d. General sensory distribution of vagus n. e. Vagal ganglia

b. Parasympathetic component of vagus n.

A G protein is a. a type of water-soluble hormone. b. a molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell. c. a second messenger activated by a steroid hormone. d. a receptor for a water-soluble hormone that causes arachidonic acid to be extracted from a phospholipid. e. an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic AMP.

b. a molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell.

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes a. b, c, d b. a, b, e c. c d. a, b, c e. b, c, e

b. a, b, e

Which statements are correct concerning the parasympathetic division of the ANS? a: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in brainstem nuclei b: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions c: Participates in the "fight-or-flight" response d: Helps maintain homeostasis e: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in the sacral region of the spinal cord a. b, c, d b. a, d, e c. b, c d. a, c, e e. c, d, e

b. a, d, e

Angiogenesis a. involves building new muscle tissue and decreasing the amount of blood vessels in a region. b. allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue. c. is a momentary chemical control of local blood flow. d. involves muscular constriction of arterioles to alter local perfusion.

b. allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the a. thyroid gland, and it targets cells of the parathyroid gland. b. anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland. c. hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the posterior pituitary gland. d. posterior pituitary, and it targets parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. e. hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the anterior pituitary gland.

b. anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

The left and right coronary arteries a. are interconnected with several high-volume anastomoses allowing for well perfused alternate blood paths. b. are functional end arteries because the blockage of one of them leads to tissue death in the area it supplies.

b. are functional end arteries because the blockage of one of them leads to tissue death in the area it supplies.

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to a. only carbon dioxide. b. both oxygen and carbon dioxide. c. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. d. only nitrogen. e. only oxygen.

b. both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called _________. a. acromegaly; gigantism b. gigantism; pituitary dwarfism c. chronic hyperglycemia; gigantism d. pituitary dwarfism; acromegaly

b. gigantism; pituitary dwarfism

Pancreatic alpha cells secrete a. somatostatin. b. glucagon. c. pancreatic polypeptide. d. insulin.

b. glucagon.

Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries, a. more fluid is absorbed and reabsorbed than is filtered. b. more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed. c. the fluid reabsorbed into the capillary exactly matches the amount filtered by the capillary.

b. more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed.

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of a. leukocytes. b. platelets and leukocytes. c. platelets. d. erythrocytes. e. erythrocytes and leukocytes.

b. platelets and leukocytes.

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore a. biogenic amines. b. proteins. c. catecholamines. d. steroids.

b. proteins.

Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can a. inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. b. stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. c. stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor. d. inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor.

b. stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator.

The _________ secretes triiodothyronine. a. pineal gland b. thyroid gland c. pancreas d. parathyroid gland e. adrenal gland

b. thyroid gland

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers a. vasodilation and an increase in heart rate. b. vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate. c. vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate. d. vasoconstriction and a decrease in heart rate.

b. vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate.

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood. a. 10 liters b. 1 liter c. 5 liters d. 15 liters

c. 5 liters

Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava? a. Inferior mesenteric vein b. Superior mesenteric vein c. Hepatic veins d. Hepatic portal vein e. Splenic vein

c. Hepatic veins

Which of the following is false? a. The pineal gland secretes melatonin in a cyclical fashion. b. The pineal gland forms part of the epithalamus. c. Melatonin makes us feel alert and awake. d. The pineal gland is found within the diencephalon of the brain.

c. Melatonin makes us feel alert and awake.

Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line? a. Lymphocytes b. Neutrophils c. Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes d. Lymphocytes and monocytes e. Basophils and eosinophils

c. Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

The superior mesenteric ganglion receives preganglionic sympathetic neurons from the _________ segments of the spinal cord. a. T1-T4 b. T7-T9 c. T10-T12 d. T5-T9 e. T2-T6

c. T10-T12

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a. a red blood cell differential count. b. a total cell count for red and white blood cells. c. a white blood cell differential count. d. blood typing.

c. a white blood cell differential count.

Muscarinic receptors are proteins that bind the neurotransmitter a. norepinephrine. b. epinephrine. c. acetylcholine.

c. acetylcholine.

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ . a. acidic, proteins b. basic, glucose c. basic, proteins d. acidic, glucose e. acidic, glycogen

c. basic, proteins

The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the a. brachiocephalic artery. b. subclavian arteries. c. common iliac arteries. d. common carotid arteries. e. None of these answers is correct.

c. common iliac arteries.

In response to excessive amounts of hormone, a target cell may reduce its number of receptors for that hormone. This is an example of a. up-regulation. b. increasing specificity to a hormone. c. down-regulation. d. increasing sensitivity to a hormone.

c. down-regulation.

The largest arteries of the body are classified as a. muscular arteries. b. arterioles. c. elastic arteries. d. muscular and elastic because they have the same dimensions. e. None of the answers is correct.

c. elastic arteries.

The most numerous of the formed elements are the a. neutrophils. b. basophils. c. erythrocytes. d. albumins. e. platelets.

c. erythrocytes.

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is a. insulin. b. glucocorticoid. c. glucagon. d. epinephrine. e. somatostatin.

c. glucagon.

Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by the a. superior cervical ganglion. b. splanchnic nerves. c. gray rami communicantes. d. pterygopalatine ganglion. e. white rami communicantes.

c. gray rami communicantes.

Pectinate muscles are found on the a. external wall of the right atrium. b. posterior wall of the right ventricle. c. internal walls of the right and left atria. d. anterior wall of the right ventricle. e. posterior walls of the right and left ventricles.

c. internal walls of the right and left atria.

The posterior interventricular sulcus a. is a valve in the interventricular septum that closes at birth. b. is another name for the coronary sulcus. c. is a groove between the ventricles on the back of the heart. d. contains the great cardiac vein and coronary sinus.

c. is a groove between the ventricles on the back of the heart.

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel a. is greater during diastole. b. is greater in the inferior vena cava than in the common iliac vein. c. is called the blood pressure. d. increases the further the vessel is from the heart. e. is called the pulse.

c. is called the blood pressure.

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by a. endocrine dysplasia. b. neural regulation. c. negative feedback. d. somatic regulation. e. positive feedback.

c. negative feedback.

Each of the receiving chambers of the heart has a wrinkled flaplike extension; the one that is more visible from an anterior view is the a. left auricle. b. interatrial septum. c. right auricle. d. interventricular septum.

c. right auricle.

The metabolic pathways of cardiac muscle make it a. relatively resistant to heart attack, because it has a great capacity to accrue oxygen debt. b. extremely susceptible to heart attack, because it uses such a variety of fuel sources. c. somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism. d. somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it has so few mitochondria. e. relatively resistant to heart attack, because it uses exclusively anaerobic metabolism.

c. somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism.

The sympathetic division of the ANS has a. long postganglionic axons. b. norepinephrine as neurotransmitter. c. preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord. d. All of the choices are correct.

d. All of the choices are correct.

How does the urinary bladder respond to the micturition reflex? a. Relaxation of its wall b. Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter c. Contraction of the urinary sphincters d. Contraction of its wall

d. Contraction of its wall

Which is not characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? a. Long preganglionic axons b. No rami communicantes c. Terminal ganglia close to the target organ d. Long postganglionic axons e. Craniosacral preganglionic neuron cell bodies

d. Long postganglionic axons

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? a. Insulin b. Oxytocin c. Melanin d. Melatonin e. Cortisol

d. Melatonin

What visceral sensory stimulus triggers the autonomic reflex causing the reduction of blood pressure? a. Increased blood CO2 b. Increased body temperature c. Stretching of the urinary bladder d. Stretching of large blood vessels

d. Stretching of large blood vessels

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped a. by the left ventricle into the aorta in one beat. b. by both ventricles in one minute. c. by a single ventricle in one hour. d. by a single ventricle in one minute. e. by both ventricles in one hour.

d. by a single ventricle in one minute.

Valves in veins a. are formed of the tunica media. b. are the leading cause of high blood pressure. c. make the use of a skeletal muscle pump unnecessary for venous blood flow. d. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction. e. are found only in the largest veins.

d. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of a. active transport (using ATP) by protein carriers of endothelial cells. b. pinocytosis using fluid-filled vesicles. c. exocytosis and endocytosis by endothelial cells. d. diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.

d. diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.

The adrenal medulla secretes a. androgens. b. glucocorticoids. c. aldosterone. d. epinephrine and norepinephrine.

d. epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains a. slow voltage-gated sodium channels and fast voltage-gated calcium channels. b. slow voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels. c. fast voltage-gated sodium channels and fast voltage-gated calcium channels. d. fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels.

d. fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels.

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days. a. hematopoiesis, 9 b. hematopoiesis, 120 c. hemostasis, 120 d. hemostasis, 9

d. hemostasis, 9

Antidiuretic hormone (known as ADH or vasopressin) a. causes vasodilation. b. causes smooth muscle contraction in the female reproductive tract. c. acts on the hypothalamus to decrease appetite. d. increases water retention from renal tubules.

d. increases water retention from renal tubules.

Cortisol binds to _________ receptors and has the effect of _________blood glucose levels. a. membrane-bound, lowering b. membrane-bound, raising c. intracellular, lowering d. intracellular, raising

d. intracellular, raising

Dual innervation means that an individual effector a. may be excited or inhibited by a single division of the autonomic nervous system. b. receives two autonomic axons on each smooth muscle cell. c. receives input from both the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems. d. receives input from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.

d. receives input from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.

The arrector pili muscles receive their sympathetic innervation via the a. splanchnic nerve pathway. b. adrenal medulla pathway. c. postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway. d. spinal nerve pathway. e. None of the choices is correct.

d. spinal nerve pathway.

Consider a basketball player whose heart is racing during the final moments of a game. With seconds on the clock, she makes a jump shot. Her excitement is a function of her _________ nervous system, and her movements are a function of her _________ nervous system. a. parasympathetic; sympathetic b. somatic; sympathetic c. somatic; parasympathetic d. sympathetic; somatic e. sympathetic; parasympathetic

d. sympathetic; somatic

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to a. the proteins in the blood, and it promotes filtration. b. the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes filtration from arterioles. c. the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes diffusion out of the capillaries. d. the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption. e. the pressure generated by the heart, and it favors osmosis into the arteriole end of the capillary bed.

d. the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins? a. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin b. Prolactin and oxytocin c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone d. Follicle-stimulating hormone and growth hormone e. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

e. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

What are the cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers called? a. Sarcoplasmic reticulum b. Cardiac discs c. Z discs d. T-tubules e. Intercalated discs

e. Intercalated discs

In an ECG, what does the T wave represent? a. Depolarization of the left ventricle b. Depolarization of the atria c. Closure of the AV valves d. Depolarization of the right ventricle e. Repolarization of the ventricles

e. Repolarization of the ventricles

What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava? a. Bundle branches b. AV node c. Purkinje fibers d. AV bundle e. SA node

e. SA node

Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage? a. Brachial artery - subclavian artery - axillary artery - radial artery b. Axillary artery - subclavian artery - radial artery - ulnar artery c. Subclavian artery - brachial artery - axillary artery - radial artery d. Axillary artery - brachial artery - subclavian artery - ulnar artery e. Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

e. Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes a. a, b, c b. a, b, e, f c. c, d d. b, d, e e. a, b, e

e. a, b, e

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group a. b, c, e b. a, d, e c. a, e d. a, c e. b, e

e. b, e

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system a. are composed of PNS structures only. b. function only during sleep. c. use preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to innervate skeletal muscle. d. are voluntary. e. contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons.

e. contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons.

The left renal vein, right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the a. common iliac vein. b. great saphenous vein. c. obturator vein. d. superior vena cava. e. inferior vena cava.

e. inferior vena cava.

The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to a. eliminate blood pressure spikes. b. All of the choices are correct. c. equalize the pressure in the great vessels. d. slow the heart rate. e. lubricate membranes of the pericardium.

e. lubricate membranes of the pericardium.

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n) a. lymphocyte. b. eosinophil. c. neutrophil. d. basophil. e. monocyte.

e. monocyte.

The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the a. large intestine. b. ciliary muscle. c. sublingual salivary gland. d. lacrimal gland. e. parotid salivary gland.

e. parotid salivary gland.

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to a. stimulate the development of the folds on the surface of the brain. b. stimulate adrenaline release from the adrenal medulla. c. stimulate cell growth and cell division in muscle and bone. d. regulate salt and water balance by acting on the renal system. e. stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

e. stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

An up-regulated cell has an increase in a. the number of molecules the cell secretes. b. the number of nuclei. c. the concentration of ligands that bind to the receptors. d. the amount of DNA in the nucleus. e. the number of receptors available for binding.

e. the number of receptors available for binding.